cover letter example for a consultant

Consultant Cover Letter Example (w/ Templates & Tips for 2024)

Navigating the competitive world of consulting job applications? You're not alone in feeling the weight of first impressions. 

You see, with dozens of applicants vying for the same role, it's easy to get lost in the pile. 

The trick to standing out? A powerful cover letter tailored just for consultants. 

The good news? We've got you covered. Dive into our comprehensive guide on crafting that perfect consultant cover letter for 2024. 

Here's what we're going to cover:

• An Inspiring Cover Letter Example
• 5 Steps to Writing a Great Consulting Cover Letter
• 3 Essential Cover Letter Tips for Consultants

Ready to up your cover letter game and make a lasting impression? Let's dive in! 

Consulting Cover Letter Example

5 Steps for the Perfect Consulting Cover Letter

Now that you've seen what a great cover letter looks like, you're all set to write your own . 

Ready to get started and craft that winning consulting cover letter? 

Let's do it!

#1. Put Contact Information in the Header

When crafting your consulting cover letter, begin with your contact details placed neatly in the header, just like on your resume .

Here's what to include:

• Full Name. Always place your first and last name at the top of the page.
• Professional Title. Ensure your professional title matches the specific consulting position you're seeking. E.g. if you’re applying for the role of “management consultant,” that should be your exact title, and not, for example, “consultant” or “business consultant.”
• Email Address. Opt for a professional and straightforward email address, such as a combination of your first and last name. 
• Phone Number. Include your phone number and make sure it’s typo-free.
• Location. Typically, your city and state will suffice. In case you’re looking for a relocation, make sure to mention that.
• Relevant Links. Optionally, you can include links to relevant websites or social media profiles. E.g. personal website, LinkedIn profile, etc.

Now, let's move on to the hiring manager's information:

• Company Name. Clearly state the company to which you're applying.
• Hiring Manager's Name. If possible, find the name of the hiring manager for the department you're interested in. Check the job posting, the company's website, or their LinkedIn page for this information.
• Hiring Manager's Title. If you identify the hiring manager for the specific job posting, and they hold a departmental leadership role, use that title instead of "Hiring Manager."
• Location. Provide the city and state or country, especially if the company operates globally. Optionally, include the exact company address for precision.

With these elements in place, your consulting cover letter will be poised for success. 

Want more examples of what an ideal cover letter looks like? Check out our article with 21+ other cover letter examples .

#2. Address the Hiring Manager

Once you've included all the relevant contact details , it's time to address your consulting cover letter to the person who will be reading it.

Avoid the generic "To Whom It May Concern" whenever possible.

The way you address your cover letter can make a positive impression on the hiring manager— if you get it right.

So, start with a bit of research. Go through the job posting, the company's website, or their LinkedIn profiles to identify the hiring manager for the consulting department you're interested in. 

Next, address them formally. Using Ms. or Mr. followed by their last name is a good practice. However, if you're unsure about their gender or marital status, using their full name works just as well. For example:

• Dear Mr. Anderson,
• Dear Taylor Anderson,

If you can’t find the hiring manager’s name, then simply addressing them as “Dear Hiring Manager,” also works.

#3. Write an Eye-Catching Opening Statement

Hiring managers typically spend about seven seconds reviewing a candidate's application before deciding whether to continue reading.

So, making a strong first impression with your consulting cover letter is essential.

Your opening paragraph should introduce yourself and express your genuine interest in the consulting role.

Depending on your experience level, you can also begin your cover letter with a noteworthy achievement or highlight the skills that align with the role's requirements.

However, keep this paragraph concise. The goal is to spark the hiring manager's curiosity and encourage them to read the rest of your consultant cover letter.

#4. Use the Cover Letter Body for the Details

The body of your cover letter is where you really sell your application and convince the hiring manager that you’re a great fit for the job.

Avoid the temptation to simply rehash your consultant resume - the hiring manager already read through that.

Rather, use the body of your cover letter to talk about:

• Your top achievements (in detail). Provide specific examples of significant accomplishments in your consulting career. Explain the challenges you faced, your role in resolving them, and the measurable outcomes or impact of your work.
• Past industry experience. Discuss the industries you've worked in and the depth of your experience within those sectors. Highlight any specialized knowledge or insights you've gained that can benefit the employer.
• Your top skills (that make you a great fit for the role). Showcase the skills that directly align with the consulting role you're applying for. Whether it's data analysis, project management, client relationship-building, or any other skill, provide concrete examples of how you've used these skills effectively to achieve results in previous consulting engagements.

#5. Wrap It Up and Sign It

After you’ve written your body section, the first thing you need to do is write a conclusion for your cover letter .

The conclusion is your opportunity to confidently reiterate why you're the perfect fit for the role. It goes something like this:

In conclusion, my extensive experience in the field of consulting, coupled with my proven track record of delivering successful projects and driving positive outcomes for clients, makes me an ideal candidate for this consulting role at MadeUpCompanyX.

Then, after your wrap-up, it's time for a call to action. Encourage the hiring manager to take that next step, whether it's discussing your application further or setting up an interview.

For example: 

I am eager to discuss in more detail how my skills and background can contribute to the success of your projects or clients at MadeUpCompanyX.

Last but not least, maintain a professional tone as you sign off. Choose an appropriate signature line, followed by your full name.

And finally, if you're looking for alternatives to the commonly used "Best regards," consider these options:

• Kind regards,
• Respectfully yours,
• Thank you for your consideration.

10 Essential Consulting Cover Letter Tips

Finally, once you’re done with your cover letter, review our top cover letter tips to take your consulting cover letter from “good” to “great:”

• Research the Company: Understand the firm's values, culture, and projects. This will allow you to tailor your letter specifically to the company and demonstrate your genuine interest in becoming a part of their team.
• Start Strong: Begin with a compelling opening that grabs the reader's attention. Mention a recent company accomplishment and tie it to your excitement about the consultancy role.
• Highlight Relevant Experience: Focus on past experiences that align with the consultancy role you're applying for. Discuss specific projects, the challenges you've faced, and the results you achieved.
• Show Problem-Solving Abilities: Consulting is all about solving client problems. Provide examples of how you've approached complex issues in the past and the strategies you employed to resolve them.
• Quantify Achievements: Use numbers wherever possible. Instead of saying "I helped increase sales," mention "I contributed to a 20% increase in sales over a 12-month period."
• Demonstrate Soft Skills: While technical and analytical skills are crucial, soft skills like communication, teamwork, and adaptability are also highly valued in consulting. Use anecdotes or examples to highlight these.
• Keep it Concise: Hiring managers often skim cover letters due to the volume they receive. Aim for a concise, one-page letter that gets straight to the point while effectively showcasing your value.
• Customize for Each Application: Avoid using a generic cover letter for all applications. Each company and role may have unique requirements or values, so take the time to customize your letter for each position.
• End with a Call to Action: Conclude your letter by expressing your eagerness for an interview. You might say something like, "I am excited about the opportunity to discuss how my expertise aligns with the needs of your team and would appreciate the chance to meet in person."
• Proofread: Errors can make a poor impression and suggest a lack of attention to detail. Before sending, proofread your cover letter multiple times, or even consider having a colleague or professional review it.

Key Takeaways

Hopefully, this article taught you all you need to know in order to create an impressive consultant cover letter.

Before you go, here’s a quick summary of everything we’ve covered so far:

• Always tailor your cover letter to the specific company and role, ensuring you address the hiring manager by name whenever possible.
• The initial paragraphs should pique the reader's interest, highlighting alignment with the company's values and your enthusiasm for the role.
• Use the cover letter's body to elaborate on unique achievements and experiences not just reiterated from your resume.
• End your letter by confidently summarizing your suitability for the position and encouraging further discussion or an interview.
• Proofread meticulously, maintain brevity, and customize your approach for each application to stand out in the competitive consulting industry.

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A Consulting Cover Letter that Lands Interviews: Our Complete Guide

• Last Updated January, 2024

Rebecca Smith-Allen

Former McKinsey Engagement Manager

The recruiting season is approaching fast, and there’s one thing you’ll need to get your foot in the door for an interview at a top-tier consulting firm: an impressive cover letter.

What should you talk about in your consulting cover letter?

How do you distinguish yourself from the tons of other candidates applying to Bain, BCG, McKinsey, and other top consulting firms this year?

If you’re asking yourself these questions, don’t worry! 

In this complete guide to writing a consulting cover letter, we’ll tell you exactly what points you need to address in your cover letter to put your best foot forward and land that interview.

We’ll discuss:

• What a cover letter is
• The RIGHT way to structure one
• The Red Flags that get candidates rejected and how to overcome them
• 5 Tips on writing an effective consulting cover letter

We’ll  also share:

• 2 cover letter examples that landed candidates interviews at the top firms.

Let’s get started!

Consulting Cover Letter – Why It Matters

What is a consulting cover letter.

The consulting cover letter is a separate document from your resume; it puts the work experience you outline on your resume into context to show why you’re a great candidate.

The WRONG Way to Structure Your Management Consulting Cover Letter

Most of the Internet articles on writing a cover letter talk about structuring them with the following sections:

• Why are you interested in consulting?
• Why are you interested in the firm you’re applying to?
• What makes you a good fit?

This is not the best way to approach writing your consulting cover letter. My Consulting Offer has helped hundreds of clients land interviews and get offers with top management consulting firms like BCG, Bain, and McKinsey.

We’ve even helped people who faced extra hurdles because they had low GPAs, majored in subjects other than economics or business, or attended non-core schools.

Our clients received interview invitations and job offers because our cover letter process works.

The RIGHT Way to Structure Your Management Consulting Cover Letter

Want to know the best way to structure a cover letter that has statistically been shown to get more interviews?

Watch this video before proceeding.

Now that you watched the video (Watch now if you haven’t yet because the impact of the rest of the article is only 10% of what it could be if you watch it). 

As you found in the video, the best  way to structure your cover letter is to Google the characteristics the consulting firm you want to work for seeks in consulting candidates and then show you have those characteristics .

Yes, you read that right. Go to the Bain Careers page and read about what they’re looking for in candidates. You’ll find it on this page . 

Every consulting firm has values they take very seriously, and that drive the candidates they target, so you will want to know what they are for each firm you apply to. 

As an example, Bain wants consultants with:

• Problem-solving skills
• The ability to lead
• Results delivered

You will use each of these to develop a paragraph or section of your consulting cover letter.

For each, choose a specific time from your professional or personal experiences that shows you possess that characteristic. 

If you have more than one experience that shows you exemplifying a characteristic, pick the strongest example.

Then, create a story that briefly explains the context around your example, describes the action(s) you took, and shows concrete results. 

Quantify the results of your actions whenever possible.

• Results delivered – When I took over as the leader of my sorority’s annual fundraising event for a local food bank, I wanted to make it even more successful than in prior years. Each year, we threw an event and asked people to bring packaged food products or a donation. I went beyond that by asking the college’s academic departments to collect donations from faculty and staff as well. Packaged goods contributions to the food bank increased by 50%, and financial donations increased by over 300%.

Join our FREE Webinar:

How 800+ candidates have landed consulting offers at mckinsey, bain, and bcg.

Proof the My Consulting Offer Cover Letter Structure Works

This strategy of showing how you’ve exemplified the characteristics the firm is looking for in applicants works particularly well if you are applying to management consulting firms from a non-traditional background. 

If you’re a student with a liberal arts major, in a non-MBA master’s degree or doctorate, or attending a non-core school, you should definitely use our approach. It shows the reader that you’d be an asset to their team and have what it takes to be a successful consultant at their firm. This makes them focus less on your non-traditional background.

One of our early clients was an undergraduate who’d spent his summers interning in Michelin-star restaurants in New York City because he aspired to run a Michelin-star restaurant as a career. 

He didn’t have high-level positions in these internships; he worked in the kitchens. He cut the tomatoes for the tomato soup and did similar food prep.

He wasn’t even in charge of making the tomato soup!

As graduation approached, he decided that while he knew all about the kitchen side of the restaurant business, he wanted to learn about running the front of the house. To do that, he looked into consulting jobs.

But he had no business experience.

In his cover letter, we developed stories about:

• Managing the kitchen effectively, even on hectic Saturday nights
• Managing chefs with many years more experience than he had himself
• Landing jobs at top-rated restaurants by showing up at the restaurants before they opened and networking his way in with perseverance

These stories showed he had the leadership experience, people skills, and drive needed in consulting, things that wouldn’t have been clear from his resume alone.

Why My Consulting Offer’s Approach to Writing Consulting Cover Letters Is So Effective

My Consulting Offer’s approach highlights the characteristics consulting firms value in applicants to develop your cover letter.

• You don’t need to explain “Why McKinsey/Bain/BCG?” because you’ve taken your bullet points from their firm career pages .
• Your stories explain why you’re a good fit.
• You can cover the question “Why consulting?” in just a sentence or 2 because you’ve demonstrated you understand what consulting firms look for in candidates through your stories. This question is especially important for applicants with non-traditional backgrounds or experienced hires. 

Just add a short opening, 1-2 sentences on “Why consulting?” and a short conclusion to these paragraphs, and your cover letter will be ready to submit. 

Mistakes People Make with Their Consulting Cover Letters that Lead to Rejection

There are red flags that can get applicants’ resumes placed in the “no” pile. These are:

• A gap in their work history.

A low GPA  can be a problem because management consulting firms target people who can solve tough business problems. But if your GPA  is low due to extenuating circumstances, such as a problem with your own or a family member’s health, or if you needed to work many hours each week to finance your education, firms will often overlook this.

Small offices at top consulting firms often have a problem. People choose them because they think they’ll have a better shot at getting an offer from the firm. But later, these same people want to move to a different office, leaving that office understaffed. 

If you’re applying to an office because you genuinely want to live in that city, tell the recruiters why you want to live there (examples: near family, proximity to outdoor activities, etc.) They need to see that you are not planning to try to transfer to another office or they won’t want to invest in you.

If you have a gap in your work history, a consulting firm might think you were fired and had difficulty finding another job. If health or another issue was the cause of the gap in your work history, it’s important to explain that.

If you have any of these or other red flags in your consulting application, take the time to explain them in your cover letter so that they don’t derail you from getting an interview.

Writing Your Management Consulting Cover Letter – A Step-by-Step Guide

• Opening – keep it short and sweet. Just introduce yourself and express interest in working for the firm you’re applying to, mentioning the specific position you want. Include your 1-2 sentences on “Why consulting?” here.
• Central paragraph 1  – As explained above, find what the firm is looking for in consultants from their Careers page and dedicate one paragraph to each characteristic.
• Central paragraph 2 – Create a story from your experience that shows you have that characteristic. You should include 3-4 stories in your cover letter.
• Central paragraph 3 – Quantify results whenever possible.
• Central paragraph 4 – Order these stories in the way that works to your advantage, with the strongest story first, the second-strongest last, and weaker (but still good) stories in the middle.
• Address any red flags.
• Express your interest again and close the letter.

That’s it! You now have an impressive cover letter.

5 Tips for Writing a Cover Letter that Lands the Interview

• Tip #1 – Start with the characteristics valued by the consulting firm you’re most interested in. You should tailor the cover letter for each firm to the characteristics they list on their Career page. You’ll find, however, that you can re-use stories because all consulting firms value leadership, drive, teamwork, and creating impact.
• Tips #2 – Pick the most compelling stories from your experience. You probably have multiple stories you could use for some values. Choose just one story. If in doubt, the one where you solved the biggest problem or where you had the biggest impact is probably the best. Don’t worry if you have another great story, you’ll get to talk about it in your consulting interviews.
• Tips #3 – Quantify results wherever possible. Showing that you increased revenue/ attendance/ donations by x% quickly and effectively displays you can get things done. Same with cost reductions or reduced time/effort to get work done.
• Tip #4 – Tighten your language to show your point as efficiently as possible. Never say more than you need to in order to make your point. Recruiters screen thousands of applications, and they appreciate communications that get right to the point. Consulting partners will also appreciate this skill once you’re on their team and drafting PowerPoint slides for client meetings. Keep your cover letter to one page. 
• Tip #5 -Use Fiverr or another service to ensure you have no grammatical or spelling mistakes. You only get one chance to make a good impression. Don’t send out a letter with a big mistake, especially if you can prevent it with $5. 

Consulting Cover Letter Examples

The best way to get a sense of what an effective management cover letter looks like is to read one. 

We’ve got 2 examples of letters that helped My Consulting Offer clients land interviews: one from an undergraduate student’s application to McKinsey and one from an experienced-hire candidate’s application to Bain.

Successful Consulting Cover Letter Example 1

Undergraduate consulting cover letter example, why is this undergraduate consulting cover letter sample effective.

This consulting industry cover letter written by an undergraduate is effective because it addresses key characteristics that McKinsey looks for in their applicants, as you can see   on their careers page :

• Personal impact
• Entrepreneurial drive

While it only calls out 2 of the 4 characteristics McKinsey is looking for, entrepreneurial drive and problems solving, these stories also showcase the candidate’s personal impact. 

The 3rd characteristic the cover letter calls out, teamwork/ collaboration, is also highly valued by McKinsey and other consulting firms. 

The entrepreneurial drive paragraph is effective because it shows this candidate works hard and overcomes obstacles that would stand in the way of other candidates.

The problem-solving paragraph is effective because it shows the candidate’s structured approach to solving a problem. It also shows this approach worked.

The collaborative story works because it shows that this candidate was able to make strong personal connections from a very young age and that they respect people from all walks of life.

The candidate makes clear with his/her stories that they understand what McKinsey is looking for and that they’ve demonstrated those characteristics.

Successful Consulting Cover Letter Example 2

Experienced hire consulting cover letter example, why is this experienced hire consulting cover letter sample effective.

• Problem-solving skills (addressed in Passion for Results and Lasting Impact.)
• The ability to lead (addressed in all 3 stories.)
• Results delivered (addressed in Passion for Results with quantified impact.)
• Passion (addressed in Drive & Character)

Each of the 3 stories in this cover letter presents the applicant as someone who has the characteristics top management consulting firms look for. 

Moreover, the 3 stories together demonstrate that he or she has “the whole package.” He or she isn’t smart but a poor team player or good at problem-solving but lacking the passion needed to get things done in a difficult, real-world environment.

The fact that the applicant could speak to all of the things Bain looks for helped them land interviews and then offers with multiple top firms.

What About Firms Like McKinsey, Which Don’t Require a Cover Letter?

Some management consulting firms, such as McKinsey & Company, have made submitting a cover letter optional. 

Should you bother to spend the time to write one if they don’t seem to care?

If your resume clearly shows you are a good fit for the consulting firm,  you don’t need to submit a cover letter. Things that would make you look like a good fit include:

• Attendance at or a degree from a core school where the firm recruits through on-campus interviews and hires consultants every year
• An undergraduate degree in business or economics or an MBA
• Leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving skills clearly demonstrated through work and volunteer experience on your resume

If your resume doesn’t clearly communicate that you’re a good fit for the management consulting industry and their firm, in particular, your application will be strengthened by including a cover letter. 

You should also submit a cover letter if you have been previously rejected from that firm so that they know you have taken steps to improve your application since last applying.

You’ll want to think about stories to use in your behavioral interviews   anyway, so if you’re unsure whether you need a cover letter, it’s safest to write one.

To see the power of an improved cover letter, watch this video on how My Consulting Offer helped Cynthia get invited for an interview at every consulting company she applied to.

Are you ready to write your management consulting cover letter?

We bet you are since you now know:

• What a consulting cover letter is
• The red flags that get candidates rejected and how to overcome them
• Our 5 Tips on writing an effective consulting cover letter
• Plus, you’ve seen 2 Consulting cover letter examples that worked

Still have questions?

If you have more questions about writing effective consulting cover letters, leave them in the comments below. One of My Consulting Offer’s former MBB recruiters will answer them.

Other people who were writing their cover letter found the following pages helpful:

• Consulting Resumes
• BCG Cover Letter
• Consulting Networking
• Case Interview Prep : The Ultimate Guide
• Our List of  Top Consulting Firms and their company values
• The Non-MBA Master’s Student’s Guide to Landing a Consulting Job

Do You Need Help Writing a Perfect Consulting Cover Letter?

Thanks for turning to My Consulting Offer for advice on writing your cover letter. We’ve helped over 700 people get offers in consulting and 89.6% of My Consulting Offer clients land  interviews and offers with a consulting firm. Most land more than one. We want you to get that opportunity to interview with McKinsey, Bain, BCG and other top firms!

For example, here is how we helped Tao land interviews at Bain, BCG, and McKinsey.

How 800+ Candidates Have Landed Consulting Offers At McKinsey, Bain And BCG

2 thoughts on “everything you need to know about the consulting cover letter”.

Thank you Davis for this powerful tool you shared. Really, I havent thought of cover letters telling stories or narrating how you used the needed skills and the value you added using them in your past roles. No wonder I have been getting rejections based on my red flags – not having to work with the big 4s or having multinational experience. All these does not matter as long you can demonstrate the skill set you used to add value in your previous roles which must be inline with what the prospective role needs. I really aporeciate this exposure and I look forward to getting calls from recruiters going forward as I apply your strategy to my cover letters subsequently. Thanks a lot. Esther.

Hey, Esther, We’re so glad the tips we discussed about writing your consulting cover letter were helpful! Good luck in your job search!

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Consulting Cover Letter Samples & Examples That Worked in 2024

Crafting an impressive consulting cover letter is your key to unlocking a highly rewarding role, where you can provide detailed analyses, expert insights, and strategic business recommendations.

We'll be your guide, offering important tips, illustrating via meaningful examples, and even suggesting accessible templates to make your journey into the realm of consultancy a smoother ride.

In this guide, we'll cover everything you need to know about writing a cover letter as a consultant. Keep reading to learn about:

• Crafting a well-formatted consultant cover letter header & headline
• Creating a personalized greeting for your consultant cover letter
• Writing an engaging & eye-catching consultant cover letter introduction
• Showing your professional value as a consultant with accomplishments
• Ending your consultant cover letter with a powerful closing statement
• Accessing the best resources for job-seeking consultants

Still looking for a job? These 100+ resources will tell you everything you need to get hired fast.

1. Write a well-formatted consultant cover letter header & headline

The first two components to craft on your cover letter are your header and headline.

A cover letter header is a short block of text found most commonly in the upper left corner of the document that includes all the necessary applicant and company information. As for the cover letter headline , this is a brief title statement that helps to lead into the rest of the letter.

To better demonstrate how to format each of these elements, below are more in-depth explanations and examples of each:

Formatting the header

Your cover letter header can vary in format, style, and order of information. Some applicants will choose to include their name in larger font at the very top of the header, while others will create a more letter-style address in the header.

Regardless of what format you opt for, your header should always include:

• The name of the company (& department, when applicable) you are applying for
• Your name and professional title
• Your contact information (phone number, email address, etc.)

Here is an example of a letter-style header on a consultant’s cover letter

To: Carhill Business Partners, Consulting Department From: Joe King , Business Consultant (123) 456-7890 | [email protected] | linkedin.com/in/joe-king

Writing the headline

When writing the headline for your consultant cover letter, you should consider how journalists use headlines and article titles to grab the attention of readers. Your headline should be eye-catching, while also offering an accurate preview of the information to come.

In your headline, you should always use a keyword related to the position, an eye-catching number or trigger word, a powerful adjective or verb, and a promise.

Here is an example of an effective headline from a consultant’s cover letter

My 3 Negotiation Abilities that Make Me the Perfect Consultant for Your Company

Trigger Word/Number : My 3 Negotiation Abilities Keyword: Consultant Adjective: Perfect Promise: For Your Company – this addition at the end of the headline indicates to the employer that you will go beyond simply describing your skills by also relating them to the specific needs of the employer’s business.

Let your cover letter write itself — with AI!

2. create a personalized greeting for your consultant cover letter.

Whenever you write a greeting on a consultant cover letter, it is crucially important to create a personalized greeting that addresses a specific person or department within the company.

By doing so, you show the employer that you not only have excellent attention to detail but also that you have taken the time to thoroughly research their company beforehand.

In the event that you are unable to uncover a specific person or department that will be reviewing your application, try out one of the following alternatives:

To the [Company Name] Team

To the [Company Name] Hiring Manager

3. Build an engaging consultant cover letter introduction

By the time an employer reaches the introductory paragraph of your cover letter, you should have already hooked their attention with the headline and greeting. To keep this attention intact, include the following details in your introduction:

• A brief overview of your professional history and goals
• A statement on why you are enthusiastic about applying to this company
• A mutual acquaintance (when possible)

Here is an example to help demonstrate how to write a consultant cover letter introduction

To the [Company Name] Hiring Manager,

I am writing to you today to apply for the open Consultant position after receiving a recommendation to do so by your company’s VP, Jane Doe. As a Consultant with over 6 years of experience in the financial industry, I am certain I will bring a high level of professionalism and excellence to this role and your company.

Find out your resume score!

4. Show your professional value as a consultant with accomplishments

Once the introduction of your consultant cover letter is squared away, it’s time to provide a more in-depth look into your qualifications in the body paragraphs of your letter. A strong cover letter will typically contain between 2 to 4 body paragraphs that answer the following questions:

• What excites you about working at this company?
• What do you hope to learn from working at this company?
• What accomplishments or qualifications make you stand out as an applicant?
• What key skills do you possess that are relevant to the position?

Providing quantifiable accomplishments is particularly effective in a cover letter, as this gives the employer real-life examples of the value you can provide to their business.

Here is an example of how to describe an accomplishment in a consultant cover letter

As the Digital Transformation Consultant for [Former Employer], I assisted more than 50 companies in the development and implementation of strategies to improve their digital infrastructure and online presence. In turn, these partnerships increased annual sales by an average of 30% annually for my former employer. 

5. End your consultant cover letter with a powerful closing statement

The conclusion of your consultant cover letter should be just as compelling as the introduction. To create a powerful closing statement, you should include:

• An enthusiastic sentence saying you are looking forward to hearing from them
• An additional sentence stating you will follow up, including how you will contact them or how they can contact you
• A formal sign-off

Here is an example of a strong closing statement from a consultant cover letter

Thank you for taking the time to read my cover letter and consider my application. As your new Consultant, I am certain I can elevate your business partnerships and increase your sales according to your company’s high standards of quality. To best reach me, call (123) 456-7890 any weekday during normal business hours.

If I do not hear from you within a week, I will reach out to touch base regarding my application. 

Appreciatively,

[Applicant Name]

Follow this cover letter outline for maximum success.

6. Top resources for job-seeking consultants

Exploring the job market for consultants might seem daunting, but with the right tools and resources, you'll find your way. Here are some top recommendations:

• Job platforms:  Websites like Glassdoor and Indeed offer an abundance of job postings, customizable search options, and critical alerts for new opportunities.
• Professional networking sites:   LinkedIn stands out in this category. Beyond networking, it's a hub filled with job listings, industry-related content, and helpful groups to join discussions and stay informed. What's more, you can turn your LinkedIn profile into a polished resume within a few seconds.
• Industry-specific job boards:  Certain websites cater to specific industries, such as Dice for tech consultants or Idealist for non-profit consulting roles. Exploring these can narrow down your search to targeted opportunities.
• Company career pages:  Never underestimate the power of direct applications. Websites of companies you're interested in likely have a careers section with job postings.
• Career counseling services:  Many universities, and some private organizations, offer career counseling services. They can provide individualized advice, resume and cover letter reviews, interview practice, and more.
• Job search engines and aggregators:  Google for Jobs , SimplyHired , and others pull postings from multiple sources to save you from visiting each site individually.
• Recruitment agencies:  Firms like Robert Half or Michael Page specialize in placing candidates in jobs. They often have relationships with companies seeking consultants and can help match you to suitable openings.

Armed with these resources, your consulting job search becomes a planned mission instead of a scattered ordeal.

Note: These aren't replacements for a compelling consulting cover letter and a strategic networking approach, but support tools on your professional journey.

Consulting Cover Letter FAQ

What should be the structure of a consulting cover letter.

The recommended structure includes an opening salutation, an introductory paragraph, one to two body paragraphs explaining your qualifications and how they match the job requirements, followed by a conclusion and formal closing.

How long should my consulting cover letter be?

The golden rule is to keep it concise. Aim for no more than one page, and certainly no more than 400 words. Remember, hiring managers review several cover letters; short and impactful will get the job done.

Should I reuse a generic cover letter for multiple applications?

Avoid using a one-size-fits-all cover letter for all your job applications. Tailor-make each letter to suit the specific position and company. Mirror the language in the job description and demonstrate how your skills and experiences align with the role.

Do keywords make a difference in a consulting cover letter?

Absolutely. Keywords can act as a bridge between the employer's needs and your skills. They can also dutifully serve as trackers for applicant tracking systems. Identify the keywords in the job description — like 'team player', 'analytical skills', or 'project management' — and integrate them into your letter where relevant.

How should I address my consulting cover letter?

If you know the hiring manager's name, address them directly (for example, "Dear Ms. Johnson"). If you don't know their name, it's better to opt for a generic, yet professional greeting like "Dear Hiring Manager" or "Dear Consulting Team".

Milan Šaržík, CPRW

Milan’s work-life has been centered around job search for the past three years. He is a Certified Professional Résumé Writer (CPRW™) as well as an active member of the Professional Association of Résumé Writers & Careers Coaches (PARWCC™). Milan holds a record for creating the most career document samples for our help center – until today, he has written more than 500 resumes and cover letters for positions across various industries. On top of that, Milan has completed studies at multiple well-known institutions, including Harvard University, University of Glasgow, and Frankfurt School of Finance and Management.

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• Entrepreneur / Business Owner
• Procurement

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Consulting cover letter guide (for McKinsey, BCG, Bain, etc.)

Today we’re going to explain everything you need to know about writing consulting cover letters.

We’ll start by reviewing an example cover letter that got interview invitations from ALL the MBB firms (McKinsey, BCG, and Bain). 

And then we’ll explain exactly how you should write your own cover letter to land consulting interviews. Here’s a full list of the topics in this guide:

• Example cover letter

How to write your consulting cover letter

Consulting cover letter tips.

• The skills consulting firms look for

Consulting cover letter screening process

• Get help with your cover letter

Let’s get to it! 

Click here for a consulting letter/resume review with an ex-MBB consultant

Example cover letter (which got interviews at mckinsey, bcg, and bain).

Below is an anonymised cover letter from a candidate who got interviews at McKinsey, BCG and Bain. So you can trust that this template works.

The image here highlights the different sections of the cover letter, but we’ll dive deeper into the text later, and you can also get a downloadable copy below.

Free download of the consulting cover letter example, here. 

In the next section, we’ll go step-by-step through each part of the cover letter and explain how to go about writing it. But before we dive in, please note the following points about the above template:

• A lot of people use this template. Get inspiration from it, but every sentence in your letter should be written from scratch.
• This cover letter might sound impressive. It's one of the best ones we’ve seen. But even if you have not achieved as much as this person, you can still get an interview.

With that said, let’s dig into the cover letter writing process!

As a starting point, this video provides a nice overview of the full writing process for a consulting cover letter. 

Now let’s break things down further.

1. Introduction

Example - Introduction

Mary Taylor - [email protected]

DD / MM / YYYY

Dear Sir / Madam,

I would like to apply for an Associate position at McKinsey in London.

This section is a formality. It should simply state the following information:

• Your name and email address. You can replace your email address with a postal address although those are not commonly used anymore.
• The date on which you are sending your letter
• The position, company, and office to which you are applying

Keep it short and sweet.

2. Why you? 

Example - Why you?

I started working as an Analyst at Big Finance in New York in September 2020 and was quickly promoted to Associate in a year and a half instead of the average four years. While at Big Finance, I advised a broad range of clients who constantly gave me positive feedback and regularly asked to work with me again. Before joining Big Finance, I graduated as the top student of my MEng in Chemical Engineering at Prestigious University in the UK. While studying, I received two competitive scholarships and awards. In addition, I developed my leadership skills as the President of the Prestigious University Consulting Club. High energy was essential to lead a team of 5 managing the club and growing the number of members by 20%.

This is your "GOLD MEDALS" section. It is the first section of your cover letter and therefore the most important one.

It should state the TOP 3 achievements of your life to date that are relevant to consulting. These achievements should be as unique and as memorable as possible. When your reviewer reads them they should think "Wow, that's impressive. I want to know more about this person."

To write this section you need to step back and ask yourself "What are the most impressive things I've done with my life so far?" This is not an easy question to answer. 

In our experience discussing this with a close friend can help. It's sometimes easier for them to quickly point out the impressive things you have done as they are an external observer.

In addition, notice how achievements are QUANTIFIED in the example above. Saying you have been promoted "in a year and a half instead of the average four years" is much more powerful than saying you have been promoted "quickly." You should quantify your achievements whenever possible.

This section is your chance to grab the reader's attention. If there's nothing impressive in it, they will stop reading and just scan the paragraphs. So don't miss your opportunity!

3. Why consulting?

Example - Why consulting?

There are several reasons why I want to pursue a consulting career. To start with, I know I will enjoy being a strategy consultant because I have already worked in a strategy team in the past. This was in summer 2019 when I was a Strategy Intern at Big Grocery Retailer in London. In addition, I think consulting is a unique opportunity to comprehensively learn about business management by working on a variety of company situations. Over the past two years, I have started building my business skills while advising clients on financial matters at Big Finance. I now look forward to learning more about companies’ management at McKinsey. Finally, I want to work in consulting because I truly enjoy interacting with clients. Throughout my work experiences I have built a successful track record of developing and maintaining relationships with clients including, for instance, the senior strategy team at Big Grocery Retailer.

Once you have convinced your reviewer that you have impressive achievements under your belt they'll be thinking: "Ok, this person is impressive. But do they REALLY want to be a consultant? Or are they just applying because they're not sure what to do with their career."

The third section of your letter should therefore answer the  "Why consulting?" question . But here is the thing about this question: There are some reasons to go into consulting that you should tell your reviewer about. And some reasons that you should really keep to yourself.

For instance, one of the mistakes candidates commonly make in their cover letter is to write something along the lines of "I'd like to spend 2 or 3 years in consulting to learn more about business in general and then decide what I want to do." This is a HUGE mistake. 

Consulting firms want to hire FUTURE PARTNERS. Not employees who will stay for a couple of years. You can watch the video below for more details about this.

The best approach for your "Why consulting?" section is to write about past experiences that really show you know what you are getting into. The perfect situation is if you have done an internship in consulting or in corporate strategy and have enjoyed it. If that's the case, this is the perfect section to write about it.

But even if you haven't done related internships, there are plenty of angles you can use to connect your past experiences to what you will do as a consultant. For instance:

• You might have enjoyed working with clients when you were in M&A or in Sales
• You might have enjoyed structuring and solving tough problems as an engineer

You should use these experiences to say that "working with clients" or "solving tough problems" is something you KNOW you enjoy doing; and you look forward to spending more time doing this as a consultant.

When they read this section, your reviewer should think: "Ok, this person is impressive AND they know what they are getting into."

4. Why McKinsey / BCG / Bain / Other?

Example - Why McKinsey?

McKinsey appeals to me for three reasons. To start with, the different people from the company I have met and worked with all told me they had truly enjoyed their time there. For the past two years, I have worked for Michael Smith, a former Engagement Manager from the London office, who now works for Big Finance. Additionally, I regularly read McKinsey’s reports on financial services and think the insights delivered by Sarah James and others in the Finance practice are truly superior to that of other consultancies. By joining McKinsey, I therefore think I would have an opportunity to work with and learn from the best consultants in the industry. Finally, the fact that McKinsey was selected by Finance Supercorp to shape its digital strategy also played an important role in my decision to apply. This was a first-of-its-kind contract in finance and it shows that while at McKinsey I could get the opportunity to work on truly unique projects.

If you have managed to convince your reviewer that you have an impressive background and that you really want to be a consultant, you have a VERY HIGH chance of getting an interview. 

The only question that's left for you to answer is: " Why McKinsey  / Why BCG? / Why Bain? "

Top consulting firms  have a lot in common. In most regions, they cover the same industries and work for similar clients. They also pay similar salaries, and the career path is more or less the same from firm to firm. So what should you write about in this section?

In our experience, the most efficient way to set yourself apart in this section is to write about three specific elements:

When you write "I've met with Michael Smith," or "I've read report X," or "I've heard about project Y," you are making an argument that's SPECIFIC enough for your reviewer to think: "Ok they've done their homework."

If you stay too GENERIC, your argument will be much less credible. For instance, writing something like "While at McKinsey, I'll be exposed to a broad range of industries which I'm excited about" is a weak argument because you could swap McKinsey for BCG or Bain in that sentence.

In fact, this is the ultimate test. If you can swap McKinsey with another name in your "Why McKinsey?" section you are not being specific enough. You need to work on your paragraph again and mention SPECIFIC people, reports, or projects that you find interesting.

5. Conclusion

Example - Conclusion

For all these reasons, I am very enthusiastic about the chance to work at McKinsey. I am available for an interview at any time and look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

Mary Taylor

The last section of the cover letter is a formality again. It should include the following elements:

• A sentence or two saying that you are enthusiastic and available for interviews at any time
• Your final signature

So how do you make it easy for your reviewer to put your cover letter on the "Accept" pile? We have put together the 10 tips below to make sure you can achieve this and avoid common mistakes.

Tip #1 Don't use a template letter

Writing cover letters is painful. But trust us, reading hundreds of them can be at least as painful. That's why you should make every effort to make your letter interesting and genuine. 

It's ok to get inspiration from templates such as the one we provide in this guide. But every sentence in your letter should be written from scratch.

Tip #2 Keep it to one page

One of the unwritten rules of consulting cover letters is that they should not be longer than one page. The trick to achieve this is to only select the MOST RELEVANT experiences from your  resume  and to summarise them. 

The points you decide to highlight should clearly demonstrate that you would make a great consultant.

Tip #3 Standard format and font

It's tempting to use an eye-catching font and format. But that's actually a bad idea. You only risk your interviewer thinking: "I've never seen this font, it looks really weird. Who is this person?" Your cover letter should stand out because of its content, NOT because of its format.

Tip #4 Not the time to be shy

Your cover letter is not the time to be shy. If you went to Harvard and have three Olympic medals, now is the time to say it! Most of us don't, and that's fine. But the point is that you should really push yourself to bring your most impressive accomplishments forward.

Tip #5 Network, network, network

This might sound surprising, but a big part of the cover letter is  how much networking you have done . Having networked with people from the firm you are applying for pays dividends for multiple reasons. 

First, they might recommend you to the HR team. But most importantly, these people will give you insight into what makes their firm UNIQUE. Then you can quote what you've heard in your cover letter (and name drop the person you heard it from) to show that you really understand the firm you are applying for.

Tip #6 Read, read, read

Unfortunately, networking is not always easy or possible. In these cases, your second best option is to read as much as you can on the firms you are applying for. You should read about the firm's projects, reports, and partners and find pieces of information you are really interested in. 

For instance, if you did your master thesis on electric vehicles, try to find who works in this area at the firm and what they have to say about it. And then mention what you have found in your cover letter.

Tip #7 One letter per firm

One question we often get is: "Should I write one letter per firm?" The answer is YES. But it's not as hard as it might sound. 

Every cover letter needs to answer three questions: Why you? Why consulting? And why this firm? The only paragraph you will need to change in every letter is the one about "Why this firm?" For each firm, you will have to do the networking and reading mentioned above.

Tip #8 Start writing early

Writing an outstanding cover letter is VERY HARD. Most candidates underestimate how much time it takes and start this process too late. You'll need to take a step back and reflect on everything you have done to date to highlight your most relevant experiences. 

This takes multiple iterations. Start early.

Tip #9 Get feedback

In our experience, great candidates all look for feedback and iterate on their cover letter until it's truly as good as it can get. It's a lot of work, but it's worth it.

It’s best to get feedback from peers or consultants. These people will be able to point out which parts of your letter they don't get or don't find impactful enough. If you’d like to have an expert review your cover letter, check out our team of  ex-consultant coaches .

Tip #10 Proofread multiple times

Finally, you should check and double check your letter for typos and grammar mistakes - multiple times. A cover letter is (not so secretly) a writing test and you should really treat it like one.

What consulting firms look for

To get multiple interviews at  top consulting firms , it’s extremely important to understand what those firms are actually looking for. 

The good news is that most of the leading consultancies are looking for basically the same skills. 

To illustrate this point, here’s what  McKinsey  and  Bain  say that they’re looking for in candidates, along with our own translation of what they mean:

There are also a few unofficial items that consulting firms will look for on your resume, and you can read about those in our  consulting resume guide .

Next, let’s talk about the typical cover letter screening process.

Screening process

Now let's talk about HOW your cover letter will be handled once you send it. Here's how it works.

Your application will be sent to a JUNIOR CONSULTANT who recently graduated from your University. They will score your documents based on a grid provided by the HR team. 

Consultants usually have to score 200 to 400 applications in about 2 weeks. And this is sometimes on TOP of their normal project. It's not uncommon for them to leave the job to the last minute and to have to do it on a Friday night just before the deadline.

Why is this important? The point we are trying to make is your application is part of 100 other applications. And the person who will review it will be tired by the time they get to your cover letter. If they don't understand something, they won't Google it. It's your job to make their job easy.

Why consultancies ask for a cover letter

There are two main reasons why consulting firms ask for cover letters.

First, partners bill several thousand dollars per day to their clients. The opportunity cost of interviewing you is HUGE for the firm. Put yourself in the shoes of a consultancy for a second. What are the top 3 questions you want to answer before investing money in interviewing a candidate?

• Have they demonstrated the skills needed to be a consultant?
• Do they know what consulting is and what they are getting into?
• Are they genuinely interested in working for our firm?

If you don't answer these three questions in a structured and impactful way, your chances of getting past the screening process are very low. This is why every cover letter should be structured as follows:

• Why consulting?
• Why this firm?

The second reason consulting firms ask for a cover letter is to test your writing skills. Consultants write all the time: emails, PowerPoints, Word documents, etc. They spend about 50% of their day writing. And a lot of the time their job is to summarise very large quantities of information in a succinct way.

This is exactly what you have to do in your cover letter. You have to a) look back on all your past experiences, b) select the relevant experiences to convince the reviewer that you are the right person for the job and c) summarise all these experiences in a way that's easy to read and digest.

Cover letters are a disguised writing test. Candidates who end up getting invited for interviews recognise this early on. Making a good impression on paper is way harder than making a good impression in person.

Are many candidates ready to invest HOURS in writing the perfect cover letter? No. That's the whole point. That's how you can set yourself apart. If you spend enough time making sure that your letter is as impactful as it can be, you stand very high chances of getting invited for interviews.

Another reason that it can help to have a cover letter is to explain anything on your resume that may look unusual to a reviewer, such as a time gap or a non-traditional background for consulting. 

Whatever your unique situation is, if you’re not confident in how your cover letter looks today, then we can help you. 

Get an Ex-MBB consultant to review your cover letter

The guide above, in addition to our guide on  consulting resumes , should go a long way in helping you craft documents that will get you interviews. 

But if you still feel you need additional help, we have a team of ex-MBB recruiters and interviewers who would be happy to provide feedback on your cover letter.

You’ll get feedback on how to immediately improve your cover letter, including what experience to focus on, how to optimise your phrasing, formatting, etc.

Start by browsing profiles for available coaches.

Related articles:

Career in Consulting

Consulting Cover Letter: a step-by-step guide (2024)

With a great CV, your consulting cover letter can open the door to scoring an interview and, ultimately, getting a job in consulting.

But it’s not that easy: less than 30% of applicants receive a call for an interview.

Thus, in this article, I’ll show how to write a persuasive and customized cover letter to move your job application to the top of the pile .

In particular, I’ll show you the exact steps you need to take to write a consulting cover letter that:

• Set you apart from the crowd
• Express your motivation to join the firm you are applying to

But first, let me introduce you to Paul.

Paul is a recent graduate from a business school in France.

He did two internships (one in Marketing and one in Finance).

Paul used the tips from this article to learn how to write a cover letter for a consulting job and landed job interviews in ALL the consulting firms he applied to . 

At the end of this article, you’ll see Paul’s consulting cover letters for McKinsey, the Boston Consulting Group, Bain & Company, and Deloitte.

Also, you’ll find a consulting cover letter template to help you craft your consulting cover letters. 

Let’s get started!

Table of Contents

Get the latest data about salaries in consulting, what is a cover letter.

Along with your resume, a cover letter is an important part of your consulting job application.

It is intended to provide a more in-depth introduction, enhancing the information in the resume or CV, outlining pertinent qualifications, and showcasing some of your most noteworthy achievements.

A strong cover letter convinces the employer that your skills align with their requirements and demonstrates the following:

• Justifications for your qualifications for the job.
• An explanation of why you want to work as a consultant.
• Justifications for why you would be a good fit for their particular company.
• Your capacity for producing engaging, clear, and concise writing.

A strong cover letter should ultimately focus on “why should we hire you” and “what’s in it for us.”.

And for that reason, it’s worthwhile to take the time to write a strong cover letter .

What recruiters want

The consulting recruiting process is costly for top consulting firms. 

Do the math:

Multiply the time spent by a management consultant giving interviews by their fees.

You’d get an insanely high number.

Therefore, management consulting firms want to invite only candidates with a serious chance of making it.

To do so, they use two selection criteria. 

Selection criteria 1: do you have the right consulting skills?

ALL consulting firms essentially look for these 4 skills when screening your application documents (resume and consulting cover letter):

• Problem-solving : As a Consultant, you will be essentially a problem-solver. Thus, Consulting firms will assess the range of problems you had to solve and the impact you had.
• Leadership abilities : As a Consultant, you must get things done while working with others. Thus, Consulting firms will assess your ability to work in teams and create a climate where people are motivated to do their best.
• Personal impact : As a Consultant, you will need to gain the support and commitment of others. Thus, Consulting firms will assess your ability to develop relationships with people and influence someone to act upon your recommendation.
• Drive : As a Consultant, you will work on new consulting projects every 3x months. Thus, Consulting firms will assess how comfortable you are with new situations and your ability to perform outside your comfort zone.

Selection criteria 2: are you a good fit?

A career in consulting is not for everyone.

It’s demanding. 

And it can sometimes be stressful.

Therefore, management consulting firms want to assess your motivation to pursue a career in consulting.

And more specifically, a career in consulting in their firm.

To do so, they’ll assess if you’ve done your homework.

For instance, do you understand what consultants do?

And do you understand what makes them different from other management consulting firms?  

Related articles :

Your answer to the question Tell me about yourself must be consistent with the information on your resume.

Check this article explaining how to craft a superior answer to the question “ Tell me about yourself .” 

Also, read this article to learn more about the recruiting process at McKinsey.

Besides, I’ve written articles about the recruiting process at Boston Consulting Group and Bain & Company .

How to write a consulting cover letter: your step-by-step guide

Good consulting cover letters tend to follow a tried-and-trusted format. 

One that’s set up in a way that lets you show off your accomplishments and what are your motivations to join this consulting firm in particular .

If you’re worried about sticking to the same format as everyone else somehow stopping you from standing out, don’t.

It’s what you say (or don’t say) that counts. 

Let’s break down how your cover should look.

Step 1: Add the header (mandatory)

To begin with, start your cover letter with the following information:

• Phone number
• Email address
• Date of sending

In addition, you can include the company’s name and address to which you’re applying.

Step 2: include the greetings (mandatory)

The greeting needs to display the right level of respect and professionalism.

If you have a name for the contact person, use it.

If you don’t know the contact person’s name, you can begin your cover letter with “To whom it may concern” or “Dear Sir or Madam.”

Do your best to find out to whom you’re writing to.

Look at the company website or LinkedIn page to see if you can track down the hiring manager’s name. 

Or  take the initiative to call the company.

Someone on the other end of the phone might be happy to tell you who does the hiring.

Step 3: write the opening paragraph (mandatory)

If you were to meet a hiring manager in person, you wouldn’t just throw your resume in their face and walk away, would you?

I’d like you’d offer a handshake and tell them who you are first.

This paragraph  is like a good handshake.

You want your first paragraph to be strong, succinct and make a great first impression .

In your opening paragraph , start strong:  show enthusiasm and show you want to come in there and make a contribution .

Hook the reader early with a first paragraph that makes them want to read.

You can use these guiding questions to craft the first paragraph of your cover letter .

• Which position are you applying to ? Consultant in the BCG Munich office 
• What are your personal qualities? Results-driven and eager to learn. 
• Who are you? What are your past and present experiences? A final-year student at HEC Paris who completed two internships in the Banking and Technology sectors
• What is your most impressive achievement? Experience in working with C-level management teams  

This is an important cover letter tip: 

Mention the position you’re applying to (Business Analyst, Senior Consultant, Associate, etc.)

Step 4: explain why you are a good candidate (mandatory)

Your management consulting cover letter must say why you’re the right person for the job. 

This is one of the most important consulting cover letter tips.

To do so,  you must  highlight the specific skills and experiences that make you an ideal candidate for consulting .

For instance, here is how Paul has highlighted his skills in his consulting cover letter.

Here are the four steps followed by Paul to show off his skills in his cover letter :

• Step 4.1: List your most impressive achievements and write a great resume.
• Step 4.2: Select three skills you want to emphasize.
• Step 4.3: Select three achievements that best illustrate how you used those three skills.
• Step 4.4: Highlight these three achievements in your cover letter. But don’t repeat your resume word by word; show your personality instead.

Step 4.1: List Your Most Impressive Achievements And Write A Great Resume

In the “Consulting resume: 11 steps to get interviews in 2023”   article, you have the exact steps you need to take to:

• List your most impressive achievements
• Summarize these achievements into compelling action statements in your resume
• Format your resume with a ready-to-use template
• Get inspired with (literally) hundreds of examples
• And much more…

So, start your cover letter… by writing your consulting resume !

Step 4.2: Select The 3 Skills You Want To Emphasize In Your Consulting Cover Letter

Choose the three skills you want to emphasize in your cover letter . 

For instance :

• Problem-solving : how you used your analytical and quantitative skills to solve a problem and had an impact
• Leadership skills : how you got something done while working with someone or a group of people
• Personal impact : how you influenced people to act upon your recommendations

Another cover letter tip:

Do NOT put three achievements in your cover letter that illustrate the same skills twice or thrice.  

If you do so, you will undermine your profile…

And lose an opportunity to show that you are a well-rounded professional .

Step 4.3: Select The 3 Achievements That Best Illustrate How You Used Those Skills

You now must have a great list of achievements and an outstanding resume. 

Now, it’s time to select which achievements you will highlight in your cover letter.

To do so, select which achievements best illustrate your experience in three chosen skills . 

To do so, choose three achievements you feel are your strong suits to focus on.

For instance, you can ask yourself :

• Which achievements are you most proud of?
• Where did you have the biggest impact?
• Which achievements were the most challenging?

Step 4.4: Highlight These 3 Achievements In Your Cover Letter. But Do NOT Repeat Your CV Word-By-Word; Show Your Personality Instead

Finally, highlight these three achievements in your cover letter. 

However,  your cover letter shouldn’t just rehash your resume . 

In other words, do not repeat your word-by-word resume.

Because this will give a weak impression.

Instead, use  the letter to tell a brief story , such as “my toughest sale” or “my biggest technical challenge,” and show your personality . 

That’s  how you will stand out from the rest .

It will make a HUGE difference if you show your personality when highlighting your achievements in your cover letter.

The secret to showing your personality is to tell the readers WHY these achievements matter to YOU .

For instance:

• WHY this achievement was important for you
• WHY this achievement, in particular, was challenging
• Why did you enjoy this achievement 
• WHY this achievement left a positive (or negative) mark on you 

Do you see the pattern here?

To make it personal, explain WHY a particular achievement is important for YOU .

There are four  reasons why a particular achievement can be  important for you : 

• You had to manage (or you were part of a team managing) something critical for your company. In other words, you had a huge impact.
• The situation you had to handle was very challenging : you had to deal with a tight schedule, you had few resources to reach your objectives, you were in the middle of stakeholders who were not aligned, etc. In other words, it was tough ! Think of these long hours spent at the office 🙂
• You had to do something for the first time : present something in front of the leadership team for the first time, face a specific problem for the first time, have to handle a crisis for the first time, have to manage a team for the first time, etc. In other words, you learned a lot. 
• Or a combination of these 3 things : critical x challenging x first time (I can imagine how stressful it was!!)

So, to conclude, when describing your achievements in your cover letter, make sure to cover these four critical elements:

• The problem you had to solve
• How you solve this problem (your action)
• The outcome (the results of your action)
• Why was this achievement important for you

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Step 5: explain why you want to join this firm (mandatory)

A well-written cover letter highlights your credentials for a job and proves your desire to work for this company in particular. 

The golden rule of applying to a job is showing interest in the firm you apply to . 

Explaining your motivation to join a company is what is most important for recruiters, according to a recent survey of 200 recruiters.

Why is explaining your motivations to join this specific firm so important?

Think of it from the consulting firm’s perspective: they want to hire someone who will positively impact the firm and its customers and someone who is a good fit.

The hiring process is very costly and time-consuming. 

Therefore, they don’t want to hire someone who will leave the company after 12 months .

Being specific when you express your motivations to join a consultancy is key.

It won’t impress the readers if you give general reasons that can be applied to other consultancies. 

Even worse,  it shows that you haven’t done your homework and haven’t done any research about the company .

Thus, do not write, “I want to work for McKinsey because it’s the market leader” or “I want to join the Boston Consulting Group because I’ll be able to work with smart people.” 

Note:  I’ll show you how to use these two (good) reasons yet sound specific . 

So, now let’s see  how to express your motivation to join this firm in particular . 

To begin with, let’s see what Paul wrote in his McKinsey cover letter.

Paul gave two reasons why he is interested in joining McKinsey & Company. 

Each of his reasons follows this formula :

Step 5.1: Start By Giving A Reason Why You Want To Join This Company

You want to join a top consulting firm for many good reasons .

So if you are asking yourself, “Why McKinsey?”, “Why BCG?”, “Why Bain?”, “Why Deloitte?”, Why Accenture?” or “Why any other firms,” you should consider the following reasons :

• The company’s culture : you think you’ll be a good fit with the company’s culture. For instance, the culture of excellence at McKinsey. Or the collaborative culture at Bain & Company. Another example: the diversity of profiles promoted by the Boston Consulting Group
• Its reputation : you want to work for a company recognized as a global market leader, such as McKinsey & Company. Or do you want to join a well-known advisor in a specific geography like Bain & Company in the Middle East?
• The company’s specialization : you can have a special interest in a topic or an industry and join a firm with expertise in that topic or industry. For instance, Simon Kucher & Partners for pricing, or Bain & Company for Private Equity. Or maybe McKinsey is the only consulting firm working with public entities in your region 
• Smart colleagues : you want to be inspired and work with people inside and outside the firm who will challenge your work and how you think. For instance, McKinsey is obsessed with working mainly at the CEO level
• The company’s size : you want to join a new (or a small) office and be part of the teams that will help develop that office. Or the office can be well established, but you want to join a newly created practice and want to help develop it
• The company’s international footprint : you want to have the opportunity to work in an international environment or to be relocated to an office abroad in a couple of years. For instance, some consulting firms have international staffing rules, whereas others offer only local staffing opportunities
• The career progression opportunity : you want to join a company that invests a significant amount each year to train their consultants. For instance, Bain is known to put a high value on training their employees

So, think of “Why do you want to work for this company?” or “What attracts you to work for this company?” and check which reasons make sense.

However,  if your cover letter mentions some of the previous reasons without any more explanations, your answer will sound very generic  (and weak).

For instance, if you write, “I want to work for a prestigious company and be surrounded by smart colleagues,” this can be applied to most consulting firms. 

That’s  why you need to add evidence that you know what you are discussing .

In other words, you must show that you did your homework and researched the company. 

That’s step 5.2.

Step 5.2: Then, Back-Up Your Reason With A Persuasive Source Of Information

To make your answer convincing, you must back up your reason with a good source of information.

Thus, you will show the readers that you are not applying to this firm for random but thoughtful reasons. 

To do so, there are three persuasive sources of information that you should consider::

• Consultants who work at the company you are applying to . Your interviewer wants to know if you have done your homework and have talked to anyone from the office you are applying to, or at least from the firm in general. In other words, networking is super important.
• Reports produced by the company, such as the McKinsey Quarterly or the BCG Insight. Tell them you read and found interesting a report or an article about a topic you like.
• Alumni with whom you have worked with . If you had the opportunity to work with alumni from the firm you are applying to, mention it. This shows that you have an idea of what working there looks like.

To conclude, back up the reasons why you want to join a company with one of these sources of information, and you’ll show the readers that you researched the company and thus demonstrate real interest .

Step 5.3: Finally, Explain Why This Reason Is Important For You

Now, it’s time to make it personal. 

As for your skills  (read again writing tip 6, “Show your personality in your cover letter” if necessary),  explain why this particular reason is important for you .

For instance, you can explain why working for a global market leader such as McKinsey is important:

You are excited by the opportunity to work on impactful projects. 

Another example:

You can explain why the focus of Bain & Company on having an impact is important for you: you need to have tangible results from your work.

Step 5.4: Repeat The Previous Steps 1 Or 2 Times

Try to give a minimum of 2 (and a maximum of 3) reasons why you want to join a particular firm.

Therefore, repeat the previous steps 1 or 2 times.

Step 6: say why you want to pursue a career in consulting (optional)

This section is optional. 

90% of the time, your management consulting cover letter should NOT include this section .

If you need to include this section, keep it short. 

My recommendation is a maximum of 3 or 4 lines.

And to do so, the process is simple.

First, select one or two reasons you want to pursue a career in consulting.

Here are some examples of reasons to pursue a career in consulting:  

Second, explain why this reason is important for you .

For instance, why is having an impact important for you?

Or why is working in an environment with a strong learning curve important for you?

Again, keep your answers concise.

Step 7: end with a call to action (mandatory)

This is your call to action.

Thank the readers for their time, and let them know you’re excited to be interviewed.

I would welcome the chance to discuss further your expectations and how my analytical, leadership, and communication skills can bring value to McKinsey.

Always be polite and respectful in your close.

Let them know how eager you are to be interviewed, but never make demands.

Step 8: add your consulting cover letter signature

Sign off your letter with a “Best” or “Best regards” (remember to include a comma), followed by your name.

You can use other phrases like “Yours sincerely,” “Kind regards,” or “Best wishes,” but “Best” or “Best regards” are the safest options.

Step 9: proofread and check typos

Now it’s time to polish your consulting cover letter to ensure it stands out.

Like your resume,  your cover letter is one of the few things in your life that needs to be perfect .

Thus, you must put the same attention to detail in your cover letter as Consultants do with their slide deck presentations.

In other words, perfection is the minimum standard your cover letter must pass to keep it out of the rejection pile.

Pay close attention to the following areas to make your cover letter bulletproof.

Imagine finding out that your application — the one you spent hours working on — was dismissed because of a few small spelling or grammar errors. 

That would be tough to take.

But it happens.

Hiring managers must review hundreds of resumes and cover letters.

And typos are one of the easiest ways to narrow applicants down . 

So, double or triple-check your cover letter.

When you’ve done that, have someone else read over it.

#2: Formatting Errors

Large blocks of text are hard work on the eyes, especially on a screen. 

Therefore, keep sentences short and limit paragraphs to three or four sentences.

Moreover, I recommend using bullet points when describing your most critical skills and achievements . 

Another thing to remember is that your cover letter and resume will be read together, so the two should be consistent in how they look. 

Thus, match the style of your cover letter to your consulting resume .

To help you, I have put a cover letter template at the end of this article.

In addition, you can find a resume template in this article .

#3: Any Trace of Copy And Paste

The  “I am writing to apply for the role of  [job]  at  [company] ”  example from a previous cover letter is classic copy-and-paste.

Anything non-specific or generic immediately has the hiring manager wondering how many other people you’ve tried to impress with your robotic writing . 

This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t use copy-and-paste templates.

It just means you shouldn’t make it obvious that you do.

#4: Too Many Words

According to a survey by Saddleback College, almost 70% of employers want a cover letter to be less than one page.

24% say that the shorter, the better.

Generally, your consulting cover letter should be less than 500 words and fit on a single page . 

Let me repeat because it’s important:

Your consulting cover letter must be on one page.

#5: File Name And Type

First, use the PDF format when submitting your cover letter to a consulting firm unless otherwise specified by the company or recruiter.

Besides, when assigning a file name to your cover letter, include your first and last name along with the name of the company you’re applying to in the name of the file, like “Sébastien Ritter Cover Letter McKinsey.”

Step 10: get your cover letter reviewed by an expert

To ensure your consulting cover letter is error-free, share it (with this article 😉) with your friends and ask for feedback.

But do not ask all your friends.

Instead, focus on these three people: a grammar champion, an HR person (preferably in the consulting industry, but non-consulting HR is fine, too), and a Consultant.

Step 11: complement your cover letter with a great CV

I recommend focusing your time and energy on your consulting resume before writing your cover letter. 

Because recruiters say they spend a maximum of 60 seconds deciding whether a candidate should be invited for an interview, they probably start by figuring out whether you have the skillset and education required for the job.

And that’s the purpose of the resume .

For instance, I recommend spending 80% of your time writing your CV and 20% writing your cover letter.  

Check this article that will help you craft your CV .

You’ll find a step-by-step guide, templates, and examples to help you craft a perfect consulting resume. 

My best consulting cover letter tips

In 2023, I analyzed 147 management consulting cover letters . 

As a result, here are my 7 best cover letter tips. 

And here is the best part:

You’ll also learn the most common mistakes to avoid at all costs. 

Consulting cover letter tip 1: Personalize your letter for each firm

Never send a generic cover letter.

This implies that you must create a new one for each firm.

Consulting cover letter tip 2: Simplify your letter

Clarify and condense your message.

Using complicated words and sentences would almost certainly fail to convey your intentions to the company, and the person reading the letter probably won’t bother with the rest of your application.

Consulting cover letter tip 3: Be specific when needed

Make sure to quantify your accomplishments.

For instance, elaborate on your marketing expertise in your cover letter by stating that you increased revenue to $10,000 while bringing in 200 more clients monthly.

Having specific personal information can help you stand out from other applicants.

Consulting cover letter tip 4: Omit unnecessary details

Let’s state the obvious:

You don’t need to mention your graphic design experience.

Personal information like accomplishments in leisure activities, interests, and hobbies are best left out.

Consulting cover letter tip 5: Show Your Value

When applying for consulting positions, it’s a common error for candidates to focus only on their individual accomplishments.

Cover letters with many “me memes” are frequently read by recruiters.

This means that rather than emphasizing how they can contribute to the company (and eventually become partners), many applicants concentrate on how they will personally benefit from the position in question.

In your cover letter, highlight how your skills will help the company.

Consulting cover letter tip 6: Remember that spelling counts

Grammar and spelling mistakes can indicate that you neglected to proofread your own letter.

Additionally, be consistent—do not represent a dash with “—” in one location and “–” in another.

Consulting cover letter tip 7: Give Yourself Time to Write a Quality Letter

A strong consulting cover letter takes time to write, just like consulting resumes do.

It’s important to consider your accomplishments and what sets you apart from others if you want to be successful.

Think twice before assuming you can create a quality cover letter in a single evening.

It necessitates numerous revisions, careful rereading, and prompt feedback.

Additionally, you must ensure that the cover letter complements your resume flawlessly and elaborates on your impressive abilities and experiences.

Four consulting cover letter examples

In the next 4 sections, you can find sample cover letters for McKinsey, BCG, and Bain & Company.

McKinsey cover letter (Undergraduate)

Now, you can see a first consulting cover letter sample.

That’s the McKinsey cover letter used by Paul. 

Please note that this Junior Consultant cover letter (or a cover letter for the Associate Consultant position) can also work for other positions. 

BCG cover letter (experienced hire)

Here is now a BCG cover letter from an experienced hire.  

Bain cover letter (Undergraduate)

Here is now a Bain & Company cover letter from an undergraduate student.  

Bonus: McKinsey cover letter from FirmLearning

Here is another McKinsey cover letter example from the YouTube channel Firm learning:

Do you want more consulting cover letter samples?

Then sign up for our free training !

In this free training, you’ll find consulting cover letter samples and tips on acing your consulting interviews at top management consulting firms.

And you’ll improve your problem-solving skills!

Consulting cover letter templates

Do not reinvent the wheel.

Thus, you can download free consulting cover letter Word or PDF templates to fasten the writing process .

These detailed templates will help you correctly outline your management consulting cover letter.

You can use these templates to apply to any top-tier consulting firms, including the following:

• Bain & Company
• Oliver Wyman
• Roland Berger
• Deloitte Monitor
• Strategy&
• E&Y Parthenon
• And many more.

If you need help writing your resume, these templates will help you.

Here is the Word template .

And here is the PDF template .

Besides, check this article to download consulting resume templates and examples.

Frequently asked questions

How long should a cover letter be.

Aim at 2–4 paragraphs within one page.

Do I need a cover letter?

I ALWAYS recommend adding a cover letter to your application .

Because a well-written cover letter will always distinguish your application.

If a resume shows your  Skills and Accomplishments, a consulting cover letter must show your Personality and Motivation.

In other words, a great cover letter is your chance to say something about yourself that you can not put in your resume.

And for securing your dream consulting job, any advantage you can gain over other candidates to land an interview is worth taking.

A good consulting cover letter is one such advantage.

This article helps showcase your personality and motivation in your consulting cover letter.

Also, here is what recruiters say will get an application rejected (source: careerbuilder.com ):

Not submitting a consulting cover letter is a risk of rejection . 

How to organize your consulting cover letter sections?

Short answer: the order of the sections does not matter much.

For instance, you can organize your management consulting cover letter like this:

• Why consulting

Or you can organize the sections of your management cover letter differently. 

There is no one-size-fits-all management consulting cover letter winning order.

Consulting cover letter: final words

I hope you found this new guide to writing a persuasive, customized cover letter for consulting jobs helpful. 

Now I’d like to hear what you have to say:

Which tip from today’s post was the most helpful for you?

Is it how to show your personality?

Or maybe it is how to express your motivation for a particular firm.

Either way, let me know by leaving a comment below right now.

P.S. Are you looking for help?

If you want a team of experts by your side throughout the entire consulting recruitment process, check if we would be a good fit by clicking here .

Besides, check our clients’ success stories .

We’ve helped hundreds of candidates get offers at top consulting firms around the globe. 

The best part?

Those candidates had various backgrounds: MBAs, Engineers, PhDs, experienced professionals, etc.

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18 thoughts on “Consulting Cover Letter: a step-by-step guide (2024)”

Pingback: All About The McKinsey Recruitment Process - Career in Consulting

The only useful and structured cover letter writing article on the whole internet!

Happy that you enjoyed the article, Anthony 🙂

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I didnt realise how much i need this article, till i read it . Truly helpful , Thanks Sebastien 🙂

Thanks! glad you found it helpful!

Pingback: All About Bain Recruitment Process - Career in Consulting

Pingback: How to answer “Why McKinsey?”, “Why BCG?”, or “ Why Bain?” questions - Career in Consulting

Brilliant brilliant work, Sebastien! Thank you very much. The best I have come across so far.

Thank you very much Samuel!

Wow, this paragraph is pleasant, my sister is analyzing such things, so I am going to inform her.

Great article to read, all the tips are great….

Thanks! I’m glad you like it

Ththank you very much for the article which was very interesting, just like the one about the CV!

However, I was wondering if following this structure in 3 adjectives and form could not be penalizing since many people have already followed your article?

Thanks in advance for your feedback!

Hi Thomas. Thank you for your comment, and I’m glad you’ve liked this article! Regarding your question, besides the structure described in this article, the content (the reasons why you are interested in a firm and why these reasons are important for you) will make your CL unique. Hope this helps, Sébastien

I never write comments like this on the internet but felt compelled to express my gratitude. This, and the resume writing article, are the most thoughtful and helpful guides I have ever read on this topic. Although I am a teacher in England (not an American consultant!) I found all the advice to be completely transferrable and have done a major overhaul on my CV. Thank you for being so clear and thorough in your advice – I have shared it with my colleagues and will continue to spread the word to anyone who needs CV writing advice in any profession.

Thank you Emily for the nice comment

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5 Consulting Cover Letter Examples Created for 2024

• Consulting Cover Letter
• Consulting Internship
• Consulting Firm
• Leasing Consulting
• Management Consulting
• Write Your Consulting Cover Letter

Strategic analysis is your strong suit, shining brightly as you guide businesses to enhance their operations and spending. When they turn to you, they find not just support, but a strategic ally dedicated to improving their overall performance.

But are you capable of writing a great cover letter to complement your consulting resume as you pursue your next business venture? 

While you may be great at helping businesses improve their processes, the hiring process can still seem like a daunting task. You can use our consulting cover letter examples and free cover letter generator as effective templates for success.

Consulting Cover Letter Example

USE THIS TEMPLATE

Microsoft Word

Google Docs

Block Format

Why this cover letter works

• Perhaps you increased team productivity. Or maybe you reduced a project’s completion time.
• These specific experiences underscore your ability to deliver significant value in a consultant role.

Level up your cover letter game

Relax! We’ll do the heavy lifting to write your cover letter in seconds.

Pair Your Cover Letter with a Matching Consulting Resume

or download as PDF

Consulting Internship Cover Letter Example

Copy this text for your consulting internship cover letter!

123 Fictional Avenue San Antonio, TX 76208 (123) 456-7890

December 20, 2023

Carter Lopez Deloitte 123 Fictional Lane Atlanta, GA 30301

Dear Mr. Lopez:

As a budding professional with a strong technical background, Deloitte’s drive to be the best in all endeavors, particularly in creating impactful and sustainable change, has encouraged me to harness such abilities and positively contribute to the consulting world. Working at Deloitte is quite the ideal setting for me to contribute my analytical and technical expertise as a dependable team member.

During my trainee stint at Agility Recovery, I had the opportunity to acquire practical experience through a project in statistical modeling and database management for a retail client. By introducing automated data cleaning and analysis tools, I managed to reduce the time taken for monthly data processing by 38%. This project was particularly challenging as it involved working with unstructured data from various sources but it was also immensely rewarding as it greatly enhanced the company’s overall data analysis capabilities.

Another exciting project that not only tested my technical abilities but also developed my skills in IT system integration was during my internship at FieldEdge. I was part of a team that merged disparate databases containing student academic and extracurricular records into a unified system.

Furthermore, my academic projects at the Georgia Institute of Technology also allowed me to extensively understand data analysis and statistical modeling. A project that particularly stood out was when I developed a predictive model for a local startup that grew forecast accuracy by 29%.

What excites me most about the opportunity at Deloitte is the prospect of working in a dynamic, challenging environment where I can apply my analytical skills to a diverse range of client issues. I look forward to learning from the best in the industry.

Isla Martinez

• The candidate isn’t just listing down skills and achievements but is specifically going deep into why they admire Deloitte. When you showcase your passion for the company, it helps the hiring managers sense your level of enthusiasm and commitment.

Consulting Firm Cover Letter Example

Copy this text for your consulting firm cover letter!

123 Fictional Avenue New Orleans, LA 70112 (123) 456-7890

December 18, 2023

Caleb Turner Peter Mayer Advertising 123 Fictional Lane New Orleans, LA 70112

Dear Mr. Turner,

From the moment I began diving into the digital marketing world, I’ve been enthralled by the power of storytelling and design in shaping consumer experiences. The prospect of bringing my expertise to Peter Mayer Advertising excites me the most as I admire your agency’s innovative approach to marketing solutions.

In my most recent role at Good Work Marketing, I was the lead for our digital marketing strategy, where our team achieved remarkable results including a 38% boost in online engagement and a 22% rise in lead generation within one year. My hands-on experience in content marketing, coupled with my proficiency in graphic design, allowed me to create visually appealing content that resonated with our target audience, prompting a 47% growth in our social media following.

As a social media manager at Touchpoint Digital Marketing, I successfully managed and executed campaigns that were primarily focused on optimizing ad spend and targeting that achieved a 26% higher click-through rate compared to previous campaigns.

At Firefly Digital, I was part of a dynamic team where I was involved in brainstorming sessions for digital marketing strategies. This experience provided me with a broad overview of digital marketing tactics and their impact on business growth.

The opportunity to join Peter Mayer Advertising as a Marketing Consultant is not just a career move for me, but a chance to be part of a team that I deeply respect and admire. I’m hopeful for the opportunity to meet and discuss the potential impact we can achieve together at Peter Mayer Advertising.

Jacob Cohen

• Right from the beginning, the candidate has displayed their sprouting interest in the marketing field. Not just this, the conclusion also delves deep into the candidate’s drive to become a part of the team. Highlighting these aspects shows the company that you’re genuinely interested in the position.

Leasing Consulting Cover Letter Example

Copy this text for your leasing consulting cover letter!

123 Fictional Avenue Jacksonville, FL 76208 (123) 456-7890

July 20, 2023

Lucas Bernard Camden Property Trust Hiring Manager 123 Fictional Lane Jacksonville, FL 76208

Dear Mr. Bernard:

Inspired by Camden Property Trust’s mission to provide living excellence to its residents, I find myself eager to utilize my skills to foster a sense of community and streamline property management processes as your new leasing consultant. The opportunity to grow alongside residents, understanding their needs and ensuring their satisfaction, is an experience I deeply value.

In the past five years, I have honed my skills within the property management sector, utilizing my background in marketing and advertising to reach potential residents across multiple platforms, including social media and property listing sites. At my previous company, Greystar Real Estate Partners, I leveraged platforms such as Yardi, AppFolio, and Rent Manager to optimize operations.

I developed successful marketing campaigns that increased property visibility, leading to a 23% increase in lease inquiries. My hands-on approach to tenant relationship management and maintenance coordination led to a 34% improvement in tenant satisfaction ratings. I also contributed to achieving a consistently high occupancy rate of 96%, contributing significantly to the company’s overall profitability.

My versatile experience in both the B2B and B2C domains of property management gives me a unique understanding of the industry. This, combined with my skills in advertising and marketing, sets me up perfectly to help Camden Property Trust continue its tradition of excellence.

I’m thrilled at the prospect of joining the Camden Property Trust family and fostering a deeper connection with residents. I appreciate your consideration and am looking forward to exploring this opportunity further. Thank you for your time.

Tomás Romero

Enclosures: Resume 2 letters of recommendation Certified Leasing Professional (CLP) Real Estate Salesperson license

• Detail instances when you successfully matched clients to their ideal property. You’ll want to emphasize your customer service skills and attention to detail here.
• Whatever you do, make sure your cover letter is all about how much you thrive in a client-centric environment.

Management Consulting Cover Letter Example

Copy this text for your management consulting cover letter!

Louis Thomas Deloitte Hiring Manager 123 Fictional Lane San Antonio, TX 76208

Dear Mr. Thomas:

I am writing to express my strong interest in the management consultant role at Deloitte. With over 10 years of experience in risk management I am confident in my ability to drive success for your clients and contribute to the growth of Deloitte.

Throughout my career, I have successfully advised organizations on risk management strategies and facilitated strategic planning initiatives that have led to significant business improvements. By leveraging my skills in risk identification, assessment, and mitigation, I have enabled organizations to achieve sustainable growth.

In my previous role as a management consultant at OCI Group, I led a team in developing a comprehensive risk management framework for a multinational corporation. By identifying and addressing critical risks, we helped the client reduce overall risk exposure by 23%, resulting in enhanced operational resilience and a 17% increase in shareholder value.

I also have a strong background in strategic planning. With a deep understanding of tools like Tableau and Power BI, I can analyze and present data-driven insights. And by leveraging these tools, I have enabled clients to gain a holistic view of their business performance and optimize operational processes.

I am excited about the opportunity to join Deloitte’s esteemed team of management consultants and contribute to the success of your clients. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the possibility of speaking with you soon.

Renata Díaz

• Be as detailed as possible and cite examples like cutting costs, driving business growth, etc. This will show hiring managers you know what you’re talking about, and can analyze complex scenarios and devise effective solutions.
• Use measurable metrics here. Statistics are your friend and add validity to your claims.

Related cover letter examples

• Project Manager
• Human Resources
• Business Analyst

Writing an Impressive Consulting Cover Letter

When preparing business strategies, you know it’s essential to consider their target audiences, products, and operational needs. You also need to take their needs into account when applying for the consulting position in the first place. 

Use your analytical abilities to review the job description and understand each company’s reason for seeking the help of a consultant. Then focus your cover letter on the specifics they want to achieve, like generating conversions or improving margins. 

Tips for the opening and greeting of your consulting cover letter

Just like a good opening in sales copy can help improve conversion rates, a good opener for a cover letter can help grab a hiring manager’s attention. 

You understand that addressing someone by name helps improve success rates in business correspondence. Review the job description and company website to find a specific hiring manager you can address in the greeting; otherwise, try LinkedIn. Failing that, simply leading with “Dear [name of business] hiring staff” works well too. 

Your opening paragraph should also show your connection to the company mission and why you’re the best fit for the role. For example, if the company sells vegan products, you could connect to your passion for plant-based diets and how you want to use your supply chain management skills to help consumers get the best foods for their needs. 

The example below is a good start, however, it doesn’t address a specific person or connect with the company or position enough.

Needs more detail!

Dear hiring manager,

This job caught my attention. I have a background in sales, which will help me improve your marketing processes even further.

Instead, aim for an opener that shows true enthusiasm for the position, like the one below that showcases the applicant’s desire to help residents and streamline property management processes. 

Show a connection with the job! 

Dear Mr. Bernard,

Structuring the body content of your consulting cover letter

The body of your consulting cover letter is where you can let your specific credentials and past experiences shine. 

Leaning on metrics in this section and your key skills is a great way to stand out. For instance, improving ROI or reducing shipping times through production process improvement. 

Take a look at the body paragraph below, which does an excellent job of connecting to the role’s needs by citing past work achievements in reducing risk exposure and increasing shareholder value.

A solid evidence-based body paragraph

Ending and signing off on your consulting cover letter

When drawing up a business proposal, you understand that a strong closing can make the deal go through. Do the same with your consulting cover letter to end on a great note. 

Ideally, you want to connect with the company’s primary needs and mission. For instance, improving financial systems to help reduce costs and ensure all payments are made on time so they can continue providing great manufacturing services to their clients. 

It’s also an excellent idea to end with a call to action like “I look forward to hearing from you soon” to give off the impression you’re highly interested in the position. 

What you shouldn’t do is close out without a call to action or reference back to the consulting position, like the example below.

This won’t land you the interview! 

Thank you for considering my application for the consulting position. Have a great day.

Nick Richardson

Instead, refer back to why you want the role, such as the example below that references how the candidate is excited about the role and the opportunity to connect and help with the resident’s needs. 

A strong closer related to the job’s needs! 

It can be tempting to include bullet points that emphasize essential information like you would in a business presentation. However, think of your cover letter as formal business correspondence, where bullet points wouldn’t be appropriate in this instance. 

If you don’t have much consulting experience, relate to your previous achievements in your field. For instance, if you’re applying to be an IT consultant, you could explain how your IT asset management strategies helped companies reduce equipment malfunctions by 45% using streamlined maintenance schedules. 

Your cover letter shouldn’t be longer than one page, so listing all your skills isn’t the best idea. Instead, focus on the company’s primary needs for why they’re bringing on a consultant, such as improving their supply chain management strategies to get products in customers’ hands quicker after placing online orders. 

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Consulting cover letter example

The shape of the global workforce has changed significantly over the past decade, with companies bringing in external consulting expertise on demand like never before. The “gig economy” could describe Uber drivers and Deliveroo couriers, but at the high end there are tens (and maybe hundreds) of thousands of consultants and interim professionals.

If there is a challenge for a business that they do not have the resource to handle internally, there is a pool of awesome external talent waiting in the wings to come to their rescue. The challenge for a consultant when they write their consulting resume and cover letter is the need to work out just how to package up their vast and diverse experience.

They have always done what has been required in the specific circumstances of their past employers, but without knowing the demands of their future employer in detail, they are writing their applications in the dark. We will explore some ways of shining a light on the process to make any hiring manager take notice.

This guide to writing an incisive consulting cover letter will:

• Talk about the considerations of making sure that your experience fits their needs.
• Explore the intricacies of the cover letter format – what will be right for you?
• Look at the psychology of why consultants are hired and how you sell yourself.
• Create a letter that makes you think: “did I really do all that?”

Most people write their cover letter alongside their resume, so check out Resume.io’s free resources for some additional inspiration. 

Now it’s time to begin. What should an amazing consultant include in their cover letter?

Best format for a consulting cover letter example

There are certain job search norms to writing a cover letter that have been tried and tested over the fullness of time. You would be foolish to ignore them. While you might want to spend the majority of the piece waxing lyrical about how much you saved an employer, how you increased their sales, or how you introduced a new technology, it is important to leave a rounded impression. Give them a taste of different aspects – experience, personality and fitness for the role.

Here is the suggested structure:

• The cover letter header
• The greeting
• The introduction
• The letter body
• The conclusion
• The signature / sign-off phrase.

For an in-depth look at writing each of these sections, as well as some free example sentences, have a look at our overall guide on cover letters. If you need more guidance or are considering broadening your search, investigate our related business and management cover letter examples: 

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Cover letter header

Consultants are expected to be proficient at influencing at high levels, so any mistakes in gauging the required formality of the application letter header will be viewed harshly.

Make sure that it is easy to find your contact information at the top of the letter. In the world of social media this might seem superfluous, but not everyone is surgically attached to their LinkedIn profile, so make it easy for a reader to get in touch with you.

Depending on the industry, some consultants might cultivate a strong personal brand and curate their own website. There is nothing wrong with including this in your contact information, but only do it if you are sure that there would be relevant information there for your particular client.

The aim of this cover letter element: get the basics spot on, think about maybe including a relevant personal website, provide a mental break to reset before getting into reading.

They will only have a certain amount of time and mental headspace to spend in considering your application, so make sure that they aren’t wasting it on trawling through an irrelevant website. No matter how fascinating your blogs are, if they are not directly relevant to the job in question, they are stealing time that could be spent reading your resume in more detail.

Lastly, there is a psychological consideration. It is vital that the reader is “present” as they absorb what you have written – the header section offers a chance to pause and direct their thoughts. When there are a million and one things going through their heads, the boring necessity of a header makes them stop and settle in the job search starting blocks.

What comes next is therefore important: the first paragraph that you want them to read needs to create that critical amazing first impression.

Cover letter greeting

There are certain things that you should simply “get right” in your job search: don’t be late to an interview, call them by their correct name, don’t use emojis in your emails… the list is long and for the most part obvious.

Getting the greeting of the letter right is right up there. It might be obvious, but no one likes it when you get their name or preferred greeting wrong.

Understand the culture of the hiring organization, and while “Dear Mr. / Mrs. Surname” will likely be the most prevalent option, “Hi First name” might sometimes be a better option to fit in with the team. Having said this, err on the side of being respectful.

Most importantly of all, think about how you would address your partners and colleagues in your normal work. Follow these guidelines and you won’t go far wrong.

There is a power in starting off any communication with someone’s name. Use it.

The aim of this section: Set the tone of your job search process. Getting it right won’t really be noticed but getting it wrong could set alarm bells ringing.

Dear Mrs. Fishman,

Cover letter introduction

Consultants can bring a whole host of different benefits for their clients. Their projects will have an impact on all sorts of areas of the business and their legacy will be felt long after they have moved on.

It is therefore more difficult for them (than most) to come up with a pithy one-liner or short paragraph to introduce the letter. Getting to the crux of their value is always the hardest thing to do, but it is essential to do in the greeting if they want to hook a potential client.

As with any correspondence, the information that they choose to share will be interpreted as the very best information that is on offer. If the opening line is weak, the reader will assume that there is not much more to come and may well even stop reading.

Go with the big guns blazing and excite the reader.

Notice the first introduction sentence in this cover letter example text. Don't you want to know how the writer saved that much money for the client? When you save a client $2.3m on a $30m spend, there are many impacts on a business. 

The aim of this part: You should aim to sell yourself like no other candidate can – in one or two short sentences. No pressure.

When you save a client $2.3m on a $30m spend, there are many impacts on a business. I did exactly this at Bift Forwarding - optimizing their routes, centralizing their purchasing and rationalizing their supplier base. Employees had to start working in different ways and the strategy of the business took on a new dimension.

Cover letter body

For a consultant, the cover letter body is a bit different. Because they are coming in to do a specific job, an impactful cover letter should focus more on the specific projects that they have delivered in the past that are relevant to what will be required in the job in question. You should still include aspects of your personality and the fit for the company culture, but this is secondary to showing that you have the ability to do the job in hand.

Think long and hard about the sorts of projects that you might be asked to undertake (although this should be obvious from the job description) and include 2/3 examples of what you have done previously. Talk about the issues that you faced and how you solved them.

A last consideration for the body is to include some financials and performance metrics. If you cannot give a quantifiable indication of your value, doubts will quickly appear. Putting a number down in black and white shows that you adopt a target-driven and commercial approach. Being a consultant is the ultimate results-oriented profession. 

The body of your cover letter has to scream: “success.”

This cover letter sample text details the writer's experience and tells the hiring manager that a solution will be offered: I have run audits, managed RFP processes, analyzed needs, assessed vendors and reduced costs for some of the biggest names in supply chain. Logistics is a traditional industry in terms of maintaining the status quo of vendors and processes, but modern technology has transformed the potential for optimization. I understand how your business is structured and I know that there are least three projects to make a difference to your profitability.

The purpose of this cover letter body: Think about the projects that you would most like to talk about during your interview and steer the conversations in the way that you wish.

With a joined-up procurement approach, every part of the business benefits. When logistics cost savings are thoughtlessly pursued, reliable suppliers can be cast aside and already efficient processes discarded. 16 years in logistics consulting have proven to me that a sledgehammer approach can only bring delay and confusion. I have run audits, managed RFP processes, analyzed needs, assessed vendors and reduced costs for some of the biggest names in supply chain. Logistics is a traditional industry in terms of maintaining the status quo of vendors and processes, but modern technology has transformed the potential for optimization. I understand how your business is structured and I know that there are least three projects to make a difference to your profitability. I could translate the following successes to your operation:

• Optimized route planning to save 8% on transit time and 12% in total transport cost.
• Audited the spend of a $22m logistics provider - $1.5m cost savings across five areas.
• Re-negotiated service level agreements with 180+ global suppliers during my career.  

Being adept at involving every section of the business is key to squeezing the potential out of any change project. Whether presenting to the board or chatting to the guys in the warehouse, every part of the machine matters equally.

Cover letter closing paragraph

The parting line of a consulting cover letter should center around the importance of leaving a good final thought / emotional impression. This is where you provide a Call To Action which leads to an interview or further contracts and cooperation. Any consultant can come into a business, be paid an inordinate amount of money and then leave after they have made a mess. The best consulting professionals make an impact that lasts long after they have left and the receptionist has forgotten their name.

Leave your future employer with one last thought: if they hire you, they will be investing in the future of their business for years to come. That might make your remuneration demands a little easier to swallow and it will certainly start off any interview on a positive note.

End with a call to action, just like this cover letter sample text does: I would love the opportunity of an interview to discuss how my procurement approach could help you at Risden Freight.

The aim of this part: Finish on a future-looking note and be confident in your ability to bring about beneficial change. Show that you are invested in their future success.

I would love the opportunity of an interview to discuss how my procurement approach could help you at Risden Freight. Sincerely, Tina Gotsch

Writing psychology – application letter tools and strategies

Any consulting professional should be adept at influencing others with their communication skills. There are certain psychological moments that should be considered in a cover letter. Without getting a sense of these four attributes, no employer will feel confident inviting a consultant to an interview:

• Strategic mindset: every consultant should understand the long-term ramifications of their actions. Their job is to guide their employers along a given roadmap, implement tactical measures to get things on track, but always have a final destination in mind. Demonstrating strategic thinking is a must.
• Commercial awareness: Your employer needs to be reassured that you are a safe pair of hands with the figures. Most consulting assignments will have a financial element, so make sure that your cover letter ticks the commercial boxes.
• Team player: Consulting professionals rarely work in a vacuum. They might have great ideas, but it is often the case that these ideas will have to be implemented by others. Influencing skills and people management are the hallmarks of a great consultant. You are a critical cog of a much bigger machine.

Mistakes to avoid in your consulting cover letter

While the content of your application letter is the most important consideration, there is always the danger that you might become too focused on the message and neglect some of the basics. It is surprising how many of the following basic mistakes are made:

• Don’t exaggerate. Much as you might want to paint the rosiest picture of your experience, don’t mention anything that won’t be corroborated in a reference. Exaggeration in any part of a job application is a dangerous pursuit.
• Maintain distance. You probably don’t know the hiring manager personally, so make sure that you keep the tone of your application letter formal. You might be friendly, but make sure not to be overly familiar with your language.
• Don’t use too many adjectives. A one-page cover letter might seem like a lot of job search real estate, but in reality, you should only be looking at 200-400 words and with the amount that you will want to say about yourself, extra adjectives should be chosen carefully. They can add an extra layer of meaning, but make sure that the content itself is meaty enough in the first place.

Key takeaways

• Base your application letter around your previous successful projects.
• Weave a story around your successes and how you achieved them.
• Make your examples relevant to the sorts of projects that you will be taking on.
• Focus on your strategic thinking and commercial awareness.
• Talk about your process orientation and how you replicate your success.

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Consulting Cover Letter Example

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Start your consulting cover letter by addressing the hiring manager directly, if possible. If you don't know their name, use a professional greeting such as "Dear Hiring Manager". Then, introduce yourself and state the consulting position you're applying for. Mention where you found the job posting or who referred you, if applicable. Immediately express your enthusiasm for the role and briefly highlight your most relevant skills or experiences. This will grab the reader's attention and make them want to learn more about you. Remember, the opening of your cover letter sets the tone for the rest of the document, so it's important to make it engaging and tailored to the consulting industry.

The best way for consultings to end a cover letter is by summarizing their interest in the role, reiterating their qualifications, and expressing enthusiasm for a potential interview. A strong closing statement might be: "I am excited about the opportunity to bring my unique skills and experiences to your team and am confident that I can contribute to your company's success. I look forward to the possibility of discussing my application with you further." This ending is effective as it reaffirms the candidate's interest, highlights their confidence in their abilities, and proactively suggests the next step in the hiring process. Always remember to end with a professional sign-off like "Sincerely" or "Best regards," followed by your name.

Consultants should include the following elements in a cover letter: 1. Contact Information: At the top of the cover letter, consultants should include their full name, address, phone number, and email address. 2. Formal Salutation: Address the hiring manager or recruiter directly if possible. If their name is not available, use a formal greeting such as "Dear Hiring Manager." 3. Introduction: This section should briefly introduce who you are, the position you're applying for, and where you found the job listing. 4. Body of the Letter: This is where consultants should highlight their relevant skills, experiences, and achievements. It's important to provide specific examples that demonstrate how you've used your consulting skills in past roles. This could include problem-solving, strategic planning, project management, or communication skills. 5. Company Knowledge: Show that you've done your research about the company and express why you're interested in working there. This could include mentioning a recent project the company has worked on, their company values, or how you align with their mission. 6. Closing Paragraph: Reiterate your interest in the role and the value you can bring to the company. Also, mention your availability for an interview and your eagerness to further discuss your qualifications. 7. Professional Closing: End the letter professionally with a closing such as "Sincerely" or "Best regards," followed by your full name. 8. Postscript: This is optional, but a P.S. can be used to highlight a significant achievement or detail that can make you stand out. Remember, a cover letter should be tailored to each specific job application. It should not only show why you are a good fit for the role, but also why you are a good fit for the company.

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Resume Worded   |  Career Strategy

14 consultant cover letters.

Approved by real hiring managers, these Consultant cover letters have been proven to get people hired in 2024. A hiring manager explains why.

Table of contents

• Senior Consultant
• Strategy Consultant
• Management Consultant
• Alternative introductions for your cover letter
• Consultant resume examples

Consultant Cover Letter Example

Why this cover letter works in 2024, quantifiable achievement.

By highlighting a specific, quantifiable accomplishment, this sentence shows the value the candidate has brought to previous roles and demonstrates their potential impact at Unilever.

Industry Knowledge

This sentence emphasizes the candidate's well-rounded background in the consumer goods industry, showcasing their domain knowledge and making them a stronger fit for the role.

Passion for Change

Sharing a genuine passion for driving positive change, the candidate connects on a deeper level with Unilever's mission, showing they're not just applying to any company.

Gracious and Confident

Expressing gratitude for consideration while maintaining confidence in their qualifications strikes the perfect balance in the closing sentence, leaving a positive impression.

Showcase your accomplishments

It's crucial to highlight significant projects you've led that are relevant to the role you're seeking. In this case, improving efficiency at a previous job directly ties into the job description of a Consultant. By mentioning a specific quantitative achievement (increasing efficiency by 25%), you're demonstrating not only your capability, but also the impact you can deliver.

Detail your team leadership experience

As a Consultant, you'll likely be managing projects and potentially leading teams. Sharing concrete examples of when you've successfully done this in the past reassures me that you're capable of handling the responsibilities that come with the role. If I have no doubts about your leadership abilities, that's one less hurdle for you in the hiring process.

Showcase concrete achievements

In your cover letter, it's essential to go beyond generic statements about your abilities. By talking about a specific project where you increased operational efficiency by 30% in six months, you're showing your capability to yield quantifiable results. This gives recruiters solid evidence of your value, and makes clear what you could bring to the table.

Highlight relevant skills

When you mention your ability to see the bigger picture and keep an eye on the granular details, you are pinpointing a key skill for consultants. This skill isn't just important, it's crucial. Highlighting it shows you understand the role and have what it takes to succeed.

Align your values

When you talk about your belief in mentorship and lifelong learning, you're not just sharing personal values, you're aligning yourself with the company's culture. Showing this alignment signals to recruiters that you're not just qualified, but that you would fit in and be a valuable addition to the team.

Express genuine interest

By emphasizing your interest in McKinsey's focus on digital transformation, you're not just ticking a box. You're showing genuine interest in an area that's vital to the company, which tells me you're likely to stay engaged and motivated in your role.

Communicate confidence and ambition

Your closing sentence conveys confidence, ambition, and a clear sense of what you can offer. This leaves a strong impression and makes it clear that you're serious about contributing and growing within the firm.

Show your problem-solving impact as a consultant

Sharing a story of overcoming a challenging project demonstrates your ability to tackle difficult tasks and think creatively, which is key for a consultant role.

Quantify your achievements in consulting

Mentioning specific results, like a 25% increase in sales productivity, showcases your direct impact on business success, making you a more attractive candidate.

Express enthusiasm for diverse client experiences

Highlighting your eagerness to work with various clients indicates your adaptability and lifelong learning attitude, traits highly valued in consulting.

Relate your skills to the company's mission

Connecting your expertise to the company's goals shows you understand what they need and believe you can help achieve it, strengthening your application.

Close with a forward-looking statement

Ending your letter by expressing anticipation for a discussion about your contribution emphasizes your eagerness and proactive approach.

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Connect with the company’s mission

Expressing how a company's innovative approach excites you demonstrates alignment with their values and goals, a key factor in standing out as a candidate.

Detail your impactful achievements

Sharing specific examples of how you led teams to achieve measurable outcomes illustrates your leadership and strategic thinking capabilities, both critical skills in consulting.

Showcase your collaboration and impact

Emphasizing your ability to work with diverse teams on complex challenges underlines your capability to navigate the multifaceted nature of consulting projects, making you a valuable team player.

Reveal your aspiration to learn and grow

Highlighting your excitement to learn from industry leaders at the company signifies your commitment to professional growth and continuous improvement, traits that are highly regarded in the consulting industry.

Thank the employer and show enthusiasm for next steps

Ending your cover letter with a polite thank you and an expression of eagerness to discuss your role further demonstrates professionalism and a forward-thinking mindset.

Show your enthusiasm for the consultant position

Talking about your excitement for the role and the company helps me see that you have a genuine interest in what we do.

Highlight your results as a consultant

When you share specific outcomes from your past work, it gives me a clear picture of what you can achieve.

Connect your skills to the job needs

Explaining how your abilities match the role makes it easier for me to see you as a good fit for our team.

Express your desire to grow

Your willingness to learn and develop professionally tells me you're looking to invest in your future here.

Close with a strong call to action

Asking to discuss your application further shows initiative and eagerness to engage with us.

Senior Consultant Cover Letter Example

Align your passions with the job.

It's refreshing to see candidates who are genuinely passionate about the work they do. When you make it clear that you're passionate about the same things the company values, it signals that you'll be a good cultural fit. This is especially important in a Senior Consultant role where you'll be interacting with various stakeholders and representing the company's brand and values.

Highlight major accomplishments

When you're gunning for a senior role, it's important to showcase significant achievements that align with the responsibilities of the job you're applying for. Providing a tangible metric of success (a 30% improvement in efficiency) from a past project not only demonstrates your ability to deliver results, but also gives me a sense of the scale and impact of your work.

Express eagerness for leadership

One thing that sets senior roles apart is the level of responsibility and leadership required. By expressing excitement about leading a team and leveraging your expertise to drive results, you're showing me you're ready to step up and take ownership, which is exactly what I need in a Senior Consultant.

Highlight your alignment with the company's values

Starting with your admiration for the company’s approach to challenges demonstrates your compatibility and enthusiasm for their methods, a good sign for a senior consultant.

Demonstrate impact through strategic initiatives

Detailing a specific project where you drove significant improvements shows your ability to lead and execute strategies that benefit the company, crucial for a senior role.

Stress the importance of teamwork and trust

Emphasizing your commitment to building relationships points to your leadership and interpersonal skills, vital for managing projects and teams effectively.

Show excitement about joining the team

Conveying genuine excitement to work with industry leaders underlines your respect for the company and eagerness to contribute, appealing to hiring managers.

Invite further discussion in a professional manner

Politely requesting an opportunity to discuss your potential contributions demonstrates professionalism and a readiness to take the next step.

Demonstrate your admiration for the senior consultant role

Starting with why you respect the company sets a positive tone and shows alignment with our values.

Share impactful achievements

Detailing significant successes helps me understand the scope and scale of your contributions in previous roles.

Showcase your problem-solving skills

Describing how you tackle challenges reassures me of your capability to handle complex issues.

Emphasize teamwork and excellence

Mentioning your enthusiasm for working with talented colleagues highlights your collaborative spirit and ambition.

Invite further discussion

Ending with a request for a conversation demonstrates proactive interest and readiness to contribute to our team.

Strategy Consultant Cover Letter Example

Illustrate the broader impact of your work.

When you detail how your innovative thinking led to unprecedented growth, you paint a picture of your wider impact. This goes beyond the immediate task at hand and shows that you understand the broader significance of your role. This kind of strategic thinking is highly attractive to employers.

Connect with the company's mission

By expressing resonance with Deloitte's commitment to societal impact, you are showing a deeper connection with the company's mission. This not only shows that you're in tune with their values, but also that you're passionate about contributing to them.

Express eagerness to contribute

Your eagerness to bring your experience to a firm that leads in business innovation and societal impact shows your motivation. This is not just about getting a job, but about making a difference. This type of commitment will certainly make you stand out.

Identify with the company culture

When you mention the company's culture of mentorship and professional development, you are showing that you've done your homework. You're also signaling that you value growth and learning, traits that are highly prized in any industry.

Emphasize your alignment with the team's mission

Your closing statement is not just a hopeful sign-off, it's a powerful assertion of your alignment with the team's mission. This shows a level of commitment and ambition that goes beyond the typical job seeker.

Highlight admiration for the company's impact

When you express respect for the company’s achievements, it shows that you share similar values and are enthusiastic about contributing to their ongoing success.

Show your strategy consultant achievements

Describing specific outcomes from your past work, like increased efficiency or cost savings, proves your ability to tackle complex problems and deliver tangible benefits.

Express eagerness for diverse projects

Showing excitement about working across different industries demonstrates your passion for learning and adaptability, which are crucial traits for a strategy consultant.

Appreciate the recruiter’s time

Acknowledging the effort taken to review your application adds a personal touch to your cover letter, making it more memorable.

Convey genuine interest in the company’s mission

When you mention your alignment with the company’s goals, it highlights your motivation and potential to be an engaged and committed team member.

Show your admiration for the firm

Starting your cover letter by expressing respect and admiration for the company sets a positive tone and shows that you have a genuine interest in becoming part of their team. It's a good way to connect from the start.

Highlight your achievements with numbers

When you talk about your past work, including specific numbers, like a 30% increase or $10 million in savings, it makes your achievements more real and impressive. It clearly shows the impact you can have as a strategy consultant.

Link your skills to the job needs

By listing skills that are key for a strategy consultant role and linking them to your past successes, you make it easy for me to see why you would be a good fit for the job. It's important to connect your abilities directly to what the job will involve.

Share your passion for industry trends

Talking about your eagerness to keep up with industry trends and work with knowledgeable colleagues shows that you're not just looking for any job, but that you're committed to growing and contributing in a meaningful way.

End with a strong call to action

Ending your letter by expressing eagerness to discuss how you can add value makes a strong closing. It shifts the focus from what you've done to what you can do for the company, inviting the reader to imagine you in the role.

Management Consultant Cover Letter Example

Show your passion for management consulting.

Sharing your long-term interest in how businesses operate gives us a glimpse into your genuine enthusiasm for the consulting world. This passion is a strong foundation for a successful career in consulting.

Demonstrate success in diverse industries

When you talk about your experience across different sectors, it highlights your flexibility and ability to adapt to various business environments. This is crucial in consulting, where understanding different industry dynamics can set you apart.

Highlight innovative problem-solving skills

Your willingness to question the norm and your commitment to data-driven decisions showcase a balance of creativity and analytical strength, both highly valued in the management consulting field.

Express eagerness to join the team

By stating your excitement to contribute to the firm's legacy, you not only show that you've done your homework but also that you're motivated to be a part of their success story. This eagerness can be very appealing to prospective employers.

Illustrate your understanding of the company's impact

Your closing remarks about helping the company maintain its excellence in management consulting reflect a deep understanding of the firm's goals and the role you wish to play in achieving them.

Admire the firm’s innovative leadership

Starting with admiration for the company's leadership in innovation sets a positive tone and aligns your interest with their core values.

Demonstrate impactful management consulting experience

Providing examples of your leadership in significant projects with quantifiable outcomes illustrates your capability to drive efficiency and savings, marking you as a valuable asset.

Highlight unique problem-solving skills

Emphasizing your mix of analytical and creative skills showcases your versatility and ability to devise solutions that are both effective and innovative.

Thank recruiters for their consideration

Expressing gratitude for the reviewers' time reflects your professionalism and helps foster a positive connection.

Express enthusiasm for contributing to the firm’s goals

Showing eagerness to support the company’s mission demonstrates your commitment and investment in their success, making you a compelling candidate.

Alternative Introductions

If you're struggling to start your cover letter, here are 6 different variations that have worked for others, along with why they worked. Use them as inspiration for your introductory paragraph.

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Thank you for the checklist! I realized I was making so many mistakes on my resume that I've now fixed. I'm much more confident in my resume now.

Consulting Cover Letter: a comprehensive guide

• Understanding Consulting Cover Letters
• Practicalities of Writing Your Cover Letter
• Section-by-Section Breakdown
• Quality Control

A stellar cover letter is going to be a basic pre-requisite if you want to land a top-tier consulting job at the likes of the MBB’s, Kearney, LEK, Deloitte etc.

More than half of consulting candidates are rejected based on their applications alone , before they ever make it to interview. This means that, for all the emphasis on case interview prep, your resume and cover letter, together with networking , are the single greatest determinant as to whether you land your dream MBB job or not .

Candidates typically have some realisation of the importance of applications, but make the mistake of devoting all their time to the resume alone as they assume it is the "important one". They assume that the accompanying cover letters are always fairly generic and/or are merely a formality that don't actually get read.

However, the idea that your cover letter is any less important than your resume is a hugely damaging misconception.

In fact, speaking to consultants currently involved with recruitment at MBB firms, we are told that cover letters have been becoming more and more important recently. This is for a couple of reasons:

• More and more resumes are coming in basically perfect (the proliferation of material like our excellent free resume guide has a part to play here). This means that cover letters are increasingly being focussed on as a way to differentiate top candidates.
• Cover letters are more indicative of your soft skills and personal fit with the office culture than a resume. Since firms are having particular difficulty finding candidates with the right social skills (especially post-Covid), cover letters become more and more salient in the filtering process.

To up the ante even more, add to this the fact that applications are increasingly read by AI tools as well. Whilst a human reader working in a hurry and skimming a document in a hurry might have simply missed an error, you can be sure the computer will pick up on any mistakes you make.

So, how do you get things right?

Putting together a decent consulting cover letter can be tricky and will probably take longer than you think. The demands are different and quite a bit more rigorous than for cover letters you might have written for other industries.

Luckily though, the strict demands on consulting cover letters mean that there is an equally strict set of rules to follow when writing them - as long as you follow these and put the time in to do things properly, you can reliably turn out an excellent document.

This guide will help you understand what it is recruiters want to see in a good cover letter and take you through the steps to draft your best possible offering. To make things as clear as possible, we discuss a template cover letter section-by-section.

Help is at hand!

Writing applications can be pretty daunting, especially with a dream job on the line.

Before we dive into all the complex nitty-gritty of how to turn out your cover letter, we should let you know that we have an editing service where a 5+ year experienced MBB consultant helps you draft your best possible resume and/or cover letter. You can read more here:

Explore Professional Editing

This isn't obligatory, but is a great option for those who feel overwhelmed and want some help to get things right, as well as for those who want the inside track in terms of optimising something that is already close to the mark.

This application editing can also be done as part of a broader mentoring package, where that same experienced mentor helps you through the whole consulting selection process, from networking, through to case interview prep. You can find out more here:

Learn More About Comprehensive Mentoring

1. Understanding Consulting Cover Letters

To write a good one we will first need to understand the demands it must meet. That is to say, we need to understand the function of the cover letter and precisely how it will be assessed.

Let's start by going through some important points:

1.1. Function of a Consulting Cover Letter

The basic function of a consulting cover letter is to tell recruiters three things:

• Why you are worth employing
• Why consulting is a perfect fit for you
• Why you are interested in the target firm in particular

As we will see later, a standard management consulting cover letter is broken down into three paragraphs, addressing each of these issues more-or-less separately.

In many ways, the demands of your cover letter sit between your resume ) and your fit interview (which you will be invited to only if your resume and cover letter make the cut).

A consulting cover letter helps demonstrate the same skillset as your resume and you will effectively be selecting a few of the key points from your resume to amplify in the cover letter.

However, the objective of this document is not simply restating the facts on your resume, but rather creating a persuasive link between your personal story and the job you are applying for. In effect, the main purpose of your cover letter is to show that you are a great fit for the job you are applying for across the board. As such, you need to convey your personality and your motivation to do the job - things that are not readily assessed via your resume alone.

These are exactly the qualities that are also assessed in your fit interview. Indeed, just as with the Additional Information section of your resume, the information in your cover letter is very likely to form the basis of questions in your fit interview - where your personality and motivation are assessed again. Thus, just as with the Additional Information section of your resume, when you are drafting your cover letter you should be keeping half an eye on how you would be able to work the items you select into compelling fit interview answers.

All this means that our article on the fit interview is especially worth a read as you get started on cover letter writing!

1.2. Motivation

Consulting is a tough life and the average consulting recruit only stays in the industry for around two years - which means that many of those applicants who are lucky enough to land jobs will have left within 12 months.

Beyond this, many of those entering consulting only ever intend to stay for a couple of years before bailing out into roles in private equity or internal strategy, becoming a start-up founder, or any of the other typical roles where consulting experience will enhance their career chances.

This constant loss of talent is a big problem for consulting firms, who don't want employees to disappear as soon as they have accrued the training and experience required to be genuinely useful to the company. In effect, firms want to ensure they get a positive return on investment on training you.

As such, recruiters will be trying to identify candidates who are genuinely in it for the long haul - who want to make partner someday and who have the necessary motivation to push them through the years of long hours and tight deadlines en route.

Of course, we realise that you the reader might well be one of the candidates who only really plan to stick with consulting for two years before parachuting out into another industry. Realistically, this is a perfectly sensible career trajectory and we're certainly not going to tell you not to do so.

However , if this is the case, your application and subsequent interview are really not the time to discuss it. If you have ever had any inkling that you might consider sticking around and making a long-term career in consulting, then this is the inclination to channel during the selection process.

We return to discuss your rationale for entering consulting in our section-by-section breakdown of the letter itself.

1.3. A Test in Itself

Your target firm uses your cover letter to learn more about you in a couple of ways. Obviously, they receive all the information you communicate explicitly - all the achievements and experience and positive character traits you tell them about. However, your cover letter is also used by the target firm as an implicit (but very real) test of your writing skills and other qualities. It is important to realise this dual function and keep it in mind during drafting.

At a basic level, using correct, industry standard formatting etc shows that you have the professionalism and diligence to find out and follow the rules. As we will discuss later, writing a letter specific to the firm you are applying to also demonstrates your commitment to that employer.

More directly, though, your cover letter is used by consulting firms as a test of your writing skills. Writing consulting cover letters is not an easy business - if it were, you wouldn't be reading this guide! Composing a good cover letter requires you to assemble a body of information, synthesise it and present it in a compelling form.

Importantly, this is a set of skills - summarising complex information into compelling prose and extracting key points in data - that consultants use every day. Your cover letter is one of the main ways firms check for your competence here.

Similarly, readers will be very interested in your ability to use your cover letter to market yourself. In effect, consultants must constantly sell themselves, their firm, and their recommendations to clients. Indeed, this is becoming a larger and larger part of the job as more of the analytic side of consulting work is automated. As such, the ability to communicate persuasively is a key management consulting skill.

1.4. The Reader

With any piece of writing, the first thing you need to consider is who the intended reader is. This is especially important for consulting cover letters.

During the application screen, as well as filtering by AI tools and HR staff, your cover letter will be placed with one or two hundred others and passed to a junior consultant (often a recent alum from your university) to assess. Generally, this will be piled on top of that consultant's normal workload and often they will end up with very little time to get through this mound of applications. As such, your reader will be tired, possibly slightly grumpy and in a hurry - probably only skimming what you have written.

Keep this reader in mind at all times and write in a way that makes their life easier. This means making everything as clear, easy to read and precise as possible!

2. PRACTICALITIES OF WRITING A CONSULTING COVER LETTER

So, we have a good idea of the basic job of a cover letter needs to do, what ground it needs to cover, and how it will be assessed. Now it's time to get down to business and actually get the thing written!

To this end, we'll look at a few practical points about how to meet the requirements mentioned above, before focusing one-by-one on the five main segments of a management consulting cover letter.

2.1. FORMAT - DOING THE SAME AS EVERYONE ELSE

Just as with your resume, formatting a consulting cover letter is really not the time to embrace your creative side. Failing to stick to the standard rules of formatting risks being rejected immediately, without your letter even being read.

The tired junior consultant tasked with plowing through a pile of cover letters is unlikely to be in the mood for a strange font or weird layout and will simply send your application directly to the bin.

As noted above, standard formatting shows that you are professional enough to take the application seriously and that you have bothered to find out what is expected from your cover letter. The best way to understand how you should format this document is simply to take a look at our examples below, which are formatted in a standard "safe" manner.

In particular, though, you should make sure your letter conforms to the following basic standard:

• Standard typeface at a normal size
• No longer than one printable page
• Normal size margins etc - no extreme formatting to pack more words on the page!
• Name, contact information, and date at the top, in the manner of a traditional letter - you can include a postal address if you like, but an email address is perfectly sufficient nowadays - and will save space
• Standard structure explained below - opening, three main paragraphs, closing

2.2. Content - Being Unique!

You might have to keep the format strictly in line with everyone else, but it is absolutely crucial that the actual content of your letter is unique!

Always remember that your cover letter will be part of a stack of 1-200 deep. The content needs to really impress the reader if you are going to stand out from the pack and earn yourself an invitation to interview.

To achieve this, you are going to have to draw on your most impressive achievements and experiences and then portray them in the best possible fashion, to really make your reader pause and take note, rather than toss your letter towards the bin with the others.

Content that is unusual is also helpful in making your application memorable and might prompt interview questions where you can be well prepared to shine. During an application process with so many competitors, it pays to have something unique to you - a USP - to differentiate you from your peers.

However, this will only add value if it is relevant to management consulting!

In our discussion below on how to introduce yourself and your abilities, we'll discuss how you can emphasize your personal "spikes" - which help make your cover letter more unique.

2.3. Be Specific!

Your letter needs not only to be unique, but also highly specific .

Many candidates think that they can save a bit of time by just writing a one really "good" cover letter and using that for all their applications without any modifications. This might be true (or almost true) of a good resume. However, if you think that the cover letter you wrote for McKinsey will be able to be used without any changes to for Bain and BCG as well, we can tell you now that that letter wasn't good enough to get you a job with any of those firms!

As noted previously, a major function of your cover letter is to gauge your motivation to stick with the company if you are lucky enough to be hired. Your recruiter wants to make sure that you are genuinely keen to work for their specific firm for the foreseeable future. Any suggestion that your cover letter is just a generic chunk of text sent out to everyone in scattergun fashion obviously makes this idea pretty difficult to maintain - and will see your application heading towards that bin in short order.

To avoid this, then, take the time to write a separate letter for each firm you apply to. In these letters, you should include content that is specific to your particular target firm. What is more, this specific content should not be something generic or some kind of empty platitude.

If the best you can come up with is an obvious truth - or even worse, a common misconception - you will betray only a very shallow level of engagement, and will only succeed in vexing your reader.

Instead, you should be able to make specific remarks which show genuine insight. This will clearly demonstrate both your commitment to and knowledge of the firm.

These points will be particularly relevant to the section of the cover letter where you explain your decision to apply to your target firm, and we will pick up this discussion again later in this guide. However, there is room for material specific to your target firm in all sections of your cover letter.

3. Section-by-Section Breakdown

Let's go through the different sections of a standard management consulting cover letter one-by-one.

We will give examples as to how you might approach each section - however, it is imperative that you don't simply copy from specimens that we or anyone else have written. The examples here are only a guide as to how you should approach the different elements of a cover letter, not components to be lifted as-is.

Your own cover letter needs to stand out from a very strong field. Think about it - how can you possibly stand out by copying others? Beyond this, though, any hint that you are just copying from another source will see your whole application rejected immediately.

On a similar note here, we strongly advise against using an AI chatbot like ChatGPT to write your cover letter. Aside from that tool not knowing enough about your own life experiences, interests etc to say something with the correct degree of specificity, you run the risk of sending in a cover with the same writing style - or possibly even the same turns of phrase - as everyone else who did the same thing. Indeed, recruiters across many industries are already getting used to spotting AI-generated applications .

As we noted earlier, there are three main questions your cover letter must answer - why you, why consulting and why that firm in particular. The three main paragraphs of your cover letter will answer these three questions in sequence.

Provided you are careful to link everything together properly, there is actually some flexibility to vary the ordering of these paragraphs. You will always introduce yourself first, of course, but you can then state why you are interested in the specific firm before you explain what drew you to consulting, or deal with these in the reverse order.

In the interests of simplicity here, though, we will just deal with why-consulting-in-general first, followed by why-that-firm-in-particular.

The following examples are taken from an entry-level cover letter from an applicant to Bain London - and the detailed content is obviously tailored to that office.

In contrast to the relative ease with which a resume can be repurposed, you will have to significantly change the specifics of your cover letter as you apply for different offices and firms. Obviously, our candidate below can't just send this off to Bain New York without changing quite a lot of content. Similarly, this won't work as a cover letter for the London offices of McKinsey, BCG or Deloitte a wholesale rewrite.

With all this said, what is crucial is that the overall structure and format is maintained. This will be the case whether you are a recent graduate, Ph.D. or MBA. Even experienced hire cover letters will maintain the same fundamental format - though there will be (even) more expectation on the quality of the content.

3.1. OPENING YOUR CONSULTING COVER LETTER

The opening to your cover letter is very straightforward and is pretty much impossible to mess up if you follow basic rules.

First, you should record your name, email address, and the date of sending. You can include a postal address if you like, though this is no longer a strict requirement and takes up a lot of space. Your first sentence should state the specific position to which you are applying at the relevant office and firm.

The only issue that should give you any cause for concern here is to Whom the letter is addressed. Where possible, you should be addressing the letter to a named person - usually the recruiting manager of the office to which you are applying. However, where you cannot find a name to address your cover letter to, it is perfectly acceptable to begin "To whom it may concern" or "Dear Sir or Madam".

Jane Wu [email protected] 05/05/2019

Dear Ms Douglas,

I am writing to apply for the Associate Consultant position at Bain and Company's London office.

3.2. Introducing Yourself

After this brief opening, proceed straight to introducing yourself. Don't be shy - this is not the time for understatement or modesty! Top consulting firms are looking for exceptional individuals. Here, you need to leave the reader in no doubt that you are just such an exceptional individual!

To do this, looking at all the information you assembled for your resume, ideally, you should recount the three most impressive achievements in your life so far.

Of course, do this with an eye to achievements that are particularly relevant to consulting (your golf handicap might be good, but nobody in the workplace cares). Also, realise that the things we are most proud of personally might not actually be the ones that are most impressive to others (your golfing probably isn't great anyway). Try to look at your resume as if you are reading one from someone else. Alternatively, ask a friend what stands out to them.

It's your resume's job to paint a balanced picture of you as a well-rounded candidate with all the skills required to excel in consulting. However, in your cover letter, it can be beneficial to emphasise one or two particular strong suits, where you are exceptionally gifted. These are what consultants call "spikes". What recruiters are really looking for is well-rounded, generally capable candidates with a few "spikes" that might be especially useful.

I have recently graduated from the University of Cambridge with a first-class BA/MSci in Physics. At Cambridge, I was consistently near the top of my year academically and won a number of competitive scholarships and prizes; including the award for the best final year research project. During my third year, I was selected as the best of a very large field of applicants to take part in a prestigious summer research project at MIT. I was also elected as a Student Representative for two consecutive years.

3.3. Why Consulting is a Good Fit

Your job here is to provide a strong narrative demonstrating why consulting is a good fit for you and why it makes sense at this point in your career as a natural progression from what you have done before.

This is much the same as what is required from your answers in any subsequent fit interviews you receive. As such, our article on the fit interview , as well as our more comprehensive fit interview course and/or lessons in the MCC Academy , are highly relevant here.

Now, as we noted above, it is important to remember that there are some reasons to get into consulting that your target firm will be happy to hear about and others that will very definitely not impress.

We're not here to judge your reasons, whatever they are, for wanting a consulting job. However, there are certain reasons that you should probably not highlight if you would like to actually get that job.

Some candidates are not sure what career they actually want yet and think consulting would make a good first step, exposing them to different industries and keeping their options open for the future. The worry, from a firm's point of view, is that these individuals will not be sufficiently motivated to actually stick with consulting when they come up against the stress and high workload that come with the job.

Alternatively, some applicants are fully intent, right from the start, on bailing out into another industry after two years - when a sufficiently long stint in consulting has given them transferable skills and boosted their opportunities elsewhere.

Many candidates actually state these kinds of intentions - though they will certainly not be hired! As we noted above, firms want to retain staff and are looking for candidates who are committed to consulting for the long term.

3.3.1. Proving You Know What You are Getting Into

Given how many recruits drop out, firms want to be sure that you know exactly what you are getting into when you apply . When you explain why you have decided that consulting is a great fit for you, you obviously need it to be clear that you are doing so with a real understanding of what the job entails.

Ideally, you will have done an internship in consulting or a closely related industry. Alternatively, you might be moving sideways from a parallel sector, such as finance or tech, having worked alongside consultants in past roles and observed what they do first hand. In either such case, it is clear that you understand the demands of the job.

However, many of you will fall into neither of these camps and won't yet have any first hand experience of the consulting world. If this describes you, be aware that there is a particular onus on you to demonstrate that you know what is required of a working consultant - and that you have what it takes to meet those requirements.

Don't dismay, though, as this is definitely possible - it just requires a bit more thought from you. Really, you are limited to a strategy of identifying key consulting skills and showing that you have already had significant past experience (and ideally achievements) demonstrating that you are capable and comfortable in these areas - and, importantly, that you enjoy this kind of work!

This is similar in principle to some of what you should have already done in bullet point form in your resume. Our resume guide is useful here in listing the relevant consulting skills and giving examples that demonstrate them. However, your cover letter differs from the resume here in that the focus will be less on technical skills and more on personal character. You also can't be so schematic as in your resume, but must weave everything into a compelling narrative that leaves your reader in no doubt that you are well suited to, and prepared for, the job.

3.3.2. Finding Things to Say

Some candidates feel the need to embroider their accounts when they explain why they want to be a consultant. Maybe they genuinely think that the only reason they have chosen consulting is for the high salary and exit opportunities. Since they can't include either of these (as discussed below), they then cobble together an insincere-sounding road-to-Damascus story about how they had an epiphany that they should work at BCG or Bain.

However, introspection on the reasons that informed your own decision making can actually be a great source of material here. You might not be able to explicitly state them just now, but there are probably better reasons than you think for your choices.

Think about what exactly it was that led you to believe that you could do a consulting job and why have chosen to apply to jobs in that sector, rather than going into something else. If you want to be totally pragmatic, remember - it's a lot easier to answer interview questions on something approximating the truth than a tissue of lies!

I believe that I would be particularly well suited to the Associate Consultant position as consulting would provide real intellectual challenges, but placed within contexts allowing me to make use of my strong interpersonal skills. As a student representative, I instigated "Student Week" in the Physics department. This was a week where time was given over so that students could organise their own conferences and workshops. In order to make this initiative a success, I faced two main challenges: creating a committed team and getting the academic staff's support. I began by offering all students a stake in shaping the week and created teams in charge of all aspects of an organisation, delegating responsibilities to team leaders. Most of all, this experience taught me how to motivate people, leveraging their potential impact and the rewards to be gained from positive results. In the end, the teams were able to invite an outstanding line-up of speakers. Presenting the week as a chance to promote the school in the media enabled us to gain the final approval of academic staff. Understanding the perspectives of multiple stakeholders and identifying what they really cared about enabled me to transform an ambitious plan into reality. I loved this experience and would look forward to employing a similar skillset as an Associate Consultant.

3.4. Why that Firm?

Now finally, you need to show that you are committed to the particular firm to which you are applying . This is a crucial part of demonstrating your motivation as well as a way of showing your diligence in doing your research before applying. Needing to address why you want to work at your target firm in particular is why you fundamentally can't just re-use the same letter for all your consulting applications.

So, how should you do this?

In practice, there are three main ways to generate firm-specific content:

3.4.1. Contacts and networking

Whilst you might not have seen consultants at work first hand, there is nothing to prevent you from meeting them at career fairs, networking events, and the like.

You can also reach out to consultants in your target office via LinkedIn and potentially even schedule calls with them. You can do this from anywhere in the world. An experienced consultant can also guide you in this process within one of our mentoring programmes

The very best cover letters will grow out of substantial networking with current or former employees from your target firm - ideally from the specific office to which you are applying.

The individuals you speak to might be in a position to recommend you to recruiters. Otherwise, though, they will definitely be very well placed to tell you what is really unique about the company in general or your target office in particular. This is a surefire way for you to be able to make your cover letter specific in a way that actually rings true to those who read it.#

Also, don't be afraid to drop in the names of your contacts where they are relevant (and where this is appropriate, of course). The recruiter might know the people in question and they will lend credence to your application.

3.4.2. Reading

Of course, this kind of networking will not always be feasible, and certainly not at short notice. If you don't have access to anyone who has worked for your target firm, you should be able to get access to some of their output in the form of reports and similar material. Being able to comment on these demonstrates your enthusiasm to work at the target firm, as well as your diligence and intelligence. Indeed, mentioning report authors is a good way to shoehorn in the names of company employees whom you have not actually met in real life.

3.4.3. Observations

Of course, you would ideally be able to write about the first hand experience of working alongside consultants at a company that was a client of your target firm. Otherwise, if you have done your research, you will be able to discuss a successful project in which you have not been involved, but have taken a particular interest (possibly in an industry in which you have experience). This should convey genuine interest and, at the very least, shows you really have done your homework.

An example of how to approach this paragraph is as follows:

Bain specifically appeals to me for a few reasons. At a more personal level, all of the individuals I have spoken to who have worked at Bain have loved their jobs and seemed like people I would relish working with. Recently, I spoke to Sarah McKinney and Benedict Philips from the London office at a networking event. Both were very helpful and encouraging of my application. In particular, I was very excited to be able to talk to Sarah about Bain's recent work with capacitor technology firm NuCell. This was a project I had become aware of via my physics background and was very impressed with the sophisticated but wonderfully elegant solutions that Bain implemented. This was a significant influence in my decision to move towards consulting in general and Bain in particular.

3.5. Closing You Cover Letter

As with the opening, it is easy to get your cover letter's closing right simply by following a few standard rules.

Closing a consulting cover letter really just follows the same rules as a standard formal letter. Note that technically the form of your sign off depends on whether the letter was addressed to a named recipient or not. If you did manage to address your cover letter to a specific individual at the target firm, you should sign off your letter "Yours Sincerely". However, if you addressed the letter "Dear Sir or Madam" or "To Whom it May Concern", then you should sign off "Yours faithfully".

Not everyone will pick up on this, but some certainly will!

I very much hope that I can be considered for an interview. If you have any questions about my application or would like to know more, please do not hesitate to be in contact by email or on +44 7933023234. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely, Jane Wu

3.6. An Aside - Blurring Boundaries

For the sake of clarity, we have given quite a schematic picture of how a cover letter is structured. In practice, the separation between the content of the three main paragraphs is often not quite as clear as has been shown so far.

This is something to bear in mind as you are writing. Certainly, it is not a problem that the content of the three main paragraphs somewhat bleed into one another. Indeed, it might well be that the optimal version of your letter gives you more bang for your buck in including points with more than one positive function.

For example, you might make mention of people or reports from your specific target firm in explaining why you chose to enter consulting in general. Simultaneously you will likely be able to include some impressive achievements, relevant to your initial description of yourself, in that same explanation as to why consulting was for you.

4. Quality Control

By now, you should have a completed document in front of you. However, this doesn't mean that you're finished!

Just as with the resume, quality control should be taken very seriously when you are writing your cover letter, and will almost certainly take longer than did writing your initial draft.

First, you should make sure you have followed all the rules we set out for formatting and structuring a consulting cover letter. This is the easy bit, after all, and you shouldn't be making mistakes here when it's something you can easily control for yourself.

The following checklist is useful to make sure that the major elements are in order. Thus, you must make sure that any management consulting cover letter:

• Does not exceed one page
• Is formatted sensibly
• Contains no spelling mistakes (double check names of the company, position, HR manager and your contact information)
• Mentions skills that are relevant to the job
• Has relevant examples to back up those skills
• Reinforces skills that are not adequately explained in your resume
• Explains how your skill set relates to the job you are applying for
• Is tailored to the target firm

Of course, to hammer the point home, it should go without saying that spelling, punctuation, and grammar should be perfect throughout - especially these days, where AIs will be reading applications thoroughly, besides harried humans skimming them.

In particular, though, you should triple-check spelling around the opening where you list your own contact information and state the name of the target firm and specific role. Imagine making the cut to for interview only to have your invitation dispatched to the wrong email address!

You wouldn't believe how many candidates we see making mistakes here - indeed, outside consulting, the former Graduate Recruitment Manager at City law firm Mayer Brown found that 20% of applicants got the firm’s name wrong. If so many high-end, detail-oriented lawyers can make that kind of mistake, so can you - check!

4.2. Feedback

As with any important piece of writing, you will want another set of eyes on your cover letter. However, a consulting cover letter is not quite the same as for a more "normal" job, and there is only so much that your classmate, your buddy or your mum is going to be able to tell you . These people might be able to help you with spelling, punctuation, and grammar, but not a great deal else.

If you have access to a careers adviser, they will certainly be more knowledgeable and be able to give you more specific feedback. That said, the very particular demands of consulting and how cover letters are assessed means there is no real replacement for someone with actual consulting experience .

As always though, real consultants are incredibly busy people and their time has a high price tag. You might be lucky enough to have access to a consultant who will help you out - perhaps a friend or relative or maybe one of your networking contacts who likes you enough to take the time to look at your application.

However, for those who aren't so lucky, there are still ways to get top quality feedback. MyConsultingCoach offers cover letter review and feedback , both alone on its own and in a package with resume review.

With this service, a deeply experienced MBB consultant mentor, with a minimum of five years at McKinsey, Bain or BCG, will provide the kind of granular, nuanced feedback you simply can't find elsewhere. You can read more here:

Explore Application Review

You can also have the same kind of 5+ year experienced MBB consultant do this kind of editing for you as part of a wider personal mentoring programme. Find out more here:

Mentoring Programmes

Of course, none of these services are strictly necessary, and this guide is here to help everyone. However, professional editing will help you close the gap with your competitors who have the advantage of pre-existing inside contacts.

4.3. Iterate

It is easy to become attached to what you have written. Especially after pouring time and energy into a document, constructive criticism can end up being taken personally and ignored. However, if you actually want to get a job in consulting, you need to swallow your pride and be prepared to make substantial changes if they are advised .

Once you have re-drafted the document, you need to cycle through the same stages of quality control again, always making sure that everything is formatted correctly with no typos and then getting decent feedback on what you have produced. To get the whole thing just right will likely take at least a couple of these iterations. Indeed, this is precisely why MyConsultingCoach's review packages all include three rounds of feedback as standard .

Finally, then, you will have completed your cover letter and be ready to submit your application. You can give yourself a pat on the back for getting everything so far done. However, you still have a lot more work ahead of you if you are serious about making it into consulting!

If you are interested in getting an interview at the likes of the MBBs, Kearney, LEK, Deloitte, or any high-end consulting firm, it is absolutely crucial that your cover letter is the very best that it can be .

To this end, we have given a detailed guide on how to optimise a cover letter, breaking down all the relevant sections. Examples were provided from a sample cover letter for a Bain London application, though it was explained that you should never simply copy from such example cover letters.

We encourage you to read further - starting with our resume guide - and to consider editing from one of our ex-MBB consultant coaches. However, what we have given you here is a very good starting point for you to carve out a great draft cover letter.

If you have followed this guide and ideally found someone to provide decent feedback, you should have every chance of being invited to interview. However, nobody is going to do well if they prepare for a consulting interview the way they would for a more "normal" job.

Management consulting interviews are a very different beast to what you might be accustomed to elsewhere. Suffice to say, though, that a large volume of preparation is both necessary to so well and explicitly expected by the firms themselves . Putting together your consulting resume or cover letter might have seemed arduous or time-consuming, but what was just the tip of the iceberg!

In particular, you will need to learn how to solve case studies. You can start with our intro to case interviews , which links to other useful resources.

It's important to learn to tackle case studies the right way if you want to perform in the more demanding interviews at higher-end firms. The old-fashioned frameworks you will often find promoted online can be dysfunctional in more complex case studies. By contrast, we recommend the slightly more demanding, but much more capable, from-first-principles method used in real consulting work. You can find out more in the followng video:

To make your preparation as effective and time efficient as possible MyConsultingCoach has developed a comprehensive consulting interview prep course . This teaches everything you need to give your best possible showing in an interview. Included are all the mental maths, business and finance theory and logical principles needed not only to solve cases but to do so in a way that will impress the interviewer - the way a real consultant would . Also included is a set of lessons on how to address "fit" questions about your character and motivation to enter consulting.

Find out about our resume editing services

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Consulting cover letter examples

Are you in need of a consulting cover letter that is going to make you stand out from the competition?

We understand that you offer your sought-after advice and expertise for living, so this time, let us be the ones to impart our advice to you.

Check out our comprehensive writing guide below, along with our consulting cover letter examples to inspire you and help you with your application.

CV templates 

Consulting cover letter example 1

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Consulting cover letter example 2

Consulting cover letter example 3

The example cover letters here should give you a good general idea on how your Consulting cover letter should be formatted and written.

The rest of this guide gives more specific guidance on how to create your own cover letter in this format, and even includes some templates you can copy and paste.

How to write a Consulting cover letter

A simple step-by-step guide to writing your very own winning cover letter.

Write your cover letter in the body of an email/message

Type the content of your cover letter directly into the email you are sending, or if you are applying via a job board, directly into their messaging system.

The reason for doing this it to ensure that your cover letter gets seen instantly and you can start connecting with the recruiter as soon as they open your message.

If you attach your cover letter as a separate document, the recipient will have to open up the document, which will slow the process down, or make them less likely to even open your cover letter – which could mean your application gets skipped over.

Start with a friendly greeting

To kick your cover letter off, start with a friendly greeting to build rapport with the recruiter instantly.

Your greeting should be personable but professional. Not too casual, but not too formal either

Go with something like…

• Hi [insert recruiter name]
• Hi [insert department/team name]

Avoid old-fashioned greetings like “Dear sir/madam ” unless applying to very formal companies.

How to find the contact’s name?

Addressing the recruitment contact by name is an excellent way to start building a strong relationship. If it is not listed in the job advert, try these methods to find it.

• Check out the company website and look at their  About page. If you see a hiring manager, HR person or internal recruiter, use their name. You could also try to figure out who would be your manager in the role and use their name.
• Head to LinkedIn , search for the company and scan through the list of employees. Most professionals are on LinkedIn these days, so this is a good bet.

Identify the role you are applying for

Once you have opened the cover letter with a warm greeting, you need to explain which role you are interested in.

Sometimes a recruitment consultant could be managing over 10 vacancies, so it’s crucial to pinpoint exactly which one you are interested in.

Highlight the department/area if possible and look for any reference numbers you can quote.

These are some examples you can add..

• I am interested in applying for the role of *Consulting position* with your company.
• I would like to apply for the role of Sales assistant (Ref: 40f57393)
• I would like to express my interest in the customer service vacancy within your retail department
• I saw your advert for an IT project manager on Reed and would like to apply for the role.

See also: CV examples – how to write a CV – CV profiles

Highlight your suitability

The main purpose of your cover letter is to excite recruiters and make them eager to open your CV. And you achieve this by quickly demonstrating your suitability to the job you are applying for.

Take a look at the job adverts you are applying for, and make note of the most important skills being asked for.

Then, when you write your cover letter, make your suitability the focal point.

Explain how you meet the candidate requirements fully, and why you are so well suited to carry out the job.

This will give recruiters all the encouragement they need to open your CV and consider your application.

Keep it short and sharp

It is best to keep your cover letter brief if you want to ensure you hold the attention of busy recruiters and hiring managers. A lengthy cover letter will probably not get read in full, so keep yours to around 3-6 sentences and save the real detail for your CV.

Remember the purpose of your cover letter is to quickly get recruiters to notice you and encourage them to open your CV, so it only needs to include the highlights of your experience.

Sign off professionally

To round of your cover letter, add a professional signature to the bottom, giving recruiters your vital contact information.

This not only gives various means of contacting you, it also looks really professional and shows that you know how to communicate in the workplace.

Include the following points;

• A friendly sign off – e.g. “Warm regards”
• Your full name
• Phone number (one you can answer quickly)
• Email address
• Profession title
• Professional social network – e.g. LinkedIn

Here is an example signature;

Warm regards,

Gerald Baker Senior Accountant 07887500404 [email protected] LinkedIn

Quick tip : To save yourself from having to write your signature every time you send a job application email, you can save it within your email drafts, or on a separate document that you could copy in.

What to include in your Consulting cover letter

So, what type of information should you write about in your Consulting cover letter?

The specifics will obviously depend on your profession and the jobs you are applying to, but these are the key areas you should be covering.

• Your industry experience – Tell recruiters the types of companies you have been working for and the roles you have held in the past.
• Your qualifications – Highlight your most important relevant qualifications to show employers you are qualified to do the roles you are applying for.
• The impact you have made – Demonstrate the positive impact you have made for employers in previous jobs. Have you saved money? Improved processes? Made customers happy?
• Your reasons for moving – Employers will want to know why you are leaving your current/previous role, so provide them with a brief explanation here.
• Your availability – When will you be able to start a new job ? Check your current contract to find out your notice period if you are in a position already.

Consulting cover letter templates

Copy and paste these Consulting cover letter templates to get a head start on your own.

As a seasoned geologist with 13 years of experience working for reputable consultancy firms, ATCOM and GE, I am excited to apply for the Environmental Consultant position at GF Consulting.

Throughout my career, I have successfully managed a junior team at GE Consultants and provided comprehensive environmental solutions for various public sector and commercial clients, including the NHS, Lloyds Bank, and the Civil Service. I have coordinated EIAs for diverse projects, such as transport, energy, and flood management, ensuring compliance with UK and EU legislation. One notable achievement was my successful delivery of a £600k land management project for a Council run leisure centre, leading to subsequent contracts worth £1.5million per annum. Additionally, my research on water conservation technology resulted in an 88% reduction in water wastage for a commercial client, surpassing national targets.

I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience to further discuss my qualifications and potential contributions to GF Consulting’s vision. Thank you for considering my application.

Kind regards,

Elanor Gasson ¦ 07777777777 ¦ [email protected]

I am excited to apply for the Business Consultant position at Nexus where my diverse skill set and 8 years of experience in managing complex projects, mentoring teams, and driving strategic and operational improvements can contribute to your esteemed financial services clientele.

As a Mathematics graduate with an MBA from King’s College London, I am adept at developing data driven solutions and process improvements, delivering measurable results. At Arcadia Business Solutions, I successfully designed a risk management framework for a leading investment bank, reducing operational risk by 15% and enhancing compliance. Additionally, my strategic planning outreach initiative for a financial services firm led to the identification of new business opportunities and a 10% revenue increase over three years. Moreover, my role as a Business Analyst at Monzo provided me with valuable experience in delivering business insights through data analysis and Agile methodologies with I could bring to this role.

I am eager to discuss my potential contributions to Nexus’ continued success. I am available for an interview at your convenience. Thank you for considering my application.

Stephan Menaux ¦ 07777777777 ¦ [email protected]

I hope you’re well.

I am writing to apply for the IT Consultant position at Sideline Solutions where my extensive 22+ year career and expertise in server management make me a great fit for the role.

Throughout my tenure at Spire Consultancy, I have successfully consulted with clients in the retail and ecommerce industries, delivering timely and effective solutions. My implementation of remote assessments has reduced average downtime by 15%, garnering excellent feedback from satisfied clients. Moreover, my expertise in SQL Server queries and data processing would allow me to complete complex analysis of diverse data formats, including CSV and XML. As a Technical Consultant at Manson IT Ltd, I managed large technical accounts and resolved escalated IT issues for public and private sector clients, improving support efficiency by conducting monthly product updates seminars and effectively managing IT consumables stock.

I am eager to discuss how my technical acumen and outstanding customer service can benefit the team at Sideline Solutions. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience.

Gabriel Obu ¦ 07777777777 ¦ [email protected]

Writing an impressive cover letter is a crucial step in landing a Consulting job, so taking the time to perfect it is well worth while.

By following the tips and examples above you will be able to create an eye-catching cover letter that will wow recruiters and ensure your CV gets read – leading to more job interviews for you.

Good luck with your job search!

Consulting Resume – The Ultimate Guide Including CV Templates (2024)

Did you know that over 60% of management consulting applications will fail to make it past the initial screening phase? Their consulting resumes end up in the rejection pile, while the chances of a management consulting job drop to zero. Recruiting teams at top consultancies like McKinsey, BCG , or Bain (MBB) receive hundreds of applications, so they decide within just a few seconds if they want to take your CV forward. This makes your resume one of the most critical parts of the application process.

If you want to seriously pursue a career in management consulting , it is crucial that your consulting resume makes an instant good impression . Your CV must go into the actual requirements of a job in management consulting , so you can convince the reader instantly of your skills. In this article, we will explain to you step-by-step how to build a resume that will help you secure an invitation to your interview !

• What Makes a Good Consultant?
• Relevant Work Experience
• What Is The Difference Between A Regular and A Consulting Resume?
• What Are The Requirements For Your Consulting Resume?
• Four Steps To Build A Consulting Resume That Will Help You Successfully Pass The CV Screening
• Step 1: Understand What Recruiters Are Looking for
• Industry Standards of Consulting Resumes
• Your Skills
• Your Achievements
• Your Language
• The Relevance of Information
• Step 2: Lay the Foundation of Your Consulting Resume
• How to Phrase Your Skills
• How To Phrase Your Achievements
• Step 3: Putting It Together and Creating Your Consulting Resume
• Section 1: Education (or Work Experience)
• Section 2: Work Experience (or Education)
• Section 3: Leadership and Extracurricular Activities
• Section 4: IT Skills, Languages and Personal Interests
• Step 4: Resume Editing
• Consulting Resume Templates
• What’s The Next Step After My Application?

To be able to write a resume that is appealing to recruiters, it is important to understand what it is they are looking for. The consulting firm is looking to hire graduates that not only have strong academic records, but that have the underlying potential to grow into the role of a consultant.

Junior consultants are never expected to be industry experts however, they are expected to possess a good balance between IQ (intelligence quotient) and EQ (emotional quotient) , these should be complemented by any relevant work experience you have gained.

The skills that fall under IQ for a consultant are predominantly problem-solving and analysis . This is because the nature of consulting projects is to solve a problem the client is facing, and a robust strategy must be built on sound analysis.

Demonstrating your problem-solving and analytical abilities on your resume can be easier for candidates that studied subjects such as engineering, computer science, and economics at university as these subjects exercise both skill sets. However, even if you did study a subject that involves problem-solving and analysis, then it is still just as important to highlight when you have demonstrated these skills in any prior work experience.

Emotional intelligence is highly regarded in consulting for multiple reasons. The first reason is that a lot of the work is client-facing and so being able to build strong working relationships is important, senior partners and directors need to be confident that you are ‘safe’ to put in front of a client. Another reason that social skills are valued is that you will often work on small teams (3 or 4 people) and potentially work away with that team, meaning you not only work together but socialize together . Being easy to get on with makes everyone’s lives easier.​

To communicate EQ on your resume, include examples of working within a team successfully (sports teams included), volunteering work, extracurricular activities, and highlight any work experience that involved client-facing elements.

You are not expected to have loads of experience as a graduate applying for a consultancy job, but any relevant experience is taken into consideration. They hold value because they can display your motivation to pursue a career in consulting, the working environments you have been exposed to so far, and allow you to demonstrate your IQ and EQ.​

Of course, the most relevant experience you can have is a prior consulting internship , the majority of applicants, don’t have this experience, so what experience is valued?

Experience at big brands and investment banks is looked upon favorably by resume reviewers for a couple of reasons. One is that they have extensive application processes, so the reviewer can be confident that any candidates with experience at big brands and investment banks are probably going to be high achievers . Another reason is that, in these roles, applicants will have been exposed to similar tools to those required for the job, such as Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, etc.​

Increasingly, consultancies are looking favorably upon entrepreneurial activities and experiences. This is partly because industry incumbents (clients) are becoming increasingly aware of the threat of rapid changes in their industries due to smaller competitors, but also because this is a clear signal of favorable characteristics for consulting, such as work ethic and creative problem-solving skills.​

Whilst big firms and entrepreneurial efforts are beneficial, they do not carry as much value as your EQ and IQ. You also cannot control the names and experiences on your CV at this point, but you can control how you portray those experiences on the page. Use any components involved in the experience in which you can highlight your IQ and EQ clearly and concisely.

You may think that you can just use your regular CV as a consulting resume. If you do so, you will most likely fail the CV screening . Regular resumes are highly different from consulting resumes. They focus on the input, such as what you have done in a company, whereas consulting resumes focus on the output, i.e., what exactly you have achieved during your position in the particular company.

You will see that regular resumes are by far more vague than consulting resumes, which aim to be as specific as possible about achievements and outcomes. Besides, normal resumes allow creative formatting and are more flexible than consulting CVs, which follow standardized rules and rigid. Here are the most important differences between regular resumes and consulting resumes that you should keep in mind when creating yours:

The basic principle of a successful consulting resume is to understand what the recruiter is looking for. Once you have internalized this, it will be a lot easier for you to know how your resume has to look like and how to optimize it to perfection . Then you can create the foundation of your resume by gathering all the information needed and putting it together, following industry standards and our resume tips . This way, you avoid creating your resume blindfolded.

Consulting CV: Download CV Templates

Give yourself 30 minutes for this step during the creation of your consulting resume. Put yourself in the shoes of a recruiter at McKinsey: You are receiving about 200,000 applications per year and only have time to scan each for about 20 seconds . After only a few seconds, the recruiter will already have an opinion on your resume, and it is up to you to influence which impression the recruiter will get of you first.

You can help the recruiter with this scan by pointing out the most relevant skills as clearly as possible . In the following example, we have color-coded the areas of a resume to make clear the importance of the different sections during the scan:

• Red: The red sections are those that the recruiter will scan first.
• Yellow: The yellow sections will come right after the red.
• Green: The green sections are skimmed second to last.
• Blue: The blue sections are scanned last.

As you can see here, the names of your universities and companies as well as the key takeaways from the positions are what the recruiter looks for at first glance during the screening process. This is followed by the sub-bullets in the educational and professional experience sections, where it should be said that here again only the first sub-bullets get the most attention and those that follow less so. The leadership and personal part of your resume will be the last to be considered , but this does not mean that you should put less effort into them. As mentioned before: consulting resumes thrive for perfection from top to bottom!

When you start writing your consulting resume, it is essential to be familiar with the industry-standard guidelines. If you do not manage to follow these standardized guidelines, your application will end up directly in the bin . To avoid this, make sure you be aware of the following standards:

• Limit your resume to one page (except if you have some years of professional experience).
• Use a standard font , e.g. Times New Roman, Arial or Calibri
• Set the margins to between 8 mm and 16 mm.
• Make sure your name at the top is larger than the rest, bold and centered, with your contact information (email address, phone number) below that.
• Format the section headings to upper case, bold and underlined.
• Make use of “the rule of three” within the sections and mention three bullets per section.
• Do not include a photo – Although it is still standard to add one in some countries, the safer option is to not include one.

What the recruiter is looking for:

When screening your resume, the recruiter is looking for specific skills that are needed for good management consultants. This will convince them that you deserve to be taken into the next interview round.

What you can do:

Your skills should be outlined as accurately as possible . By doing so, you never lose focus on your goal to convince the recruiter to take your application to the next level. These are the most relevant skills needed in management consulting – make sure to point them out in your resume with concrete examples (To find out how, skip to How to Phrase Your Skills).

1. Entrepreneurial Spirit – You take the initiative in projects and have a strong personal drive.

• Have you started your own business?
• Are you sharing your expertise in a successful blog?
• Do you have any evidence of when you have put an idea into action?

Keywords: Researched and Developed, Project Managed, Devised, Supported, Implemented, Lead, Managed, Launched, Introduced

Example:  Developed and launched a gamified fitness-journey app with more than two million downloads in 2023.

2. Functional Expertise – You are comfortable with the business world and understand how it works on a functional level.

• Did you take part in a cooperative business project between industry and university?
• Have you gathered functional experience during an internship?
• Do you have work experience in a particular sector?

Keywords: Analyzed, Documented, Evaluated, Calculated, Designed, Presented, Produced, Recommended, Solved, Identified, Tested, Traced, Examined, Generated

Example:  Generated 3x user base growth by creating and managing digital marketing initiatives.

3. Teamwork – Consulting is a people’s business. You are prepared to manage relationships and work productively with your team members.

• Do you play any team sports?
• Have you been part of team projects at your university or other employers?
• Have you been volunteering?

Keywords: Advised, Cooperated, Participated, Networked, Tutored, Guided, Coached, Assisted, Trained, Instructed, Facilitated, Organized

Example:  Organized $3.5k fundraise to support children and families in need during a pandemic.

4. Problem-Solving – You are able to determine the source of a complex problem and find effective solutions to it.

• Have you found root causes and by that were able to solve a problem?
• Do you proactively address problems if you find any?
• Do you always strive to find alternative and efficient solutions to problems that you discovered before?

Keywords:  Analyzed, Assessed, Computed, Conducted, Created, Decreased, Defined, Designed, Developed, Evaluated, Improved, Identified, Organized, Minimized, Proved, Revised, Solved, Overcome

Example:  Identified a new market segment to increase revenue by 16%.

5. Analytical Skills – You have a high cognitive capacity and an analytical mindset.

• Have you created models from data?
• Do you have programming skills?
• Have you analyzed data before to draw a conclusion from it?

Keywords:  Analyzed, Audited, Assessed, Balanced, Maximized, Measured, Calculated, Built, Evaluated, Classified, Developed, Estimated, Performed, Quantified, Investigated, Rated, Forecasted

Example:  Built analytical model to forecast sign-up growth of a social media platform with an 80% accuracy rate.  

6. Leadership – You can take charge of project activities and do not fear to take the lead.

• Have you had any responsible position in a university club?
• Have you been responsible for a team at your previous job?
• Have you organized any events in the past?

Keywords:  Appointed, Challenged, Dealt with, Directed, Employed, Executed, Enforced, Led, Hired, Initiated, Managed, Motivated, Planned, Trained, Supervised

Example:  Recruited and managed a global team of 30+ across 8 countries.

7. Delivery of results – You can put your thoughts and ideas into action to generate effective outcomes.

• Are there any tangible outcomes of projects or tasks that you have completed in the past?
• Have you improved the efficiency of any processes at your university or previous jobs?
• Have you raised funds for a charity?

Keywords:  Delivered, Developed, Built, Established, Implemented, Realized, Achieved, Launched, Introduced, Minimized, Maximized, Modernized, Transformed, Restructured, Advanced, Enabled, Managed

Example:  Managed R&D testing of projects which led to one technology being implemented in a car series production

The recruiter who reads your resume will also look at which well-known companies you have already worked for, but also whether you have attended a prestigious university. Since top consulting firms receive tons of applications every year, they focus on filling the positions with high-performing applicants. Big brands and top universities are a shortcut for the consultancies because they assume that you must be a high achiever if you want to be accepted by such a top school or top employer. Of course, this is not all recruiters look for in your achievements. They will also scan the specific aspects you have achieved.

If you can put in university degrees from top universities and professional experience from top brands, that is great, you should definitely do that! Nevertheless, having prestigious brands on your resume will not automatically get you the job. Therefore, your consulting resume should be achievement oriented. Show the recruiter your particular achievements from each position you previously had. Ultimately, it will be these achievements that will make you stand out from the crowd and show recruiters that you have the key skills needed for the consulting industry.

If you want to learn how to phrase your achievements, please skip forward to the section “How to Phrase Your Achievements”.

It is important that the recruiter understands every word of your resume and that the language you use is understandable . The person screening your CV will probably have a background in psychology or business administration with a focus on human resources, so they might not necessarily understand it if you use very specific terminology or jargon – and they will most definitely not have the time to. Remember: 20 seconds screening!

Make sure to use language and terms that can be understood by anyone. Especially if you come from a technical background, it is important not to include technical jargon but to use words that the recruiter will understand directly. Keep in mind: If the recruiter does not understand what you are talking about, he or she will lose the attention on the CV.

The recruiter is looking for output and achievements that are relevant in the context of the respective company and management consulting in general.

As mentioned above, consulting resumes are specific and focus on output. With every point you mention in your consulting resume, reconsider twice if it is really relevant to what you want to say. Overall, you should only mention those details that are relevant in the context of management consulting. This way you provide a better overview for the recruiter.

One of the most frequently asked questions in the Consulting Q&A on PrepLounge is whether the candidate will pass the CV screening with a 3,X GPA from University Y. We can say: Whether you pass the screening or not depends on more than your grades. Officially, there is no GPA cut-off in the US or other countries . The recruiter will look at your GPA for sure, but will evaluate your resume on several dimensions.

If your GPA is above 3.5 , that’s great, mention it! Mentioning the GPA is not a must. If your GPA is lower than 3.5, you will have to compensate the points you lost here with other parts of your resume that come out stronger, like an extracurricular activity that enabled you to show off your leadership skills or entrepreneurial spirit.

Now that you know what the recruiter of a consulting company is looking for, it is time to lay the foundation of your resume. For this step, it is important to first gather all the information needed, like work certificates, university diplomas, honors, certifications of voluntary work. This will help you to phrase your skills and achievements within your resume.

In the following section, we will provide you with an overview of the most relevant skills needed in your consulting resume and examples on how to reinforce them with evidence. We also give you some different keywords and example sentences that you can use to help you get your point across and underline the skills that are relevant for your job in management consulting.

Your consulting resume should show off specific achievements and how you improved things in the company while you were there. In the following section, we will explain to you how to structure them.

The Structure of Your Achievements:

To make the first draft of your resume easier to write down later, we recommend you start by writing down a maximum of four achievements for your most recent positions and a maximum of two achievements for the oldest positions. Make sure to write down the action you took, and the result you achieved.

The following structure might help you structuring:

List Your Relevant Activities:

Create an overview of your academic and professional career, as well as other activities where you were able to achieve outstanding results that are meaningful for your career in consulting. This overview should consist of your functions as well as your main tasks , for example:

• Accounting Intern: Scheduled meetings with investors
• Summer Intern: Helped managers with the preparation of presentation
• Analyst: Created Excel models to forecast inventory

Go Into Detail:

After that, you should think about your tasks in a more detailed way and ask yourself what you really did during your job at the respective company. You can do so by adding a more detailed description of your tasks . Try to always connect your tasks to numbers as this is more meaningful than just a plain description with words, for example:

• Accounting Intern: Scheduled and coordinated bi-monthly meetings with five large investors
• Summer Intern: Supported three managers with market and competitor analysis for client presentations
• Analyst: Created Excel models to forecast inventory with an 80% accuracy rate

Add the Results:

The next step is the most important: the results you achieved . Focus on how you have been a benefit to the company and how your actions made a difference to the status quo of the company. You will be a real problem-solver as a management consultant and will be demanded to have a positive impact on your client’s company. This is why recruiters will take a close look at your achievements. In the following, we have put together a list of different key areas in which you could potentially have made an impact during your previous job positions :

• Accounting Intern: Scheduled and coordinated bi-monthly meetings with five large investors, resulting in a seven-digit investment by one major investor.
• Summer Intern: Supported three managers with market and competitor analysis for client presentations, leading to the realization of a new project with an increase of revenues by 12%.
• Analyst: Created Excel models to forecast inventory with an 80% accuracy rate that decreased costs by 20%.

After the first two steps, you have now everything you need to put together your first draft of your consulting resume. All you have to do is following the standard guidelines of a consulting resume, or alternatively download our template and fill in your content. Give yourself approximately two hours for this third step, and tailor each section of your CV according to the following :

Depending on how much work experience you have , the order of your consulting resume sections will differ:

• If you have  less than two years of work experience, you should put your education first, followed by your work experience.
• If you are an experienced hire and can present more than two years of professional experience, it will be vice versa, so the education section will follow your work experience.

Let’s imagine the first scenario is the case for you:

If you have recently graduated, education will probably make up the largest part of your life. Nevertheless, you should not excessively focus on your education in your consulting resume. After all, you should only demonstrate information that is relevant to the work as a management consultant. This also applies to the educational qualifications you had before you entered a university. Only include it if they are either exceptionally good or if the employer asks for it.

However, as much as you should try to include only the relevant information, it is still important not to leave any gaps that could raise questions about your education history. For example, if you had a gap year between your bachelor's and master's, list it. Ideally, you can even add something that will add value to the resume. Here is a list of items you should include in the education section of your consulting resume:

• University Name, city, country, and timeframe
• The name of your degree and if required your qualification
• Courses relevant to the consulting career
• Exchange semesters
• Scholarships

This is how your education section could look like in your resume:

By now, you should know that your work experience is the most important section in your resume. Within this section, you should demonstrate your skill set in two to five achievement-oriented bullet points . Make sure to show that you can for example work independently and that you have been exposed to top-level management.

And don't panic if you feel you cannot mention game-changing results, yet. Most employers know that entry-level employees or graduates do not immediately change the world when they make their first professional experiences. Again, we provide you with a list of components you should not miss in your employment section :

• Your job title, the company name, city, and country
• Time period: If you have more than two years of work experience, you would only list your experience in years. Shorter experiences, for example internships, are listed with the abbreviated month and year dates. Make sure to be consistent here.
• Achievement-oriented bullet points: In step two, you should have listed your achievements. Now you can use these and list them here. Try to come up with a mix of competencies and skills required for the job you are applying to.

This is how your work experience could look like in your resume:

Impressive leadership experience and other extracurricular activities like volunteering allow you to stand out from the crowd. Especially if you do not have as much professional experience to fill the whole page, you can make use of this section to shine bright with extracurriculars that are related to management consulting or showcase your leadership abilities. Here are components you should not miss within this section:

• The name of the organization, business or consulting club, city, and country
• Time period: Follow the same rules as in the section of your professional experience
• Achievements: Just like in any other section, make sure to highlight the things you have achieved or how this activity positively contributes to your CV.

This is how this section could look like in your resume:

Your IT skills include all relevant programs or software you are familiar with, most importantly the Microsoft Office package (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.). On top of that, you can mention other data analytics programs or programming skills you may know. You do not need to go into any detail, just list the programs and your level of expertise.

As an international job, speaking several languages can come in handy. The listing of your spoken languages should follow a strict order: Start with your mother tongue and English after that if it is not your mother tongue. After this, you should list the languages you speak, that are relevant for the location you are applying to. Other languages you speak should be then listed at the end of the list. For each language, you should also state your level of proficiency: native, fluent, business, or basic. These levels should not be replaced by certificates you obtained years ago, as they do not reflect the current language skills and can already be outdated. However, if you insist on adding your certificates to your CV, do so in addition to your language level.

Lastly, your personal interests can find space in this section. Do not overlook this part as it is still an important piece of your resume! Put in things that you are passionate about, and even try to show your result-oriented nature. Did you run a marathon with great timing? That is definitely something to put into!  You might be lucky and have someone reviewing your resume with similar interests. This could have a positive effect on your application.

Do not skip this step! Editing your resume at the end is the most important part of creating your consulting CV . In this step, you want to make sure that you did everything you can, so your resume will pass the screening process. At this point, it should be as good as it can be!

It is easy to compromise on minor details or make mistakes when you work on a document for so long, and especially when it involves blowing your own trumpet. Asking as many people as possible for feedback on your resume provides you with fresh eyes and opinions from people that know you and therefore can make a judgment as to how well it reflects your achievements . They are likely to provide feedback that will elevate your resume higher. Be careful not to make all feedback changes as it is likely to result in a mess, only implement what you consider to be positively impactful .​

Multiple eyes will also multiply your proofreading efforts. Any mistakes will be viewed very negatively, as attention to detail is important for consultants, so you need to be absolutely sure there are no mistakes when you submit your resume.

Once you feel like your resume is ready to be submitted, make sure to send it as a PDF file and double-check the file name. Here you should include your first and last name as well as the name of the company you are applying for.

Are you worried that your resume may not pass the CV screening? Download our consulting resume templates for free to spruce up your consulting application right now.  You can save it as a Word document  and simply fill in your data. It’s that easy!

Congratulations! If you have followed our step-by-step guide, you should have the perfect consulting resume lying in front of you. We wish you good luck with your application! To continue your successful journey, your next step will be to start with your case interview preparation as soon as possible.

On PrepLounge, you will find everything you need to be fully prepared for your case interview . The vast PrepLounge community makes it easy to find case partners to practice cases with who have the same ambition to become an experienced case-solver like you! Besides the like-minded case partners, you can also make use of case coaches who can train you to perfection. Apart from the most active case partner community, PrepLounge also provides a vast collection of online resources , such as our extensive case library that offers more than 180 cases that you can interactively practice with your case partner in our built-in platform meeting room.

All of these perks are accessible for PrepLounge members. We support you all the way through, starting with the writing of your resume over to the case interview preparation up until your contract negotiations. If you have more questions about writing a consulting resume, your case interview, or any other topic related to consulting, we invite you to leave a question within our Consulting Q&A or browse through other Q&A threads that answer questions related to cover letters and CVs. Join the world’s largest case interview community and set off on the journey into management consulting!

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10 Consulting Resume Templates/Examples to Use in 2024

Praburam Srinivasan

Growth Marketing Manager

July 20, 2024

As a consultant, your resume needs to do more than list your experience—it must highlight your expertise and impact.

You have immense skills and expertise, but how do you distill all that into one standout document?

Crafting a standout consulting resume is more than a task—it’s your gateway to nailing the consulting interview and advancing in the recruiting process.

Whether you’re a seasoned consultant or just starting, our expert guide on resume writing will help you nail your consulting career presentation.

Let’s get into it then.

What Makes a Good Resume Template/Examples Template?

1. management consultant resume by beam jobs, 2. technology consulting resume example by teal, 3. consulting internship resume template by resume genius, 4. consultant resume example by novo resume, 5. consulting resume example by mckinsey, 6. it consultant resume template by resume worded, 7. marketing consultant resume template by resume worded, 8. leasing consultant resume example by zety, 9. senior consultant resume template by resume builder, 10. financial consultant resume template by resume target, other technical tools, master your consulting resume.

When writing a resume for consulting roles, you need a layout that aligns perfectly with the recruiting process of top consulting firms. A good resume or career map template should effectively organize and highlight your professional achievements.

You need a layout that puts your skills and achievements front and center—here’s what to consider:

• Prioritize a clear structure: Ensure your resume flows logically, showing your career map clearly. Recruiters should grasp your background and trajectory at first glance
• Emphasize readability: Choose a simple and uncluttered design to enhance readability. Clean layouts with ample white space prevent your resume from appearing overloaded, making critical information easily accessible and engaging to read
• Customize for flexibility: Select a template that allows section adjustments to highlight your strongest attributes. This adaptability ensures your resume aligns directly with the job requirements
• Maintain professionalism: Opt for a design that reflects professionalism. Avoid overly decorative elements and stick to a sophisticated, business-like format that communicates seriousness and competence, suitable for high-level professional environments
• Ensure ATS compatibility: Format your resume to pass through Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) effectively. Proper formatting and including relevant keywords are crucial to getting through these systems
• Focus on achievements: Select consulting templates that give room to showcase specific results and numbers. Show what you’ve accomplished, not just what you’ve done
• Incorporate a summary section: Begin your resume with a concise summary. Highlight your expertise and key strengths in a few compelling lines tailored to appeal to the needs of the consulting roles you are targeting

10 Consulting Resume Templates

When creating the ideal consulting resume, your chosen template can significantly impact how your consulting skills and experience are perceived. Here are ten consulting resume templates offering professional polish and strategic layouts to help you stand out in a competitive field.

This is the perfect Management Consulting Resume template tailor-made for those aiming to showcase their managerial and leadership skills, especially for roles at top management consulting firms.

This template is designed to meet the distinct needs of management consulting resumes and employs a reverse-chronological format, which is the gold standard for a reason. It places your most recent and significant roles at the top, ensuring that recruiters from management consulting firms see your most pertinent experience first.

Why does this layout do the job so well?

Because it lays out your career path, showing where you’ve been and climbed the ladder, recruiters can quickly see how your past gigs align with the job you’re after now.

Key features

• Highlight your latest roles to demonstrate current expertise and relevance within the industry
• Delineate your career path to show promotions and key achievements that signify your professional growth
• Include optional sections for showcasing work habits and consultancy certifications that enhance your profile
• Arrange your experience and skills in a clean layout that allows quick comprehension of your career trajectory

Ideal use case

This template is ideal for experienced management consultants who want to showcase a progressive career in a straightforward and impactful manner. It makes it easy for recruiters to assess suitability for senior consulting roles.

If you’re a technology consultant looking to make your resume as dynamic as your career—Technology Consulting Resume Example by Teal is what you need. It highlights a consultant’s track record in enhancing system performance and client satisfaction. It emphasizes the consultant’s analytical skills, optimizes technology infrastructures, manages complex IT projects, and develops innovative solutions.

• Showcase expertise in technology infrastructure analysis and upgrades
• Add detailed project management skills, including the completion of complex IT projects
• Highlight the development of security policies and cost-effective strategies
• Demonstrate ability to maintain strong client relationships and effective technology training

It is ideal for experienced technology consultants seeking to demonstrate a well-rounded skill set and a commitment to delivering significant improvements in technology environments and client outcomes.

The Consulting Internship Resume Template by Resume Genius is crafted to help college students or recent graduates showcase their potential in the consulting firm. It emphasizes educational achievements, relevant courses, and practical experience, such as school projects or brief internships, to compensate for limited job experience.

• Highlight educational achievements and relevant coursework prominently
• Include any internship experience to demonstrate practical exposure
• Focus on hands-on experience and familiarity with consulting fundamentals
• Tailor content to reflect potential and readiness for a consulting career

It is ideal for students or recent graduates seeking consulting internships who need to leverage their educational background and practical experience to secure their first steps in a consulting career.

The Consultant Resume Example by Novo Resume is designed for professionals aiming to present their consulting credentials in a polished and structured format. This template emphasizes clarity in information segmentation, making qualifications easily visible to recruiters.

• Segment information clearly for easy readability and quick impact
• Start with a strong header including contact details and social media links
• Detail professional experience with emphasis on roles and significant achievements
• Showcase key competencies in business intelligence and analytical tools
• Include awards and certifications to highlight recognized expertise

This template is designed for experienced consultants who want to display their expertise and achievements professionally and succinctly to attract attention from top-tier consulting firms.

The McKinsey Resume Example Template is ideal if you’re targeting top-tier consulting firms. Its professional and streamlined layout ensures that your resume will stand out. Thanks to its clear, logical structure, you can effortlessly navigate through the sections. This design is sleek, focused, and free of extraneous details, flawlessly suited to meet the high standards of the consulting industry.

• Maintain a professional header with essential contact information and links
• Highlight significant achievements and skills using bullet points in the professional experience section
• Utilize a sleek, focused design that eliminates unnecessary details

This template is ideal for professionals aspiring to join elite consulting firms who must present their skills and experiences comprehensively and concisely.

The IT Consultant Resume Template is meticulously crafted to showcase your technical expertise clearly and professionally. This template facilitates an organized display of your work history and educational background, allowing for a seamless narrative of your professional development. It suits IT professionals eager to demonstrate how they have effectively transformed client requirements into robust tech solutions.

• List key technical skills upfront to showcase capabilities immediately
• Organize work history and educational background to narrate professional development effectively
• Focus on clarity and professional presentation of technical qualifications
• Demonstrate the transformation of client requirements into technical solutions

It is excellent for IT consultants who must outline their technical skills and professional journey in a structured format.

The Marketing Consultant Resume Template by Resume Worded is designed to underscore marketing achievements and expertise. It organizes work experience chronologically, emphasizing projects and their results, and is crafted to display your proficiency in leveraging marketing data.

• Emphasize the ability to analyze and implement actionable marketing strategies
• Write your work experience chronologically to highlight career progression
• Showcase familiarity with the latest marketing technologies

The template is ideal for marketing professionals aiming to demonstrate their expertise and success in driving marketing strategies.

The Leasing Consultant Resume Sample by Zety is tailored to emphasize top skills in real estate leasing, focusing on achievements and the impactful results you have driven. It begins with a compelling objective showcasing your experience and customer service commitment.

• Start with a compelling objective to highlight experience and customer service commitment
• Detail ability to surpass targets and ensure resident satisfaction
• Present work experience with a focus on responsibilities and standout achievements
• Include personal interests to showcase a well-rounded personality

It is perfect for real estate professionals who must highlight their leasing expertise and achievements in customer service and target surpassing.

The Senior Consultant Resume Template from Resume Builder is crafted for experienced professionals who wish to present themselves as impactful and high-level experts. It starts with a concise summary that captures your strengths, followed by a detailed list of job experiences emphasizing significant contributions.

• Begin with a concise summary that underscores the primary strengths
• Organize job experience to highlight significant achievements and contributions
• Structure the resume to showcase a history of impactful results
• Tailor the format to appeal to high-level professional settings

This template is ideal for experienced consultants who aim to demonstrate their high-level expertise and the significant impacts of their professional contributions. It is also suitable for advancing to senior roles.

The Financial Consultant Resume Template from Resume Target emphasizes your proficiency in numerical analysis, data interpretation, and strategic solution development. It effectively highlights core strengths and knowledge at the top, immediately drawing attention to essential skills like finance, accounting, and strategic planning.

Key Features

• Highlight proficiency in finance, accounting, and strategic planning at the beginning
• Allow for detailed descriptions of roles focusing on financial responsibilities and achievements
• Include negotiation skills and precise financial record management in the experience section
• Feature volunteer experience to demonstrate practical application of financial skills and personal integrity

Ideal Use Case

It is helpful for financial professionals to highlight their expertise and successes in financial consulting.

Having explored the top 10 consulting resume templates, it’s also beneficial to consider other technical tools that can assist in creating and refining your consulting resume. These tools go beyond basic templates, offering customization, real-time collaboration, and enhanced editing capabilities to ensure your resume stands out in the competitive consulting field. One such tool is ClickUp. 

ClickUp is an all-in-one platform that can streamline virtually every aspect of your job search. Designed to handle complex projects and simple tasks alike, it offers a versatile and customizable setup to fit your unique job-hunting needs.

Here’s why incorporating tools like ClickUp can be a game-changer for your resume development:

Powerful communication & collaboration with ClickUp Docs

ClickUp Docs allows you to create and edit your dynamic resume and cover letter. With ClickUp Docs, you can maintain a living document that evolves with your career.

Update your experience, tailor content for specific job applications, and organize all your job search documents in one accessible place. This ensures your materials are always up-to-date and ready to impress potential employers.

Advanced AI capabilities with ClickUp Brain

Enhance your job search with ClickUp’s Brain , integrated within ClickUp Docs. This AI assistant suggests improvements and helps craft compelling content for resumes and cover letters.

ClickUp AI analyzes your text for clarity and impact, offering real-time suggestions that enhance your documents. It is beneficial for:

• Tailoring your resume to match specific job descriptions
• Creating templates and customizing them as needed
• Making it ATS-friendly
• Ensuring that your application stands out
• Conducting a quick grammatical check

Fully customizable & pre-built ClickUp Templates 

ClickUp Templates offers a versatile range of ready-to-use solutions to streamline workflows and boost productivity across various industries. Whether managing a complex project or organizing daily tasks, these templates are fully customizable to meet your needs. Here’s a look at some of the templates available:

1. ClickUp Job Search Template

ClickUp Job Search Template is designed to track every aspect of the application process. Easily monitor job openings, manage application deadlines, and keep tabs on company ratings—all in one place.

Here’s how the template can help you:

• Organize tasks and milestones for clear project timelines
• Assign team members to specific tasks for accountability
• Use Gantt charts for setting and visualizing deadlines
• Monitor progress with customized dashboards to keep projects on track
• Enhance team collaboration by keeping everyone on the same page

2. ClickUp’s Consultant Time Tracking Template

ClickUp’s Consultant Time Tracking Template streamlines the management of time-based compensation, making it essential for firms where accurate payroll and project billing are critical. This fully customizable template provides a straightforward way to log hours, manage payments, and track consultant productivity.

• Log hours worked with ease to ensure accurate pay
• Customize fields and statuses to fit your workflow
• Manage and track payables efficiently
• Maintain detailed records for financial transparency
• Keep all consultant activity and payments in one place for easy access

3. ClickUp’s Consulting Services Template

ClickUp’s Consulting Services Template is designed to supercharge the operations of consulting or professional services teams. This comprehensive, ready-to-use template addresses the complexities of managing a consulting business, facilitating superior client service and seamless team collaboration.

• Centralize client interactions and project details
• Tailor workflows for various project stages
• Manage multiple client projects simultaneously without losing track
• Support pre-sale and ongoing client engagements effectively
• Enhance team collaboration and streamline communication

4. ClickUp’s Consulting Project Plan Template 

ClickUp’s Consulting Project Plan Template is designed to streamline the complexities of managing consulting projects. This advanced, fully customizable template provides everything you need to plan, execute, and track a consulting project from start to finish.

• Structure your project with clear, defined tasks and milestones
• Assign and manage team roles for effective accountability
• Set and track deadlines using integrated Gantt charts
• Utilize dashboards to monitor ongoing progress and adjustments
• Facilitate communication and collaboration between all stakeholders

Whether you’re beginning your career in the consulting industry or looking to change your consulting job, crafting a standout consulting resume is crucial. It requires more than just listing your experiences.

It demands strategic formatting and careful presentation of your skills and achievements.

Consider using ClickUp for a seamless approach to managing your job applications and enhancing your resume. Its versatile tools can significantly streamline your process. Use ClickUp to keep your job search organized and make your application stand out.

Ready to elevate your consulting resume and land outstanding projects?

Try ClickUp today and transform your approach to securing your next consulting role!

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Group Registration of Updates to a News Website

A Rule by the Copyright Office, Library of Congress on 07/22/2024

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Supplementary information:, i. background, ii. final rule, a. eligibility requirements, 1. works that may be included in the group, i. constitutional challenge, ii. news website limitation, iii. website limitation, 2. scope of collective work, 3. one-month limitation, 4. authorship, ownership, and work made for hire requirements, 5. subjects of inquiry, i. permitted additional title information, ii. permitted archived urls, b. filing fee, c. deposit requirements, 1. “home page” requirement, i. timing of deposit capture, ii. “complete copy”, 2. site maps, 3. additional deposit suggestions, 4. other comments, e. application requirements, f. conclusion, list of subjects, 37 cfr part 201, 37 cfr part 202, final regulations, part 201—general provisions, part 202—preregistration and registration of claims to copyright, enhanced content - submit public comment.

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Final rule.

The U.S. Copyright Office is creating a new group registration for frequently updated news websites. This option will enable online news publishers to register a group of updates to a news website as a collective work with a deposit composed of identifying material representing sufficient portions of the work, rather than the complete contents of the website. The final rule is nearly identical to the provisions set forth in the January 2024 notice of proposed rulemaking, with one modification in response to public comments and one to reflect a technical change in the process for submitting these claims.

Effective July 22, 2024.

Rhea Efthimiadis, Assistant to the General Counsel, by email at [email protected] or by telephone at 202-707-8350.

The Copyright Act authorizes the Register of Copyrights to specify by regulation the administrative classes of works for the purpose of registration and the deposit required for each class. [ 1 ] In addition, Congress gave the Register the discretion to allow registration of groups of related works with one application and one filing fee. [ 2 ] This procedure is known as “group registration.”  [ 3 ] Pursuant to this authority, the Register has issued several regulations permitting group registrations for certain types of works, including newspapers, newsletters and serials, unpublished works, unpublished and published photographs, contributions to periodicals, secure test items, works on an album of music, short online literary works, and database updates. [ 4 ]

This rulemaking expands the available group registration options because of several factors specifically impacting news websites. Along with receiving requests from online publishers, the Office observed the increase in news content offered online and the dynamic nature of such material. [ 5 ] It also reviewed stakeholder comments in prior proceedings that discussed the challenges associated with registering online news content, including those submitted in response to its 2022 Copyright Protections for Press Publishers report. [ 6 ] Finally, the Office acknowledged the deposit challenges associated with websites, particularly news websites, in its 2011 publication titled Priorities and Special Projects of the United States Copyright Office (October 2011-October 2013) . [ 7 ]

On January 3, 2024, the Office published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) to establish a new group registration option for frequently updated news websites. [ 8 ] The proposed rule would allow an applicant to register a news website as a collective work (including any individual component works it fully owns, such as literary works, photographs, and/or graphics)  [ 9 ] with a deposit composed of identifying material, rather than the complete contents of the website. The proposed rule would also allow registration of the news website and any updates published within one calendar month, if the deposit evidences a sufficiently creative selection, coordination, or arrangement within each collective work to constitute a copyrightable compilation. [ 10 ] Each Start Printed Page 58992 collective work must have been created as a work made for hire, with the same person or entity named as both the author and copyright claimant. The proposed rule stated that applicants would be required to submit their claims through the online copyright registration system, using the application currently in use for a group of newspaper issues. [ 11 ]

The Office received twenty comments in response to the NPRM. [ 12 ] All but one  [ 13 ] supported the Office's proposal to create the new group registration option, though the majority requested various modifications. Two commenters, however, expressly conditioned their support on substantive changes to the rule, which would substantially change its scope. [ 14 ] In general, commenters were interested in expanding eligibility for this option to a greater number of works and changing the deposit requirement. Proposals included revising the definition of “news website,” removing the work made for hire and author/claimant requirements, increasing the time limitation for updates to the news website, clarifying the “home page” deposit requirement, and asking the Office to confirm the scope of remedies for copyright infringement of a collective work. [ 15 ] Finally, one commenter encouraged the Office to “identify opportunities for improvement” and to remain “adaptive to technological changes.”  [ 16 ]

Having reviewed and carefully considered each of the comments, the Office now issues a final rule that is nearly identical to the proposed rule, with one modification reflecting concerns raised by some commenters regarding the “home page” deposit requirement and one modification concerning the application form for this option. These modifications are discussed in more detail below. With respect to requests that we received to expand the scope of the rule, the Office will closely monitor how the new group option performs, including the number and complexity of the claims submitted, the amount of time needed to examine these claims, and the modest filing fee for this option. The Office remains open to revisiting these issues in the future based on this rule's performance.

In the NPRM, the Office proposed to limit this group registration option to updates to a “news website,” defined as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.” As described in the NPRM, the proposed rule stems from the rapid development and predominance of news websites over print newspapers, [ 17 ] and requests from news publishers for a feasible way to register “newspaper websites” that are “updated frequently.”  [ 18 ] Thus, the proposed rule is an extension of the existing group newspaper option that has been available for decades. [ 19 ] Consistent with the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, the proposed rule defines a “website” as “a web page or set of interconnected web pages that are accessed using a uniform resource locator (“URL”) organized under a particular domain name.” A number of commenters encouraged the Office to expand the type of works eligible under the rule and recommended revisions to both definitions.

Before turning to the requests to expand the rule, the Office addresses the argument made by a small number of commenters that the proposed group registration option would violate the First Amendment by limiting the option to a particular type of work. In a joint comment, NWU, NPPA, and NASW stated that restricting the option to “news” websites constitutes “[c]ontent-based discrimination,” which they considered “[c]onstitutionally suspect and subject to strict scrutiny” that the rule “cannot meet.”  [ 20 ] In support of this argument, they cited Arkansas Writers Project v. Ragland, 481 U.S. 221 (1987), which reviewed a state sales tax scheme that taxed general interest magazines, but exempted newspapers and religious, professional trade, and sports journals. Because Arkansas “advanced no compelling justification for selective, content-based taxation of certain magazines,” the Supreme Court held the tax scheme invalid under the First Amendment. [ 21 ] Analogizing the tax scheme in Arkansas Writers Project to the proposed registration option, NWU, NPPA, and NASW argued that the exclusion of any web content that does not meet the “news website” definition is unconstitutional. [ 22 ]

Aligned with NWU, NPPA, and NASW, another commenter, Gordon Firemark, contended that, by limiting the group option to updates to news websites, the proposed rule “excludes other types of content from [its] benefits” and denies content creators “relief from the burdens of the current system.”  [ 23 ] He argued that recent Supreme Court precedent concerning trademark registration requires a content-neutral approach. [ 24 ]

The Office disagrees with these arguments. It is correct that the Supreme Court has held that content-based laws—laws restricting or compelling Start Printed Page 58993 speech based on its communicative content—are presumptively unconstitutional, [ 25 ] and subject to strict scrutiny, under which the government must show that the law is the “least restrictive means” of advancing a “compelling” governmental interest. [ 26 ] A regulation can be content-based “on its face,” if its text applies to speech based on the subject matter, topic, or viewpoint of that speech. It can also be content-based if it has a discriminatory purpose that “cannot be justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech” or was “adopted by the government because of disagreement with the message” conveyed. [ 27 ] However, a regulation that places “a differential burden on speakers is insufficient by itself to raise First Amendment concerns.”  [ 28 ] The tax scheme in Arkansas Writers Project was found to violate these principles by being directed at particular subjects, thus targeting a small group within the press. [ 29 ] That is not the case here.

The Office's proposed group registration option is not analogous to the unconstitutional tax statute in Arkansas Writers Project for multiple reasons. First, the option does not restrict or compel speech based on its communicative content. Nor does it favor or disfavor particular topics or subjects, or exclude a small group of the press. [ 30 ] Instead the option is available for updates to news websites that contain a broad range of topics regardless of the content of the speech involved.

Second, the registration option is viewpoint neutral and operates not as a restriction on speech, but as a condition for qualifying for one of many options available to register copyrights, including online websites and other publications. The Standard Application is available to any type of author for any type of work within the statutory categories. [ 31 ] Group registration options are discretionary accommodations offered by the Office in a number of areas. Currently, the Office administers ten group options covering unpublished works, short online literary works, works on an album of music, serials, newspapers, newsletters, contributions to periodicals, published and unpublished photographs, automated databases, and secure test items. [ 32 ] For online publications, group serials and group newsletters are other registration options for publications that fall outside of the “newspaper” or “news website” definitions.

The Supreme Court's recent ruling in a case involving trademark regulations supports the Office's view. There the Court reviewed a rule of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) barring the registration of trademarks that use the names of particular living individuals without their written consent. [ 33 ] The Court held that this bar, though content-based, is viewpoint neutral and does not violate the First Amendment. [ 34 ] The Court noted that while its precedents “distinguish between content-based and content-neutral regulations of speech,”  [ 35 ] they further distinguish “a particularly `egregious form of content discrimination'—viewpoint discrimination,” which targets not merely a subject matter, “but particular views taken by speakers on a subject.”  [ 36 ] The Court identified “[s]everal features of trademark [law]” that “counsel against a per se rule of applying heightened scrutiny to viewpoint-neutral, but content-based trademark regulations.” Most notably, it found that “trademark rights have always coexisted with the First Amendment, despite the fact that trademark protection necessarily requires content-based distinctions.”  [ 37 ] Accordingly, the Court held that USPTO's “content-based, but viewpoint-neutral, trademark restriction [ ] is compatible with the First Amendment.”  [ 38 ]

Similarly, copyright registration, and the broad administrative classification authority Congress granted to the Register, necessarily requires content-based distinctions. Indeed, since its passage in 1976, the Copyright Act has authorized the Register “to specify by regulation the administrative classes into which works are to be placed for purposes of deposit and registration” and to permit “ for particular classes, the deposit of identifying material instead of copies or phonorecords, the deposit of only one copy or phonorecord where two would normally be required, or a single registration for a group of related works.”  [ 39 ] Like the USPTO's name bar, these administrative distinctions are not based on the particular views taken by authors and have always coexisted with the First Amendment. The addition of an administrative classification for this new group registration option, which adopts near-identical criteria for determining “news” content to that of the existing group option for newspapers, is “a matter of policy and discretion”  [ 40 ] fully compatible with the First Amendment.

Further, unlike the viewpoint-based trademark provisions held unconstitutional for barring registration of scandalous or disparaging marks, [ 41 ] the Office's viewpoint-neutral administrative classification does not bar registration for non-news content or websites. Quite the opposite: to increase participation in the registration system, the Office has created several group options for the registration of works that are published online. [ 42 ] The Standard Application also remains available to any type of author for any type of work within the statutory categories. This rule does not prevent anyone's ability to register non-news works.

Multiple commenters urged the Office to expand the rule's definition of “news website” by removing the condition that the website must contain news on all subjects and activities. [ 43 ] In encouraging Start Printed Page 58994 the Office “not to exclude . . . specialized websites,” the ABA-IPL noted that the “proposed rule may provide especially meaningful benefit to smaller news websites—including those that focus on certain `specific subject matter.' ”  [ 44 ] HBP argued that “websites, like HBR.org, that focus on a particular area of news . . . still face the same registration problems afflicting all news websites.”  [ 45 ] The Authors Guild also expressed concern that the rule would exclude more specialized news publications, such as those that focus on political news. It argued that “these publications clearly qualify as news websites under any ordinary understanding of that term.”  [ 46 ] Relatedly, commenters claimed that content restrictions “put[ ] examiners in an untenable position of deciding what is or is not `news.' ”  [ 47 ] Finally, four commenters asked the Office to abandon the “news website” definition and extend the group option “to any periodically-produced content distributed through the internet.”  [ 48 ]

After considering this request and in the interest of implementing this final rule as quickly as possible, the Office declines to revise the definition at this time. As an extension of the newspaper group option, the “news website” definition is modeled on the Office's longstanding regulation defining a “newspaper” as a publication that is “mainly designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope,” that “contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.”  [ 49 ] This definition is very broad and it is intended to “make any newspaper eligible for a group registration.”  [ 50 ] It is also intended to distinguish a “newspaper” from a “newsletter,” which is defined elsewhere in the regulations as a publication that contains “news or information that is chiefly of interest to a special group, such as trade and professional associations, colleges, schools, or churches.”  [ 51 ]

Under this definition, newspapers are aimed at any member of the general public who may be interested in newsworthy information or events that are reported on a given day. [ 52 ] By applying a similar definition to websites, the final rule recognizes that “news websites” are also intended to have universal appeal.

This definition would encompass news websites that cover current events and provide information on diverse topics, including some political websites like those identified in the Authors Guild's comment. [ 53 ] Although these sites focus primarily on issues involving politics and events with political implications, they do not limit their coverage to a particular subject matter nor are they directed at narrow or discrete groups of readers. [ 54 ]

The Office also disagrees with commenters that the “news website” eligibility requirement places a burden on examiners. Indeed, the definitions for “news website” and “newspaper” are similar, in part, to enable consistent application of both rules. Examiners are accustomed to assessing eligibility based on this definition.

However, if the definition proves too rigid or unworkable, the Office is willing to revisit this issue based on its experience in administering this rule. Importantly, however, this new group option is not intended to extend to the websites of all serials or newsletters, which in print or ePrint form have the benefit of separate group registration options. [ 55 ]

The Office received requests to expand the rule beyond websites. Commenters recommended that the proposed rule be amended to include mobile applications (“apps”) in the definition of “website.”  [ 56 ] They argued that “[m]any news publishers encourage users to access content on an app rather than a website.”  [ 57 ]

The Office declines to amend the definition. It considers an app to be “a computer program that is used directly or indirectly in a computer or handheld electronic device.”  [ 58 ] The Office has a procedure for registering the underlying code that operates the app. [ 59 ] To the extent that news publishers seek to register the works published on the app, a registration for a newspaper or a news website would protect those works if they contain the same content.

AIPLA encouraged the Office to revise the definition of “website” to clarify that a website is not limited to content accessed using a single domain name. [ 60 ] It explained that “web pages are composed of various elements, like text, images, and videos” that “might be hosted on a different server than the one hosting the main web page for reasons such as efficiency, speed, and cost.”  [ 61 ] The Office appreciates this distinction but declines to revise the definition. To qualify for this option, each collective work in the group must be published under one particular domain name. For registration purposes, the Office does not assess eligibility based on where component digital works may be stored. The Office believes the “particular web page” requirement is necessary to prevent applicants from using the option to register collective works published under different domain names on the same application, which would make it difficult to identify the website that is covered by the registration. Therefore, the final rule retains the definition proposed in the NPRM.

The proposed rule provides that claims registered under this option will be limited to the collective work authorship based on the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of the individual component works, and that all parts of the collective work will constitute one work for purposes of 17 U.S.C. 504(c)(1) . [ 62 ] Additionally, the Start Printed Page 58995 Office made clear that the registration will also cover the individual contributions contained within the collective work if they are fully owned by the copyright claimant and were first published in that work.

NPR asked the Office to confirm that “the scope of the collective work will explicitly include all copyrightable contributions made by the claimant, not just textual works.”  [ 63 ] As noted above, a “news website” is defined as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information.”  [ 64 ] If the collective work contains individual contributions that are fully owned by the copyright claimant and were first published in the work, then the registration will cover those contributions, so long as they are copyrightable subject matter. However, a component work “that is perceptible to the user only by downloading or separately purchasing that particular work is not considered part of the website for registration purposes and must be registered separately.”  [ 65 ] Additionally, any “externally linked content [ i.e., content residing on another website] is not considered part of the website's content for registration purposes.”  [ 66 ]

HBP recommended that the Office permit applicants to disclaim content that is licensed and not owned by the applicant. As with group newspapers, the Office does not see the need for a limitation of claim for news websites, because the proposed rule expressly states that “[e]ach update to the website must be [an original] collective work.” A registration issued by the Office pursuant to this rule will only cover the new contributions owned by the copyright claimant. Consistent with any collective work registration, any articles, photos, or other contributions included in the collective work that were previously published, previously registered, owned by another party, or in the public domain are automatically excluded from the claim. As a practical matter, therefore, a disclaimer to expressly exclude material in the application is unnecessary.

Port. Prerogative Club asked the Office to “[c]larify whether updates to numerical information, such as prices, volumes, retweets, or other metrics, qualify as registrable under the rule, and whether the Office has changed its policy on the registrability of short phrases and headlines.” The Office states that its longstanding regulation denying protection for words and short phrases has not changed. [ 67 ] Regarding “prices, volumes, retweets, or other metrics,” it is unclear whether the commenter is referring to individual works of authorship, or whether these items appear in a compilation. Individual numbers and short phrases are not copyrightable. However, a copyrightable compilation of these items may be registrable.

The proposed rule permits an applicant to include updates published on the same website within the same calendar month. Three commenters urged the Office to remove the limitation, arguing that it is too “onerous.”  [ 68 ] NPR recommended that the Office allow for the option to cover “three months, or six months, or a calendar year” to “reduce registration costs.”  [ 69 ] Noting that “attorneys' fees and statutory damages can be awarded as long as copyright is registered within three months of first publication,” NWU, NPPA, and NASW requested that the rule be amended to allow registration of updates published “during any specified three-month period.”  [ 70 ]

At this time, given administrative capabilities, the Office cannot expand the option to cover more than one month of updates. As the NPRM explained, to deliver the option promptly, and to minimize development time, the Office is adapting the existing group application for newspapers, which is used to register up to one month of newspaper issues and contains technical validations that prevent applicants from entering publication dates that are more than one month apart. Changing the limit would require additional modifications to the application and delay implementation of the final rule. Further, the Office seeks an appropriate balance between the interests of copyright owners and the administrative burden to the Office. Based on the modest fee set for this option, some limit on the number of works included in each claim is necessary. The Office will reassess whether the limit can be increased after it has gained sufficient experience administering the rule.

Under the proposed rule, to be eligible for the option, each collective work in the group must have been created as a work made for hire, with the same person or entity named as the author and copyright claimant. Multiple commenters questioned this requirement. [ 71 ] The Authors Guild argued that the work made for hire requirement “arbitrarily and unfairly confines the benefit of the rule to corporate entities even where other creators are producing substantially the same type of content.”  [ 72 ] While they recognized that this requirement reflects practical and technical limitations, NMA and AIPLA noted that “there does not seem to be a fundamental reason for such a limitation in principle, and in many business cases, the work may be fully owned by the publisher, or obtained via assignment or operation of law.”  [ 73 ]

The Office acknowledges that the work made for hire requirement may not reflect every business case of ownership. However, this requirement streamlines the registration procedures, which, as noted above, will adapt the existing group application option for newspapers. Under that option, the same person or entity must be named as the author and copyright claimant, and each issue must be a work made for hire. The Office retains the same requirements for the news websites option to minimize the need for additional development time that would otherwise be required. Start Printed Page 58996

Additionally, under general Copyright Office practice, if the author and claimant are not the same person, the applicant is statutorily required to provide a transfer statement explaining how the claimant acquired all of the rights initially belonging to the author. [ 74 ] If an applicant names a third party as the copyright claimant, but fails to provide a transfer statement, then the Office must correspond to determine whether the claimant actually owns all of the exclusive rights in the works, which delays the registration decision. The corresponding additional time and costs that the Office would incur are inconsistent with the reduced fee for examination of multiple collective works.

Moreover, imposing a work made for hire limitation is consistent with the goal of this rulemaking, which is to address obstacles to registering online news content produced by news publishers, who often also publish newspapers. Based on its experience with the existing group newspaper registrations, the Office expects that this requirement will produce an optimal public record, while reducing the administrative burden that these claims impose. The final rule accordingly retains the work made for hire requirement. Applicants who do not qualify for the option may still register their works individually using the Standard Application.

The Office invited public comments on whether it should give applicants the opportunity to provide additional information, such as individual article or photograph titles, as part of this group registration option. Commenters expressed support for the implementation of an opportunity to include granular information concerning individual component works at the applicant's discretion. [ 75 ] The Authors Guild noted that “in the event an individual article is the subject of a later infringement action, the applicant may need to rely on its own recordkeeping to establish that the article was on the website during the period covered by the registration.”  [ 76 ] It concluded, “[t]he listing of individual titles or other information on the application may provide additional evidence relevant to that showing.”  [ 77 ] The Office agrees and will provide instructions on its website explaining how applicants may submit additional information regarding component works on an optional basis. [ 78 ]

The Office also invited public comments on the availability and effectiveness of technological solutions for saving or archiving websites that could assist or supplement news websites' recordkeeping efforts while also informing the public of the contents of the website and/or any updates registered. The Office suggested that applicants may provide in the “Note to Office” field additional information regarding the contents of the work, such as archived URLs that capture the complete content of each collective work submitted for registration. The Copyright Alliance expressed support for this suggestion, provided that doing so is voluntary. [ 79 ] Therefore the Office encourages applicants to submit archived URLs in the “Note to Office” field on a voluntary basis.

The NPRM provided that the filing fee for this option will be $95, the same fee that currently applies to a claim in a group of newspapers. It noted that the Office believes it is reasonable to charge the same fee as for the group newspaper option, given the similarities in expected workflow associated with examining these claims. The NMA expressed support for this modest fee, describing it as “reasonable and unarbitrary.”  [ 80 ] The final rule establishes this fee.

The NPRM proposed that for each collective work submitted under this group registration option, applicants must “submit a deposit that is sufficient to identify some of the updates that were made to the website.”  [ 81 ] The Office specified that “applicants will need to submit separate PDF files that each contain a complete copy of the home page for the site. Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the site.”  [ 82 ] Additionally, the NPRM required that each deposit demonstrate “that the home page contains a sufficient degree of selection, coordination, and/or arrangement to be registered as a collective work.”  [ 83 ] Several commenters requested that the Office consider different deposit requirements, though commenters varied on the specific changes they requested or discussed deposits generally. The Office addresses each suggested change below.

After considering NMA's request to resolve a purported ambiguity in the proposed rule regarding the time of day for daily deposits of home pages, the Office is clarifying the time period for capturing deposits. [ 84 ] The language within section (m)(6)(i) requiring “[e]ach PDF [to] show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month” does not require applicants to capture PDFs of home pages at the same exact time every day. [ 85 ] Instead, PDFs of home pages must show how the home page appeared at some point during each day, in addition to satisfying other applicable deposit requirements.

Three commenters specifically requested that the Office expand the identifying material it will accept to encompass more than “a complete copy of the home page for the site.”  [ 86 ] The NAB stated that “the Office should amend the deposit requirements proposed in § 202.4(m)(6)(i) to allow for the submission of a copy of identifying material in lieu of a complete copy of the home page.”  [ 87 ] It explained that “many news websites utilize an `infinite scroll' feature that automatically and continuously loads more content as users scroll down the web page” making Start Printed Page 58997 it “technologically impossible for an applicant to satisfy the deposit requirement of providing a PDF of the home page in its entirety.”  [ 88 ] Copyright Alliance echoed this sentiment stating “a user is able to continuously reveal additional content on the web page without having to leave the page to view the content on a separate web page. For such web pages, it is not possible to capture an `entire copy' of the page since the user can endlessly reveal the contents of the page.”  [ 89 ] Similarly, NMA noted that, due to the difficulties posed by “extensive or close-to-infinite scroll,” the Office should clarify that an applicant could meet the deposit requirement “as long as [the PDF] captures the masthead, URL identifier, and a defined minimum amount of the homepage (which in most cases will encompass all of it), including representative updates from the previous deposit copy.”  [ 90 ]

After considering these comments, the Office concludes that the requested modification to the proposed rule is reasonable and supports the overall goal of this group registration option. Accordingly, the final rule includes an alternative to the “complete copy of the home page” requirement where submitting a complete copy is not feasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page. In such circumstances, applicants may “submit the first 25 pages of the home page that demonstrates updates from the previous deposit copy.” This portion of the rule is designed to decrease the burden on applicants that wish to utilize this group registration option, but are unable to satisfy the “complete copy” deposit requirement. The Office believes that this modification will facilitate registration, while also ensuring that the deposit provided is sufficient to identify the work and the copyrightable authorship covered by the registration. Applicants utilizing this provision are advised that any deposit should only include updates within the time period covered by the application. In the event that an applicant includes updates outside the time period, they would be considered previously published material, and would not be covered by the registration. Additionally, as stated in the NPRM, if a copyright owner is required to prove to a court or an alleged infringer “the specific contents of a website at any particular point in time, it will need to preserve and maintain its own copy of the site and rely on its own recordkeeping to provide such proof.”  [ 91 ]

NWU, NPPA, and NASW disagreed that a home page would constitute sufficient identifying material for registration. [ 92 ] They asserted that “requiring deposit of PDFs of images of the home page is disconnected from the reality that updates aren't necessarily visible on the `home page' of a website.”  [ 93 ] While “[u]pdates appear on the home pages of some—but far from all—newspaper publishers' websites,” the home pages of other websites, such as self-published or references websites, are “mostly or entirely static,” with updates occurring on other “inside” pages that are not indexed or referenced on the home page. [ 94 ] Instead, NWU, NPPA, and NASW suggested that the Office accept a “sitemap page or set of sitemap pages,” “as the way to indicate which pages of a site have most recently been added or modified, and when.”  [ 95 ] Sitemaps, they alleged, “are structured, standardized, machine-readable, and human-readable” and “all updates in a given period can be identified by a single sitemap or set of sitemaps,” which the Office could “use[ ] immediately.”  [ 96 ]

The Office declines to permit applicants to submit a sitemap page or a set of sitemap pages as identifying material for several reasons. First, it is not clear that sitemaps themselves provide information that would allow an examiner to determine whether each collective work within the group application contains sufficient creative selection, coordination, or arrangement. [ 97 ] Second, sitemaps do not satisfy the public notice function that deposits serve, as they do not display the work requested for registration and are not sufficient to identify the updates made to the websites. [ 98 ] As explained in the NPRM, any deposit requirement must “satisfy the public notice function of capturing, and making available for public inspection, a deposit that should be sufficient to identify” the work covered by the application. [ 99 ] Lastly, accepting sitemap deposits would likely not aid in efficiency as suggested. [ 100 ] If an examiner receives a sitemap, they would likely need to correspond with the applicant to determine what exactly the application covers. For these reasons, the Office declines to modify the final rule to include sitemaps.

Commenters also suggested that the Office accept deposits comprised of annotated Portable Document Formats (“PDFs”)  [ 101 ] or PDF deposits of apps. [ 102 ] Specifically, one commenter encouraged the Office to consider accepting annotated PDFs of a single web page, where “[a]nnotations could circle content that is not included in registration, such as licensed content as compared to original news organization content” or “content already registered.”  [ 103 ] Other commenters, including Copyright Alliance, NMA, and the Authors Guild, proposed that the Office should accept PDFs that “contain a complete copy of the home page of . . . mobile application[s]. ”  [ 104 ] Start Printed Page 58998 They discussed the ease with which applicants could submit app PDFs  [ 105 ] and how PDFs address record-keeping concerns and “concerns over whether the collective works stem from the same source.”  [ 106 ] Copyright Alliance and NMA also suggested that the absence of a uniform resource locator (“URL”) from app PDFs, a requirement of the proposed rule, is immaterial because apps “generally prominently feature the logo or other visible identifier of the publication in question” and news content on an app is “organized and contained,” similar to a website. [ 107 ] NMA further recommended that because the USPTO has “long accepted” app screenshots for trademark specimens, subject to certain requirements, the Office should adopt similar standards. [ 108 ]

The Office declines to permit parties to submit annotated PDFs of a single web page. As discussed above, each update will be registered as a collective work. For that reason, there is no need to identify component works that are not owned by the claimant or component works that have been previously registered, because as a general rule, a registration for a collective work does not cover this type of preexisting material.

The Office also declines to accept PDF deposits of apps to represent a news website. Initially, it is unclear whether the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of material encompassed within the PDFs would be identical to the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of a website's home page, regardless of whether the same content is present on both. [ 109 ] Further, the Office continues to believe that the rule's deposit regulations offer flexibility, while still satisfying the public notice function of deposits. The regulation will permit applicants to submit a complete copy of the website's home page, and when that is not feasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page, applicants may submit the first 25 pages of the home page demonstrating updates from the previous deposit copy.

Commenters made additional suggestions and remarks on the proposed rule's deposit requirements and the Office's deposit requirements generally. With respect to the Office's modernization efforts, ABA-IPL suggested that the Office consider generally expanding the “format of deposit copies accepted” and regularly reviewing and updating registration regulations. [ 110 ] ABA-IPL stated that the Office should accept deposits in .xml format for regularly updated news content, such as content covered under the proposed rule, “as [.xml] and similar formats are widely used in digital content creation and management.”  [ 111 ] The University of Michigan Library (“UM-Library”) expressed concerns with the proposed regulations regarding fixation and preservation. [ 112 ] They asserted that the proposed deposit requirements are not “sufficiently fixed for copyright purposes” and that if deposit “materials are not collected and preserved—even as facsimiles or through emulation—then as a practical matter there will be a huge gap in the possibilities for research, scholarship, and understanding.”

The Office is sympathetic to commenters' desires to expand the file formats accepted for deposit purposes generally, including regularly updated news content. As stated above and in the NPRM, the current registration system only accepts certain file types. [ 113 ] The Office anticipates revisiting its acceptable file formats in connection with ongoing improvements to its technology systems. Until then, the Office continues to actively engage in research about the suitability of other file formats. [ 114 ]

The Office appreciates the fixation and preservation concerns about the proposed deposit requirements, codified in the final rule. It continues to believe, however, that the deposit requirements are sufficient. As stated above and in the NPRM, the Copyright Act imbues the Register with broad authority to accept identifying material in lieu of complete copies or phonorecords  [ 115 ] where such copies or phonorecords are “bulky, unwieldly, easily broken, or otherwise impractical to [serve] . . . as records identifying the work[s] registered.”  [ 116 ] This provision, and its legislative history, give the Register flexibility in determining the deposit requirements when identifying material is involved, and the Office has used this authority in the past. Within this rulemaking, the Office believes the proposed deposit requirements are appropriate, and less burdensome than general deposit requirements for websites. [ 117 ] As the Office discussed in the NPRM, the proposed deposit requirements satisfy the public notice function and still require that deposits sufficiently “identify some of the updates” made to the website. [ 118 ] Any fixation concerns may be alleviated by the fact that the proposed regulations are merely registration deposit requirements. They do not relieve a registrant from complying with other legal obligations, such as the obligation to maintain and preserve copies of a website, including its content, in the context of an infringement claim. [ 119 ]

The NPRM explained that the Office planned to use one of its existing group registration application forms to process these claims. Specifically, it said applicants would be required to submit their claims through the current electronic registration system using the application designated for a group of newspaper issues. None of the commenters objected to this proposal.

After consulting with the Library of Congress's Office of the Chief Information Officer, the Office determined that it would be feasible to create a separate application for news website claims that will be cloned from the corresponding application that is used for group newspaper claims. This should simplify the registration process for both applicants and Office staff by preventing potential confusion between claims involving newspaper issues and claims involving updates to a news website. The cloned application will include the same technical specifications and system validations that appear in the group newspaper Start Printed Page 58999 form. The final rule has been modified to reflect this change. Information and instructions on how to submit these claims will be provided in the application itself and on a dedicated page on the Office's website.

Based on requests from affected parties for the expeditious implementation of the rule  [ 120 ] and the absence of arguments supporting a delay, the Office finds that good cause exists to issue these regulations as a final rule with an immediate effective date. Commenters have presented a record supporting “the demonstrable urgency of the conditions [the rule is] designed to correct.”  [ 121 ] Finally, the registration option authorized by the final rule will be available to registrants at or near the rule's publication date.

• General provisions
• Copyright claims, preregistration and registration

For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Copyright Office amends 37 CFR parts 201 and 202 as follows:

1. The authority citation for part 201 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 17 U.S.C. 702 .

Section 201.10 also issued under 17 U.S.C. 304 .

2. In § 201.3, amend table 1 to paragraph (c) by redesignating paragraphs (c)(12) through (c)(29) as (c)(13) through (c)(30), respectively, and adding a new paragraph (c)(12) to read as follows:

Table 1 to Paragraph ( c )

Registration, recordation, and related servicesFees ($) *         *         *         *         *         *         *(12) Registration of a group of updates to a news website95 *         *         *         *         *         *         *

3. The authority citation for part 202 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 17 U.S.C. 408(f) , 702 .

4. Amend § 202.4 by adding paragraph (m) and revising paragraph (r) to read as follows:

(m) Group registration of updates to a news website. Pursuant to the authority granted by 17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) , the Register of Copyrights has determined that a group of updates to a news website may be registered with one application, the required deposit, and the filing fee required by § 201.3 of this chapter, with each update being registered as a collective work, if the following conditions are met:

(1) Definitions. For the purposes of this paragraph (m):

(i) News website means a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.

(ii) Website means a web page or set of interconnected web pages that are accessed using a uniform resource locator (“URL”) organized under a particular domain name.

(2) Requirements for collective works. Each update to the website must be a collective work, and the claim must be limited to the collective work.

(3) Author and claimant. Each collective work in the group must be a work made for hire, and the author and claimant for each collective work must be the same person or organization.

(4) Updates must be from one news website; time period covered. Each collective work in the group must be published on the same news website under the same URL, and they must be published within the same calendar month. The applicant must identify the earliest and latest date that the collective works were published.

(5) Application. The applicant must complete and submit the online application designated for a group of updates to a news website. The application may be submitted by any of the parties listed in § 202.3(c)(1).

(6) Deposit. (i) For each collective work within the group, the applicant must submit identifying material from the news website. For these purposes “ identifying material ” shall mean separate Portable Document Format (PDF) files that each contain a complete copy of the home page of the website. In case a complete copy is technically unfeasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page, the applicant may submit the first 25 pages of the home page that demonstrates updates from the previous deposit copy. Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the website.

(ii) The identifying material must demonstrate that the home page contains sufficient selection, coordination, and arrangement authorship to be registered as a collective work If the home page does not demonstrate sufficient compilation authorship, the deposit should include as many additional pages as necessary to demonstrate that the updates to the news website can be registered as a collective work.

(iii) The identifying material must be submitted through the electronic registration system, and all of the Start Printed Page 59000 identifying material that was published on a particular date must be contained in the same electronic file. The files must be submitted in PDF format, they must be assembled in an orderly form, and each file must be uploaded to the electronic registration system as an individual electronic file ( i.e., not .zip files). The file size for each uploaded file must not exceed 500 megabytes, but files may be compressed to comply with this requirement.

(7) Special relief. In an exceptional case, the Copyright Office may waive the online filing requirement set forth in paragraph (m)(5) of this section or may grant special relief from the deposit requirement under § 202.20(d) of this chapter, subject to such conditions as the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of the Office of Registration Policy and Practice may impose on the applicant.

(r) The scope of a group registration. When the Office issues a group registration under paragraph (d), (e), or (f) of this section, the registration covers each issue in the group and each issue is registered as a separate work or a separate collective work (as the case may be). When the Office issues a group registration under paragraphs (c), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), or (o) of this section, the registration covers each work in the group and each work is registered as a separate work. When the Office issues a group registration under paragraph (m) of this section, the registration covers each update in the group, and each update is registered as a separate collective work. For purposes of registration, the group as a whole is not considered a compilation, a collective work, or a derivative work under section 101, 103(b), or 504(c)(1) of title 17 of the United States Code.

Shira Perlmutter,

Register of Copyrights and Director of the U.S. Copyright Office.

Approved by:

Carla D. Hayden,

Librarian of Congress.

1.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) .

2.   Id.

3.   See generally 37 CFR 202.3(b)(5) , 202.4 .

4.   Id. at 202.3(b)(5), 202.4(c)-(k), (o).

5.   See 89 FR 311 , 311-12 (Jan. 3, 2024).

6.  U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Protection for Press Publishers (June 2022), https://copyright.gov/​policy/​publishersprotections/​202206-Publishers-Protections-Study.pdf .

7.   See 89 FR 311 , 312 .

8.   Id. at 311. The final rule defines a “news website” as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.” 37 CFR 202.4(m)(1)(i) .

9.  Because the Office will not examine each component work within the collective work, the copyright claimant bears the burden of proving that it owns the individual component works claimed in the submission.

10.  A “collective work” is a type of compilation. See 17 U.S.C. 101 . A “compilation” is “a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship.” Id.

11.  As noted in the NPRM, “in appropriate circumstances, the Office may waive the online filing requirement, subject to the conditions the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of the Office of Registration Policy and Practice may impose.” 89 FR 311 , 316 n.55.

12.  The Office also received a letter from several organizations reflecting their collective support for finalizing the rulemaking in a timely manner and in-line edits to the Office's proposed regulatory language. Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024), https://www.copyright.gov/​rulemaking/​newswebsite/​Association-of-American-Publishers-et-al%E2%80%93Letter-to-Copyright-Office.pdf .

13.   See Am. Ass'n of Independent Music, Ass'n of Am. Publishers, Inc, and Recording Industry Ass'n of Am., Inc. (“A2IM, AAP, & RIAA”) Comment at 2 (“Commenters express no position on the primary focus of the NPRM—whether the Office should create a new group registration option for frequently updated news websites—or on the details of how such an option should be implemented.”).

14.   See generally Nat'l Writers Union, Nat'l Press Photographers Ass'n, Nat'l Ass'n of Sci. Writers (“NWU, NPPA, & NASW”) Comment; Gordon Firemark 2 Comment.

15.  A handful of commenters also proposed that the Office should adopt the NPRM immediately, as an interim rule. See, e.g., Copyright All. Comment at 11; Nat'l Pub. Radio (“NPR”) Comment at 3-5; News Media All. (“NMA”) Comment at 2.

16.  Am. Bar Ass'n Section of Intell. Prop. L. (“ABA-IPL”) Comment at 4.

17.  89 FR at 311-12 (noting that “[m]ore than eight in ten Americans get news from digital devices, and, as of 2021, more than half prefer digital platforms to access news”).

18.   Id. (citing Newspaper Association of America Comments at 12-18, Submitted in Response to July 15, 2009 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Mandatory Deposit of Published Electronic Works Available Only Online, U.S. Copyright Office Dkt. No. 2009-3 (Aug. 31, 2009) (emphasis omitted), https://www.copyright.gov/​rulemaking/​online-only/​comments/​naa.pdf ).

19.   37 CFR 202.4(e) . The Office's definition of newspapers is based on the Library of Congress's collection policy definition. Library of Congress, Collections Policy Statements: Newspapers—United States 1 (Sept. 2023), https://www.loc.gov/​acq/​devpol/​neu.pdf .

20.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13; Gordon Firemark 2 Comment (asserting that “the proposed regulation is not Content Neutral, as required under the First Amendment”).

21.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 234.

22.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13.

23.  Gordon Firemark 2 Comment.

24.   Id. (citing Iancu v. Brunetti, 139 S. Ct. 2294 (2019), and Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218 (2017)).

25.   Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. 155, 163 (2015).

26.   Sable Commc'ns of Cal. v. FCC, 492 U.S. 115, 126 (1989).

27.   Reed, 576 U.S. at 164 (internal quotes omitted).

28.   Leathers v. Medlock, 499 U.S. 439, 452-53 (1991) (citing Mabee v. White Plains Publ'g Co., 327 U.S. 178 (1946), and Oklahoma Press Publ'g Co. v. Walling, 327 U.S. 186 (1946)).

29.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 229 (finding the tax scheme impermissibly targets a small group of the press because “the magazine exemption means that only a few Arkansas magazines pay any sales tax”).

30.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 229-30.

31.   37 CFR 202.3(b)(2)(i)(A) .

32.   See generally id. at 202.4.

33.   Vidal v. Elster, No. 22-704, slip op. at 1 (2024).

34.   Id.

35.   Id. at 4 (2024) (quoting National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra, 585 U.S. 755, 766 (2018)).

36.   Id. (2024) (quoting Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515 U. S. 819, 829 (1995)).

37.   Id. at 6.

38.   Id. at 12.

39.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) (emphasis added).

40.   Leathers, 499 U.S. at 452 (quoting Regan v. Taxation with Representation, 461 U.S. 540, 549 (1983)).

41.   See Gordon Firemark 2 Comment (citing Iancu v. Brunetti, 139 S. Ct. 2294 (2019), and Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218 (2017)).

42.   See, e.g., 85 FR 37341 , 37345 (June 22, 2020) (final rule for group registration of short online literary works); 83 FR 61546 , 61546-48 (Nov. 30, 2018) (final rule for group registration of newsletters and serials); 82 FR 29410 , 29410-11 (June 29, 2017) (final rule for group registration of contributions to periodicals).

43.   See ABA-IPL Comment at 2; Am. Intell. Prop. L. Ass'n (“AIPLA”) Comment at 1 (“We encourage the Office to reconsider [the definition of `news website'] and clarify the final clause—`not limited to any specific subject matter'—which could be construed as excluding news websites with an industry-specific focus ( e.g., wired.com), and thus unnecessarily limiting access to this group registration option.”); Copyright All. Comment at 4 (“We urge deletion of the phrase `. . . on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter' in the proposed rule . . . .”); Harvard Bus. Publ'g (“HBP”) Comment; Nat'l Ass'n of Broad. (“NAB”) Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13; NMA Comment at 8; The Authors Guild Comment at 2; see also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024).

44.  ABA-IPL Comment at 2.

45.  HBP Comment.

46.  The Authors Guild Comment at 1-2.

47.  John Murphy Comment; The Authors Guild Comment at 2 (arguing that “making eligibility determinations based on the substantive content of the materials submitted for registration . . . goes well beyond the Office's ordinary examination process”).

48.  Gordon Firemark 1 Comment; see NWU, NPPA, & NASW at 12-13; Brenda Ulrich Comment; John Murphy Comment.

49.   37 CFR 202.4(e)(1) .

50.   82 FR 51369 , 51371 (Nov. 6, 2017).

51.   37 CFR 202.4(f)(1)(i) .

52.   Id. at 202.4(e)(1) (“Newspapers are intended either for the general public or for a particular ethnic, cultural, or national group”).

53.  The Authors Guild Comment at 1-2.

54.   Cf. 37 CFR 202.4(f)(1)(i) (designed for newsletters that “contain news or information that is chiefly of interest to a special group”).

55.  Group registration of serials provides a registration option for serial issues within a three-month period that meet the eligibility requirements for that option. Id. at 202.4(d)(1). Group registration of newsletters provides an option for registering a group of newsletters published within a one-month period. Id. at 202.4(f)(1).

56.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; NAB Comment at 4; NMA Comment at 10.

57.  The Authors Guild Comment at 2; Copyright All. Comment at 6; NAB Comment at 4.

58.  U.S. Copyright Office, Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices sec. 722 (3d ed. 2021) (“ Compendium (Third) ”).

59.   Id.

60.  AIPLA Comment at 1-2.

61.   Id.

62.  In the NPRM, the Office also noted that when a website is registered as a compilation, the statute provides that the copyright owner may seek only one award of statutory damages for infringement of the compilation as a whole—rather than a separate award for each individual work that appears on the website—even if the defendant infringed all of the works covered by the registration. 17 U.S.C. 504(c)(1) (“For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work.”). Some commenters urged the Office to acknowledge and adopt the “ `independent economic value' test to determine when copyrighted material constitutes a separate `work' for the purpose of determining eligibility for statutory damages.” A2IM, AAP, & RIAA Comment at 2-3; Copyright All. Comment at 8; NAB Comment at 6-8. Acknowledging that the NPRM correctly states “that the group registration option will extend to individual works that make up the collective work if they are fully owned by the applicant,” NMA asked the Office to confirm that its statement “do[es] not reflect a substantive opinion on eligibility for statutory damages.” NMA Comment at 11-12. The Office stands by its restatement of section 504(c)(1) and declines to address the matter further in this rulemaking. See H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 162 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5770 (“Subsection (c)(1) makes clear, however, that, although they are regarded as independent works for other purposes, `all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work' for this purpose.”).

63.  NPR Comment at 7.

64.   37 CFR 202.4(m)(1)(i) (emphasis added).

65.   Compendium (Third) sec. 1002.2.

66.   Id.

67.   See 37 CFR 202.1(a) .

68.  John Murphy Comment; see NPR Comment at 5 (“[T]he office should further relax the frequency”); NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 16-17.

69.  NPR Comment at 5.

70.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 16.

71.  The Authors Guild Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 11; NMA Comment at 11; AIPLA Comment at 2; Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024).

72.  The Authors Guild Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 11.

73.  NMA Comment at 11; AIPLA Comment at 2 (“[W]e see no clear policy reason to disfavor registration of copyrights acquired through other means ( e.g., by assignment).”).

74.   Compendium (Third) sec. 620.4.

75.  ABA-IPL Comment at 3; AIPLA Comment at 2; Copyright All. Comment at 6-7; NAB Comment at 5; NMA Comment at 7; The Authors Guild Comment at 4.

76.  The Authors Guild Comment at 4.

77.   Id.

78.  Note, however, the Office will not certify the accuracy of such additional information based on the identifying material deposited.

79.  Copyright All. Comment at 7.

80.  NMA Comment at 7.

81.  89 FR at 316.

82.   Id.

83.   Id.

84.  NMA Comment at 11.

85.   37 CFR 202.4(m)(6)(i) (emphasis added); see also 89 FR at 316 (“Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the site.”).

86.  Copyright Alliance Comment at 10-11; NAB Comment at 4-5; NMA Comment at 11. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing regulatory language altering the deposit requirement when “a complete copy is technically unfeasible or unreadable due to the size or continuous nature of the home page”); Nexstar Media Group Inc. Comment (stating that Nexstar “would like to see even more modification of the requirements for article submission, so that each local television station or other news site would not be required to have dedicated staff purely for depositing copyrighted materials, which may be updated several times per day”).

87.  NAB Comment at 5.

88.   Id.

89.  Copyright All. Comment at 10-11.

90.  NMA Comment at 11.

91.  89 FR at 316.

92.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 17-20.

93.   Id.

94.   Id.

95.   Id.; see also id. at 20 (proposing “submission of `a file or set of files linked from a master file listing in structured form the text files on the site added or modified during the time period covered by the application, including the URL and the date each file was added to the site or most recently modified' ”).

96.   Id. at 17, 20. NWU, NPPA, and NASW asserted that “the `sitemap.xml' standard has been widely accepted and adopted by website publishers, web publishing platforms, and developers of content management systems (CMSs).” Id. at 17-18.

97.   See 17 U.S.C. 410(a) ; Compendium (Third) sec. 204.3 (“[D]eposit copy(ies) should be clear and should contain all the authorship that the applicant intends to register.”). This finding is bolstered by the examples cited in NWU, NPPA, and NASW's comment, which do not provide any information that would allow the examiner to determine any copyrightability of the collective work. See NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 18 nn.19-22; id. at 19 nn.23-26.

98.   See H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 153 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5769 (“As a general rule the deposit of more than a tear sheet or similar fraction of a collective work is needed to identify the contribution properly and to show the form in which it was published.”).

99.  89 FR at 316.

100.   See NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 20 (suggesting that sitemaps “could be used immediately in manual Copyright Office work flow but would also lend themselves to efficiencies through automated parsing”).

101.  Erik Gottlieb Comment.

102.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; NMA Comment at 10; The Authors Guild Comment at 2. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at 1 & App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing the Office “include[e] mobile app content in the scope of the rule”). The Office also received a comment from Port. Prerogative Club, suggesting that the Office “evaluate whether native [version control systems (“VCS”)] files would satisfy [the Office's] internal requirements for deposit copies.” Port. Prerogative Club Comment at 2. The Office currently does not accept this file format, but will revisit file formats as part of its ongoing work in developing the Enterprise Copyright System.

103.  Erik Gottlieb Comment.

104.  NMA Comment at App. at 16 (proposing regulatory language). See Copyright All. Comment at 6; NMA Comment at 10; The Authors Guild Comment at 2. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at 1 & App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing the Office “includ[e] mobile app content in the scope of the rule”).

105.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; The Authors Guild Comment at 2.

106.  Copyright All. Comment at 6.

107.   Id. (noting that “news content on an app is already organized and contained in an interconnected and uniform ecosystem, much like a website”); NMA Comment at 10 (stating that app screenshots serve the same “identifying function as URLs”).

108.  NMA Comment at 10.

109.   See 89 FR at 313 (“[T]he organization and arrangement show in a PDF package may vary depending on whether it depicts the website as it would appear on a desktop computer, a mobile phone or other electronic device.”). But cf. ABA-IPL Comment at 4 (“The Section is aware of no substantive difference between what is published at a URL and what is published on an app.”).

110.  ABA-IPL Comment at 4-5.

111.   Id. at 4.

112.  UM-Library Comment at 1-2.

113.  89 FR at 313; see also eCO Acceptable File Types, U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/​eco/​help-file-types.html (last visited July 5, 2024) (listing acceptable file formats).

114.  For example, the Office is researching the web archive file format (“WARC”) that is utilized by the Library of Congress' Web Archiving Team. Research has shown that there are many publicly available options for adapting websites in the WARC format, including through internet browser extensions.

115.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) ; see also 89 FR at 311 (discussing identifying material).

116.  H.R. Rep. No. 94-1496, at 154 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5770.

117.   See 89 FR at 313, 316 (discussing how depositing complete copies of websites poses difficulties for applicants and the Office).

118.   Id. at 316.

119.   Id.

120.   See Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024); Copyright All. Comment at 11.

121.  H.R. Rep. No. 79-1980, at 260 (1946). See 5 U.S.C. 553(d) (30-day notice not required where agency finds good cause).

[ FR Doc. 2024-15880 Filed 7-19-24; 8:45 am]

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