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What is a Comparative Essay?

Paraphrasing the thesis statement, the author's opinion, scope of conclusion, how to write a conclusion for a compare & contrast essay.

A well-written essay should have at least ​ three main components: an introduction, a body and a conclusion. ​ While the introduction introduces the topic and draws the reader in, the body of the essay should consist of several paragraphs supporting the essay's main argument or hypothesis. A strong conclusion will satisfactorily draw an essay's argument to a close. ​ For a comparative essay, ​ the conclusion should successfully paraphrase the main points in the essay and offer a closing thought or opinion.

​ A compare and contrast essay, also known as a comparison essay, talks about how two ideas or objects differ and how they are similar. ​ Some essays may only talk about similarities, while others may only talk about differences. This focus depends on the ​ ​ length and scope ​ ​of the essay.

An example of a topic for a compare and contrast essay is a comparison between life in a city and life in the country. The conclusion to this essay will include ​ at least two important components: the paraphrased thesis and the author's opinion. ​

The thesis statement is usually included in the introduction to the essay, and it ​ provides the reader with a clear understanding of the essay's topic and scope. ​ The first or second sentence of the conclusion should be ​ a restatement, or paraphrase, ​ of the thesis statement.

​ Example: ​

If the thesis statement is, "Many people prefer to live in a city because of access to better health care and a wider variety of cultural and athletic events," the paraphrased thesis statement could be, "In conclusion, many people find city life preferable because of closer proximity to more cutting-edge healthcare systems and because of more choices of extra-curricular activities."

While the body of the essay should generally include objective information, the conclusion should include ​ one or two sentences articulating the author's opinion. ​ This stance should not be conveyed using an "I" statement, which is usually not recommended in formal writing.

A sentence relating to the thesis statement comparing life in the city versus life in the country could be, "For these reasons mentioned above and others, life in the city is more advisable for individuals for whom a better quality of life is non-negotiable."

​ The conclusion should not include more than a re-stated thesis statement and the author's short opinion. ​ This section of the essay is not a place in which ​ new information or information unrelated to the topic ​ is introduced. All information should be contained within the introduction and the body of the essay, and the conclusion's scope should be limited to ​ what has already been mentioned ​ in the essay. Oftentimes, the conclusion will end with the author's opinion.

Megan Ritchie has been a writer for more than 10 years, and has been published in a number of journals and newspapers, including "The Daily Targum" (Rutgers University's daily newspaper) and "The Philadelphia Inquirer." She has a Master's degree in Education from the University of Pennsylvania.

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A comprehensive guide to crafting a successful comparison essay.

Comparison essays are a common assignment in academic settings, requiring students to analyze and contrast two or more subjects, concepts, or ideas. Writing a comparison essay can be challenging, but with the right approach and guidance, you can craft a compelling and informative piece of writing.

In this comprehensive guide, we will provide you with valuable tips and examples to help you master the art of comparison essay writing. Whether you’re comparing two literary works, historical events, scientific theories, or any other topics, this guide will equip you with the tools and strategies needed to create a well-structured and persuasive essay.

From choosing a suitable topic and developing a strong thesis statement to organizing your arguments and incorporating effective evidence, this guide will walk you through each step of the writing process. By following the advice and examples provided here, you’ll be able to produce a top-notch comparison essay that showcases your analytical skills and critical thinking abilities.

Understanding the Basics

Before diving into writing a comparison essay, it’s essential to understand the basics of comparison writing. A comparison essay, also known as a comparative essay, requires you to analyze two or more subjects by highlighting their similarities and differences. This type of essay aims to show how these subjects are similar or different in various aspects.

When writing a comparison essay, you should have a clear thesis statement that identifies the subjects you are comparing and the main points of comparison. It’s essential to structure your essay effectively by organizing your ideas logically. You can use different methods of organization, such as the block method or point-by-point method, to present your comparisons.

Additionally, make sure to include evidence and examples to support your comparisons. Use specific details and examples to strengthen your arguments and clarify the similarities and differences between the subjects. Lastly, remember to provide a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and reinforces the significance of your comparison.

Choosing a Topic for Comparison Essay

When selecting a topic for your comparison essay, it’s essential to choose two subjects that have some similarities and differences to explore. You can compare two books, two movies, two historical figures, two theories, or any other pair of related subjects.

Consider selecting topics that interest you or that you are familiar with to make the writing process more engaging and manageable. Additionally, ensure that the subjects you choose are suitable for comparison and have enough material for analysis.

It’s also helpful to brainstorm ideas and create a list of potential topics before making a final decision. Once you have a few options in mind, evaluate them based on the relevance of the comparison, the availability of credible sources, and your own interest in the subjects.

Remember that a well-chosen topic is one of the keys to writing a successful comparison essay, so take your time to select subjects that will allow you to explore meaningful connections and differences in a compelling way.

Finding the Right Pairing

When writing a comparison essay, it’s crucial to find the right pairing of subjects to compare. Choose subjects that have enough similarities and differences to make a meaningful comparison. Consider the audience and purpose of your essay to determine what pairing will be most effective.

Look for subjects that you are passionate about or have a deep understanding of. This will make the writing process easier and more engaging. Additionally, consider choosing subjects that are relevant and timely, as this will make your essay more interesting to readers.

Don’t be afraid to think outside the box when finding the right pairing. Sometimes unexpected combinations can lead to the most compelling comparisons. Conduct thorough research on both subjects to ensure you have enough material to work with and present a balanced comparison.

Structuring Your Comparison Essay

When writing a comparison essay, it is essential to organize your ideas in a clear and logical manner. One effective way to structure your essay is to use a point-by-point comparison or a block comparison format.

Whichever format you choose, make sure to introduce your subjects, present your points of comparison, provide evidence or examples to support your comparisons, and conclude by summarizing the main points and highlighting the significance of your comparison.

Creating a Clear Outline

Before you start writing your comparison essay, it’s essential to create a clear outline. An outline serves as a roadmap that helps you stay organized and focused throughout the writing process. Here are some steps to create an effective outline:

1. Identify the subjects of comparison: Start by determining the two subjects you will be comparing in your essay. Make sure they have enough similarities and differences to make a meaningful comparison.

2. Brainstorm key points: Once you have chosen the subjects, brainstorm the key points you want to compare and contrast. These could include characteristics, features, themes, or arguments related to each subject.

3. Organize your points: Arrange your key points in a logical order. You can choose to compare similar points side by side or alternate between the two subjects to highlight differences.

4. Develop a thesis statement: Based on your key points, develop a clear thesis statement that states the main purpose of your comparison essay. This statement should guide the rest of your writing and provide a clear direction for your argument.

5. Create a structure: Divide your essay into introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each section should serve a specific purpose and contribute to the overall coherence of your essay.

By creating a clear outline, you can ensure that your comparison essay flows smoothly and effectively communicates your ideas to the reader.

Engaging the Reader

When writing a comparison essay, it is crucial to engage the reader right from the beginning. You want to hook their attention and make them want to keep reading. Here are some tips to engage your reader:

• Start with a strong opening statement or question that entices the reader to continue reading.
• Use vivid language and descriptive imagery to paint a clear picture in the reader’s mind.
• Provide interesting facts or statistics that pique the reader’s curiosity.
• Create a compelling thesis statement that outlines the purpose of your comparison essay.

By engaging the reader from the start, you set the stage for a successful and impactful comparison essay that keeps the reader engaged until the very end.

Point-by-Point vs Block Method

When writing a comparison essay, you have two main options for structuring your content: the point-by-point method and the block method. Each method has its own advantages and may be more suitable depending on the type of comparison you are making.

• Point-by-Point Method: This method involves discussing one point of comparison at a time between the two subjects. You will go back and forth between the subjects, highlighting similarities and differences for each point. This method allows for a more detailed and nuanced analysis of the subjects.
• Block Method: In contrast, the block method involves discussing all the points related to one subject first, followed by all the points related to the second subject. This method provides a more straightforward and organized comparison but may not delve as deeply into the individual points of comparison.

Ultimately, the choice between the point-by-point and block methods depends on the complexity of your comparison and the level of detail you want to explore. Experiment with both methods to see which one best suits your writing style and the specific requirements of your comparison essay.

Selecting the Best Approach

When it comes to writing a comparison essay, selecting the best approach is crucial to ensure a successful and effective comparison. There are several approaches you can take when comparing two subjects, including the block method and the point-by-point method.

The block method: This approach involves discussing all the similarities and differences of one subject first, followed by a thorough discussion of the second subject. This method is useful when the two subjects being compared are quite different or when the reader may not be familiar with one of the subjects.

The point-by-point method: This approach involves alternating between discussing the similarities and differences of the two subjects in each paragraph. This method allows for a more in-depth comparison of specific points and is often preferred when the two subjects have many similarities and differences.

Before selecting an approach, consider the nature of the subjects being compared and the purpose of your comparison essay. Choose the approach that will best serve your purpose and allow for a clear, organized, and engaging comparison.

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5 Compare and Contrast Essay Examples (Full Text)

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A compare and contrast essay selects two or more items that are critically analyzed to demonstrate their differences and similarities. Here is a template for you that provides the general structure:

A range of example essays is presented below.

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

#1 jean piaget vs lev vygotsky essay.

1480 Words | 5 Pages | 10 References

(Level: University Undergraduate)

Thesis Statement: “This essay will critically examine and compare the developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, focusing on their differing views on cognitive development in children and their influence on educational psychology, through an exploration of key concepts such as the role of culture and environment, scaffolding, equilibration, and their overall implications for educational practices..”

#2 Democracy vs Authoritarianism Essay

Thesis Statement: “The thesis of this analysis is that, despite the efficiency and control offered by authoritarian regimes, democratic systems, with their emphasis on individual freedoms, participatory governance, and social welfare, present a more balanced and ethically sound approach to governance, better aligned with the ideals of a just and progressive society.”

#3 Apples vs Oranges Essay

1190 Words | 5 Pages | 0 References

(Level: 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade)

Thesis Statement: “While apples and oranges are both popular and nutritious fruits, they differ significantly in their taste profiles, nutritional benefits, cultural symbolism, and culinary applications.”

#4 Nature vs Nurture Essay

1525 Words | 5 Pages | 11 References

(Level: High School and College)

Thesis Statement: “The purpose of this essay is to examine and elucidate the complex and interconnected roles of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human development across various domains such as physical traits, personality, behavior, intelligence, and abilities.”

#5 Dogs vs Cats Essay

1095 Words | 5 Pages | 7 Bibliographic Sources

(Level: 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade)

Thesis Statement: “This essay explores the distinctive characteristics, emotional connections, and lifestyle considerations associated with owning dogs and cats, aiming to illuminate the unique joys and benefits each pet brings to their human companions.”

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

I’ve recorded a full video for you on how to write a compare and contrast essay:

Get the Compare and Contrast Templates with AI Prompts Here

In the video, I outline the steps to writing your essay. Here they are explained below:

1. Essay Planning

First, I recommend using my compare and contrast worksheet, which acts like a Venn Diagram, walking you through the steps of comparing the similarities and differences of the concepts or items you’re comparing.

I recommend selecting 3-5 features that can be compared, as shown in the worksheet:

Grab the Worksheet as Part of the Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Pack

2. Writing the Essay

Once you’ve completed the worksheet, you’re ready to start writing. Go systematically through each feature you are comparing and discuss the similarities and differences, then make an evaluative statement after showing your depth of knowledge:

Get the Rest of the Premium Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Pack (With AI Prompts) Here

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Thesis Statement

Compare and contrast thesis statements can either:

• Remain neutral in an expository tone.
• Prosecute an argument about which of the items you’re comparing is overall best.

To write an argumentative thesis statement for a compare and contrast essay, try this AI Prompts:

💡 AI Prompt to Generate Ideas I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that pass a reasonable judgement.

Ready to Write your Essay?

Take action! Choose one of the following options to start writing your compare and contrast essay now:

Read Next: Process Essay Examples

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• Comparing and contrasting in an essay | Tips & examples

Comparing and Contrasting in an Essay | Tips & Examples

Published on August 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

Comparing and contrasting is an important skill in academic writing . It involves taking two or more subjects and analyzing the differences and similarities between them.

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Table of contents

When should i compare and contrast, making effective comparisons, comparing and contrasting as a brainstorming tool, structuring your comparisons, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about comparing and contrasting.

Many assignments will invite you to make comparisons quite explicitly, as in these prompts.

• Compare the treatment of the theme of beauty in the poetry of William Wordsworth and John Keats.
• Compare and contrast in-class and distance learning. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?

Some other prompts may not directly ask you to compare and contrast, but present you with a topic where comparing and contrasting could be a good approach.

One way to approach this essay might be to contrast the situation before the Great Depression with the situation during it, to highlight how large a difference it made.

Comparing and contrasting is also used in all kinds of academic contexts where it’s not explicitly prompted. For example, a literature review involves comparing and contrasting different studies on your topic, and an argumentative essay may involve weighing up the pros and cons of different arguments.

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As the name suggests, comparing and contrasting is about identifying both similarities and differences. You might focus on contrasting quite different subjects or comparing subjects with a lot in common—but there must be some grounds for comparison in the first place.

For example, you might contrast French society before and after the French Revolution; you’d likely find many differences, but there would be a valid basis for comparison. However, if you contrasted pre-revolutionary France with Han-dynasty China, your reader might wonder why you chose to compare these two societies.

This is why it’s important to clarify the point of your comparisons by writing a focused thesis statement . Every element of an essay should serve your central argument in some way. Consider what you’re trying to accomplish with any comparisons you make, and be sure to make this clear to the reader.

Comparing and contrasting can be a useful tool to help organize your thoughts before you begin writing any type of academic text. You might use it to compare different theories and approaches you’ve encountered in your preliminary research, for example.

Let’s say your research involves the competing psychological approaches of behaviorism and cognitive psychology. You might make a table to summarize the key differences between them.

Or say you’re writing about the major global conflicts of the twentieth century. You might visualize the key similarities and differences in a Venn diagram.

These visualizations wouldn’t make it into your actual writing, so they don’t have to be very formal in terms of phrasing or presentation. The point of comparing and contrasting at this stage is to help you organize and shape your ideas to aid you in structuring your arguments.

When comparing and contrasting in an essay, there are two main ways to structure your comparisons: the alternating method and the block method.

The alternating method

In the alternating method, you structure your text according to what aspect you’re comparing. You cover both your subjects side by side in terms of a specific point of comparison. Your text is structured like this:

Mouse over the example paragraph below to see how this approach works.

One challenge teachers face is identifying and assisting students who are struggling without disrupting the rest of the class. In a traditional classroom environment, the teacher can easily identify when a student is struggling based on their demeanor in class or simply by regularly checking on students during exercises. They can then offer assistance quietly during the exercise or discuss it further after class. Meanwhile, in a Zoom-based class, the lack of physical presence makes it more difficult to pay attention to individual students’ responses and notice frustrations, and there is less flexibility to speak with students privately to offer assistance. In this case, therefore, the traditional classroom environment holds the advantage, although it appears likely that aiding students in a virtual classroom environment will become easier as the technology, and teachers’ familiarity with it, improves.

The block method

In the block method, you cover each of the overall subjects you’re comparing in a block. You say everything you have to say about your first subject, then discuss your second subject, making comparisons and contrasts back to the things you’ve already said about the first. Your text is structured like this:

• Point of comparison A
• Point of comparison B

The most commonly cited advantage of distance learning is the flexibility and accessibility it offers. Rather than being required to travel to a specific location every week (and to live near enough to feasibly do so), students can participate from anywhere with an internet connection. This allows not only for a wider geographical spread of students but for the possibility of studying while travelling. However, distance learning presents its own accessibility challenges; not all students have a stable internet connection and a computer or other device with which to participate in online classes, and less technologically literate students and teachers may struggle with the technical aspects of class participation. Furthermore, discomfort and distractions can hinder an individual student’s ability to engage with the class from home, creating divergent learning experiences for different students. Distance learning, then, seems to improve accessibility in some ways while representing a step backwards in others.

Note that these two methods can be combined; these two example paragraphs could both be part of the same essay, but it’s wise to use an essay outline to plan out which approach you’re taking in each paragraph.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Some essay prompts include the keywords “compare” and/or “contrast.” In these cases, an essay structured around comparing and contrasting is the appropriate response.

Comparing and contrasting is also a useful approach in all kinds of academic writing : You might compare different studies in a literature review , weigh up different arguments in an argumentative essay , or consider different theoretical approaches in a theoretical framework .

Your subjects might be very different or quite similar, but it’s important that there be meaningful grounds for comparison . You can probably describe many differences between a cat and a bicycle, but there isn’t really any connection between them to justify the comparison.

You’ll have to write a thesis statement explaining the central point you want to make in your essay , so be sure to know in advance what connects your subjects and makes them worth comparing.

Comparisons in essays are generally structured in one of two ways:

• The alternating method, where you compare your subjects side by side according to one specific aspect at a time.
• The block method, where you cover each subject separately in its entirety.

It’s also possible to combine both methods, for example by writing a full paragraph on each of your topics and then a final paragraph contrasting the two according to a specific metric.

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• Writing Tips

Tips for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay

5-minute read

• 19th August 2022

Compare and contrast essays are a specific form of academic essay with unique requirements, so if you’re a student , it’s important that you to know how to write one. Luckily, we’ve pieced together this guide to help you plan, structure, and put together your essay, complete with tips for comparing and contrasting.

Let’s begin.

1. What Is a Compare and Contrast Essay?

As you may have guessed, when writing a compare and contrast essay, you’ll need to do two things:

• Compare the similarities between two or more given subjects.
• Contrast their differences.

Compare and contrast essays are a common essay style because they allow your teacher or lecturer to assess your understanding of two theories, research methods, literary techniques, or other subjects. These subjects are usually related and may sometimes be confused with one another or are in conflict with each other.

By comparing and contrasting the subjects, you can also improve your analysis skills .

Some examples of compare and contrast essay titles include:

Compare and contrast a Shakespearean sonnet with a Petrarchan sonnet. What are the similarities and differences between anabolic and catabolic reactions? How were Nehru’s political beliefs similar to Gandhi’s? How did they differ?

2. Planning a Compare and Contrast Essay

As with any essay, before you begin writing, you should have a plan . In this case, you’ll first need to identify the similarities and differences between your subjects.

You can do this by writing out a list of all the qualities each subject possesses. Then, you can pick out any similar qualities that show up in both lists, and any qualities that are unique to just one of them. If you’re a visual learner, you might want to draw this as a Venn diagram .

Once you have all the similarities and differences prepared, consider which of them will be the most useful to include in your essay. Ask yourself:

• How much can you write about each point?
• What will your conclusion be, and which points support it?
• How will each point fit into your essay’s structure?

To answer that last question, let’s take a look at some ways to structure your essay.

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3. Structuring a Compare and Contrast Essay

Now that you’ve got a plan for your essay, it’s time to organize it. There are three main structures you can follow when writing a compare and contrast essay: 

• The block structure: All of the information about one subject (e.g., Shakespearean sonnets) is presented in the first few paragraphs, followed by the subject it’s being compared and contrasted with (e.g., Petrarchan sonnets).
• The alternating structure: One similarity or difference between both subjects (e.g., rhyme scheme) is explored in one paragraph, followed by a paragraph on another similarity or difference (e.g., use of imagery), and so on.
• The similarities and differences structure: All the similarities between both subjects are presented, followed by the differences.

There are benefits to each of these structures. The block structure, for example, can be easier to write, while the alternating structure presents each similarity and difference clearly, and the similarities and differences structure focuses on those points rather than the subjects themselves. 

So, when deciding which structure to use, consider what would work best for your essay. If you intend to cover each subject in detail, for example, you might want to choose the block structure. 

On the other hand, if you want to emphasize the connections between each subject, the alternating structure might be best. 

Finally, if you want to conclude that the subjects are either overwhelmingly similar or different to each other, the similarities and differences structure may work in your favor.

Whichever structure you follow, though, you’ll need to include a strong introduction and conclusion.

Your introduction should:

• Establish the subjects you will be comparing and contrasting.
• Provide some background about their connection (e.g., “Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnets are poetic forms common in the 14th to 19th centuries”).
• Explain what you aim to achieve with your essay.

Meanwhile, your conclusion should:

• Summarize the main similarities and differences you have identified.
• Make a point regarding the relationship between your subjects.

4. Things to Remember

Here are some important tips to keep in mind when writing your compare and contrast essay:

• Ensure you are comparing or contrasting the same criteria between each subject. For example, it wouldn’t make sense to compare the line length of a Shakespearean sonnet with the rhyme scheme of a Petrarchan sonnet, as these are two separate categories.
• Always address both subjects of your essay in any introductions, conclusions, and topic sentences.
• Use comparison words and phrases such as “similarly,” “like,” and “in the same way” when comparing subjects.
• Use contrast words and phrases such as “in contrast,” “however,” and “whereas” when contrasting subjects.
• As with any essay, make sure to back up any arguments you make with evidence and credible sources .

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Once you’ve written your compare and contrast essay, don’t forget to have it proofread. Our dedicated essay editing team is available 24/7 to help polish your paper. Try us out with a free proofreading and editing sample .

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34 Compelling Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Topics cover education, technology, pop culture, sports, animals, and more.

Do your writers need some inspiration? If you’re teaching students to write a compare and contrast essay, a strong example is an invaluable tool. This round-up of our favorite compare and contrast essays covers a range of topics and grade levels, so no matter your students’ interests or ages, you’ll always have a helpful example to share. You’ll find links to full essays about education, technology, pop culture, sports, animals, and more. (Need compare-and-contrast essay topic ideas? Check out our big list of compare and contrast essay topics! )

What is a compare and contrast essay?

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When choosing a compare and contrast essay example to include on this list, we considered the structure. A strong compare and contrast essay begins with an introductory paragraph that includes background context and a strong thesis. Next, the body includes paragraphs that explore the similarities and differences. Finally, a concluding paragraph restates the thesis, draws any necessary inferences, and asks any remaining questions.

A compare and contrast essay example can be an opinion piece comparing two things and making a conclusion about which is better. For example, “Is Tom Brady really the GOAT?” It can also help consumers decide which product is better suited to them. Should you keep your subscription to Hulu or Netflix? Should you stick with Apple or explore Android? Here’s our list of compare and contrast essay samples categorized by subject.

Education and Parenting Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Private school vs. public school.

Sample lines: “Deciding whether to send a child to public or private school can be a tough choice for parents. … Data on whether public or private education is better can be challenging to find and difficult to understand, and the cost of private school can be daunting. … According to the most recent data from the National Center for Education Statistics, public schools still attract far more students than private schools, with 50.7 million students attending public school as of 2018. Private school enrollment in the fall of 2017 was 5.7 million students, a number that is down from 6 million in 1999.”

Read the full essay: Private School vs. Public School at U.S. News and World Report

Homeschool vs. Public School: How Home Schooling Will Change Public Education

Sample lines: “Home schooling, not a present threat to public education, is nonetheless one of the forces that will change it. If the high estimates of the number of children in home schools (1.2 million) is correct, then the home-schooling universe is larger than the New York City public school system and roughly the size of the Los Angeles and Chicago public school systems combined. … Critics charge that three things are wrong with home schooling: harm to students academically; harm to society by producing students who are ill-prepared to function as democratic citizens and participants in a modern economy; and harm to public education, making it more difficult for other parents to educate their children. … It is time to ask whether home schooling, charters, and vouchers should be considered parts of a broad repertoire of methods that we as a society use to educate our children.”

Read the full essay: Homeschool vs. Public School: How Home Schooling Will Change Public Education at Brookings

Which parenting style is right for you?

Sample lines: “The three main types of parenting are on a type of ‘sliding scale’ of parenting, with permissive parenting as the least strict type of parenting. Permissive parenting typically has very few rules, while authoritarian parenting is thought of as a very strict, rule-driven type of parenting.”

Read the full essay: What Is Authoritative Parenting? at Healthline ADVERTISEMENT

Masked Education? The Benefits and Burdens of Wearing Face Masks in Schools During the Pandemic

Sample lines: “Face masks can prevent the spread of the virus SARS-CoV-2. … However, covering the lower half of the face reduces the ability to communicate. Positive emotions become less recognizable, and negative emotions are amplified. Emotional mimicry, contagion, and emotionality in general are reduced and (thereby) bonding between teachers and learners, group cohesion, and learning—of which emotions are a major driver. The benefits and burdens of face masks in schools should be seriously considered and made obvious and clear to teachers and students.”

Read the full essay: Masked Education? The Benefits and Burdens of Wearing Face Masks in Schools During the Pandemic at National Library of Medicine

To Ban or Not: What Should We Really Make of Book Bans?

Sample lines: “In recent years, book bans have soared in schools, reaching an all-time high in fall 2022. … The challenge of balancing parent concerns about ‘age appropriateness’ against the imperative of preparing students to be informed citizens is still on the minds of many educators today. … Such curricular decision-making  should  be left to the professionals, argues English/language arts instructional specialist Miriam Plotinsky. ‘Examining texts for their appropriateness is not a job that noneducators are trained to do,’ she wrote last year, as the national debate over censorship resurged with the news that a Tennessee district banned the graphic novel  Maus  just days before Holocaust Remembrance Day.”

Read the full essay: To Ban or Not: What Should We Really Make of Book Bans? at Education Week

Technology Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Netflix vs. hulu 2023: which is the best streaming service.

Sample lines: “Netflix fans will point to its high-quality originals, including  The Witcher ,  Stranger Things ,  Emily in Paris ,  Ozark , and more, as well as a wide variety of documentaries like  Cheer ,  The Last Dance ,  My Octopus Teacher , and many others. It also boasts a much larger subscription base, with more than 222 million subscribers compared to Hulu’s 44 million. Hulu, on the other hand, offers a variety of extras such as HBO and Showtime—content that’s unavailable on Netflix. Its price tag is also cheaper than the competition, with its $7/mo. starting price, which is a bit more palatable than Netflix’s $10/mo. starting price.”

Read the full essay: Netflix vs. Hulu 2023: Which is the best streaming service? at TV Guide

Kindle vs. Hardcover: Which is easier on the eyes?

Sample lines: “In the past, we would have to drag around heavy books if we were really into reading. Now, we can have all of those books, and many more, stored in one handy little device that can easily be stuffed into a backpack, purse, etc. … Many of us still prefer to hold an actual book in our hands. … But, whether you use a Kindle or prefer hardcover books or paperbacks, the main thing is that you enjoy reading. A story in a book or on a Kindle device can open up new worlds, take you to fantasy worlds, educate you, entertain you, and so much more.”

Read the full essay: Kindle vs. Hardcover: Which is easier on the eyes? at Books in a Flash

iPhone vs. Android: Which is better for you?

Sample lines: “The iPhone vs. Android comparison is a never-ending debate on which one is best. It will likely never have a real winner, but we’re going to try and help you to find your personal pick all the same. iOS 17 and Android 14—the latest versions of the two operating systems—both offer smooth and user-friendly experiences, and several similar or identical features. But there are still important differences to be aware of. … Owning an iPhone is a simpler, more convenient experience. There’s less to think about. … Android-device ownership is a bit harder. … Yet it’s simultaneously more freeing, because it offers more choice.”

Read the full essay: iPhone vs. Android: Which is better for you? at Tom’s Guide

Cutting the cord: Is streaming or cable better for you?

Sample lines: “Cord-cutting has become a popular trend in recent years, thanks to the rise of streaming services. For those unfamiliar, cord cutting is the process of canceling your cable subscription and instead, relying on streaming platforms such as Netflix and Hulu to watch your favorite shows and movies. The primary difference is that you can select your streaming services à la carte while cable locks you in on a set number of channels through bundles. So, the big question is: should you cut the cord?”

Read the full essay: Cutting the cord: Is streaming or cable better for you? at BroadbandNow

PS5 vs. Nintendo Switch

Sample lines: “The crux of the comparison comes down to portability versus power. Being able to migrate fully fledged Nintendo games from a big screen to a portable device is a huge asset—and one that consumers have taken to, especially given the Nintendo Switch’s meteoric sales figures. … It is worth noting that many of the biggest franchises like Call of Duty, Madden, modern Resident Evil titles, newer Final Fantasy games, Grand Theft Auto, and open-world Ubisoft adventures like Assassin’s Creed will usually skip Nintendo Switch due to its lack of power. The inability to play these popular games practically guarantees that a consumer will pick up a modern system, while using the Switch as a secondary device.”

Read the full essay: PS5 vs. Nintendo Switch at Digital Trends

What is the difference between Facebook and Instagram?

Sample lines: “Have you ever wondered what is the difference between Facebook and Instagram? Instagram and Facebook are by far the most popular social media channels used by digital marketers. Not to mention that they’re also the biggest platforms used by internet users worldwide. So, today we’ll look into the differences and similarities between these two platforms to help you figure out which one is the best fit for your business.”

Read the full essay: What is the difference between Facebook and Instagram? at SocialBee

Digital vs. Analog Watches—What’s the Difference?

Sample lines: “In short, digital watches use an LCD or LED screen to display the time. Whereas, an analog watch features three hands to denote the hour, minutes, and seconds. With the advancement in watch technology and research, both analog and digital watches have received significant improvements over the years. Especially in terms of design, endurance, and accompanying features. … At the end of the day, whether you go analog or digital, it’s a personal preference to make based on your style, needs, functions, and budget.”

Read the full essay: Digital vs. Analog Watches—What’s the Difference? at Watch Ranker

AI Art vs. Human Art: A Side-by-Side Analysis

Sample lines: “Art has always been a reflection of human creativity, emotion, and cultural expression. However, with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), a new form of artistic creation has emerged, blurring the lines between what is created by human hands and what is generated by algorithms. … Despite the excitement surrounding AI Art, it also raises complex ethical, legal, and artistic questions that have sparked debates about the definition of art, the role of the artist, and the future of art production. … Regardless of whether AI Art is considered ‘true’ art, it is crucial to embrace and explore the vast possibilities and potential it brings to the table. The transformative influence of AI art on the art world is still unfolding, and only time will reveal its true extent.”

Read the full essay: AI Art vs. Human Art: A Side-by-Side Analysis at Raul Lara

Pop Culture Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Christina aguilera vs. britney spears.

Sample lines: “Britney Spears vs. Christina Aguilera was the Coke vs. Pepsi of 1999 — no, really, Christina repped Coke and Britney shilled for Pepsi. The two teen idols released debut albums seven months apart before the turn of the century, with Britney’s becoming a standard-bearer for bubblegum pop and Aguilera’s taking an R&B bent to show off her range. … It’s clear that Spears and Aguilera took extremely divergent paths following their simultaneous breakout successes.”

Read the full essay: Christina Aguilera vs. Britney Spears at The Ringer

Harry Styles vs. Ed Sheeran

Sample lines: “The world heard our fantasies and delivered us two titans simultaneously—we have been blessed with Ed Sheeran and Harry Styles. Our cup runneth over; our bounty is immeasurable. More remarkable still is the fact that both have released albums almost at the same time: Ed’s third, Divide , was released in March and broke the record for one-day Spotify streams, while Harry’s frenziedly anticipated debut solo, called Harry Styles , was released yesterday.”

Read the full essay: Harry Styles versus Ed Sheeran at Belfast Telegraph

The Grinch: Three Versions Compared

Sample lines: “Based on the original story of the same name, this movie takes a completely different direction by choosing to break away from the cartoony form that Seuss had established by filming the movie in a live-action form. Whoville is preparing for Christmas while the Grinch looks down upon their celebrations in disgust. Like the previous film, The Grinch hatches a plan to ruin Christmas for the Who’s. … Like in the original Grinch, he disguises himself as Santa Claus, and makes his dog, Max, into a reindeer. He then takes all of the presents from the children and households. … Cole’s favorite is the 2000 edition, while Alex has only seen the original. Tell us which one is your favorite.”

Read the full essay: The Grinch: Three Versions Compared at Wooster School

Historical and Political Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Malcolm x vs. martin luther king jr.: comparison between two great leaders’ ideologies .

Sample lines: “Although they were fighting for civil rights at the same time, their ideology and way of fighting were completely distinctive. This can be for a plethora of reasons: background, upbringing, the system of thought, and vision. But keep in mind, they devoted their whole life to the same prospect. … Through boycotts and marches, [King] hoped to end racial segregation. He felt that the abolition of segregation would improve the likelihood of integration. Malcolm X, on the other hand, spearheaded a movement for black empowerment.”

Read the full essay: Malcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr.: Comparison Between Two Great Leaders’ Ideologies  at Melaninful

Contrast Between Obama and Trump Has Become Clear

Sample lines: “The contrast is even clearer when we look to the future. Trump promises more tax cuts, more military spending, more deficits and deeper cuts in programs for the vulnerable. He plans to nominate a coal lobbyist to head the Environmental Protection Agency. … Obama says America must move forward, and he praises progressive Democrats for advocating Medicare for all. … With Obama and then Trump, Americans have elected two diametrically opposed leaders leading into two very different directions.”

Read the full essay: Contrast Between Obama and Trump Has Become Clear at Chicago Sun-Times

Sports Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Lebron james vs. kobe bryant: a complete comparison.

Sample lines: “LeBron James has achieved so much in his career that he is seen by many as the greatest of all time, or at least the only player worthy of being mentioned in the GOAT conversation next to Michael Jordan. Bridging the gap between Jordan and LeBron though was Kobe Bryant, who often gets left out of comparisons and GOAT conversations. … Should his name be mentioned more though? Can he compare to LeBron or is The King too far past The Black Mamba in historical rankings already?”

Read the full essay: LeBron James vs. Kobe Bryant: A Complete Comparison at Sportskeeda

NFL: Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning Rivalry Comparison

Sample lines: “Tom Brady and Peyton Manning were largely considered the best quarterbacks in the NFL for the majority of the time they spent in the league together, with the icons having many head-to-head clashes in the regular season and on the AFC side of the NFL Playoffs. Manning was the leader of the Indianapolis Colts of the AFC South. … Brady spent his career as the QB of the AFC East’s New England Patriots, before taking his talents to Tampa Bay. … The reality is that winning is the most important aspect of any career, and Brady won more head-to-head matchups than Manning did.”

Read the full essay: NFL: Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning Rivalry Comparison at Sportskeeda

The Greatest NBA Franchise Ever: Boston Celtics or Los Angeles Lakers?

Sample lines: “The Celtics are universally considered as the greatest franchise in NBA history. But if you take a close look at the numbers, there isn’t really too much separation between them and their arch-rival Los Angeles Lakers. In fact, you can even make a good argument for the Lakers. … In 72 seasons played, the Boston Celtics have won a total of 3,314 games and lost 2,305 or a .590 winning mark. On the other hand, the Los Angeles Lakers have won 3,284 of 5,507 total games played or a slightly better winning record of .596. … But while the Lakers have the better winning percentage, the Celtics have the advantage over them in head-to-head competition.”

Read the full essay: The Greatest NBA Franchise Ever: Boston Celtics or Los Angeles Lakers? at Sport One

Is Soccer Better Than Football?

Sample lines: “Is soccer better than football? Soccer and football lovers have numerous reasons to support their sport of choice. Both keep the players physically fit and help to bring people together for an exciting cause. However, soccer has drawn more numbers globally due to its popularity in more countries.”

Read the full essay: Is Soccer Better Than Football? at Sports Brief

Lifestyle Choices Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Mobile home vs. tiny house: similarities, differences, pros & cons.

Sample lines: “Choosing the tiny home lifestyle enables you to spend more time with those you love. The small living space ensures quality bonding time rather than hiding away in a room or behind a computer screen. … You’ll be able to connect closer to nature and find yourself able to travel the country at any given moment. On the other hand, we have the mobile home. … They are built on a chassis with transportation in mind. … They are not built to be moved on a constant basis. … While moving the home again *is* possible, it may cost you several thousand dollars.”

Read the full essay: Mobile Home vs. Tiny House: Similarities, Differences, Pros & Cons at US Mobile Home Pros

Whole Foods vs. Walmart: The Story of Two Grocery Stores

Sample lines: “It is clear that both stores have very different stories and aims when it comes to their customers. Whole Foods looks to provide organic, healthy, exotic, and niche products for an audience with a very particular taste. … Walmart, on the other hand, looks to provide the best deals, every possible product, and every big brand for a broader audience. … Moreover, they look to make buying affordable and accessible, and focus on the capitalist nature of buying.”

Read the full essay: Whole Foods vs. Walmart: The Story of Two Grocery Stores at The Archaeology of Us

Artificial Grass vs. Turf: The Real Differences Revealed

Sample lines: “The key difference between artificial grass and turf is their intended use. Artificial turf is largely intended to be used for sports, so it is shorter and tougher. On the other hand, artificial grass is generally longer, softer and more suited to landscaping purposes. Most homeowners would opt for artificial grass as a replacement for a lawn, for example. Some people actually prefer playing sports on artificial grass, too … artificial grass is often softer and more bouncy, giving it a feel similar to playing on a grassy lawn. … At the end of the day, which one you will choose will depend on your specific household and needs.”

Read the full essay: Artificial Grass vs. Turf: The Real Differences Revealed at Almost Grass

Minimalism vs. Maximalism: Differences, Similarities, and Use Cases

Sample lines: “Maximalists love shopping, especially finding unique pieces. They see it as a hobby—even a skill—and a way to express their personality. Minimalists don’t like shopping and see it as a waste of time and money. They’d instead use those resources to create memorable experiences. Maximalists desire one-of-a-kind possessions. Minimalists are happy with duplicates—for example, personal uniforms. … Minimalism and maximalism are about being intentional with your life and belongings. It’s about making choices based on what’s important to you.”

Read the full essay: Minimalism vs. Maximalism: Differences, Similarities, and Use Cases at Minimalist Vegan

Vegetarian vs. Meat Eating: Is It Better To Be a Vegetarian?

Sample lines: “You’ve heard buzz over the years that following a vegetarian diet is better for your health, and you’ve probably read a few magazine articles featuring a celeb or two who swore off meat and animal products and ‘magically’ lost weight. So does ditching meat automatically equal weight loss? Will it really help you live longer and be healthier overall? … Vegetarians appear to have lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure  and lower rates of hypertension and type 2 diabetes than meat eaters. Vegetarians also tend to have a lower body mass index, lower overall cancer rates and lower risk of chronic disease. But if your vegetarian co-worker is noshing greasy veggie burgers and fries every day for lunch, is he likely to be healthier than you, who always orders the grilled salmon? Definitely not!”

Read the full essay: Vegetarian vs. Meat Eating: Is It Better To Be a Vegetarian? at WebMD

Healthcare Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Similarities and differences between the health systems in australia & usa.

Sample lines: “Australia and the United States are two very different countries. They are far away from each other, have contrasting fauna and flora, differ immensely by population, and have vastly different healthcare systems. The United States has a population of 331 million people, compared to Australia’s population of 25.5 million people.”

Read the full essay: Similarities and Differences Between the Health Systems in Australia & USA at Georgia State University

Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate

Sample lines: “Disadvantages of universal healthcare include significant upfront costs and logistical challenges. On the other hand, universal healthcare may lead to a healthier populace, and thus, in the long-term, help to mitigate the economic costs of an unhealthy nation. In particular, substantial health disparities exist in the United States, with low socio-economic status segments of the population subject to decreased access to quality healthcare and increased risk of non-communicable chronic conditions such as obesity and type II diabetes, among other determinants of poor health.”

Read the full essay: Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate at National Library of Medicine

Pros and Cons of Physician Aid in Dying

Sample lines: “Physician aid in dying is a controversial subject raising issues central to the role of physicians. … The two most common arguments in favor of legalizing AID are respect for patient autonomy and relief of suffering. A third, related, argument is that AID is a safe medical practice, requiring a health care professional. … Although opponents of AID offer many arguments ranging from pragmatic to philosophical, we focus here on concerns that the expansion of AID might cause additional, unintended harm through suicide contagion, slippery slope, and the deaths of patients suffering from depression.”

Read the full essay: Pros and Cons of Physician Aid in Dying at National Library of Medicine

Animals Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Compare and contrast paragraph—dogs and cats.

Sample lines: “Researchers have found that dogs have about twice the number of neurons in their cerebral cortexes than what cats have. Specifically, dogs had around 530 million neurons, whereas the domestic cat only had 250 million neurons. Moreover, dogs can be trained to learn and respond to our commands, but although your cat understands your name, and anticipates your every move, he/she may choose to ignore you.”

Read the full essay: Compare and Contrast Paragraph—Dogs and Cats at Proofwriting Guru via YouTube

Giddyup! The Differences Between Horses and Dogs

Sample lines: “Horses are prey animals with a deep herding instinct. They are highly sensitive to their environment, hyper aware, and ready to take flight if needed. Just like dogs, some horses are more confident than others, but just like dogs, all need a confident handler to teach them what to do. Some horses are highly reactive and can be spooked by the smallest things, as are dogs. … Another distinction between horses and dogs … was that while dogs have been domesticated , horses have been  tamed. … Both species have influenced our culture more than any other species on the planet.”

Read the full essay: Giddyup! The Differences Between Horses and Dogs at Positively Victoria Stilwell

Exotic, Domesticated, and Wild Pets

Sample lines: “Although the words ‘exotic’ and ‘wild’ are frequently used interchangeably, many people do not fully understand how these categories differ when it comes to pets. ‘A wild animal is an indigenous, non-domesticated animal, meaning that it is native to the country where you are located,’ Blue-McLendon explained. ‘For Texans, white-tailed deer, pronghorn sheep, raccoons, skunks, and bighorn sheep are wild animals … an exotic animal is one that is wild but is from a different continent than where you live.’ For example, a hedgehog in Texas would be considered an exotic animal, but in the hedgehog’s native country, it would be considered wildlife.”

Read the full essay: Exotic, Domesticated, and Wild Pets at Texas A&M University

Should Zoos Be Banned? Pros & Cons of Zoos

Sample lines: “The pros and cons of zoos often come from two very different points of view. From a legal standard, animals are often treated as property. That means they have less rights than humans, so a zoo seems like a positive place to maintain a high quality of life. For others, the forced enclosure of any animal feels like an unethical decision. … Zoos provide a protected environment for endangered animals, and also help in raising awareness and funding for wildlife initiatives and research projects. … Zoos are key for research. Being able to observe and study animals is crucial if we want to contribute to help them and repair the ecosystems. … Zoos are a typical form of family entertainment, but associating leisure and fun with the contemplation of animals in captivity can send the wrong signals to our children.”

Read the full essay: Should Zoos Be Banned? Pros & Cons of Zoos at EcoCation

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Comparing and Contrasting: A Guide to Improve Your Essays

By Walter Akolo

Essays that require you to compare and contrast two or more subjects, ideas, places, or items are common.

They call for you to highlight the key similarities (compare) and differences (contrast) between them.

This guide contains all the information you need to become better at writing comparing and contrasting essays.

This includes: how to structure your essay, how to decide on the content, and some examples of essay questions.

Let’s dive in.

What Is Comparing and Contrasting?

Is compare and contrast the same as similarities and differences, what is the purpose of comparing and contrasting, can you compare and contrast any two items, how do you compare and contrast in writing, what are some comparing and contrasting techniques, how do you compare and contrast in college level writing, the four essentials of compare and contrast essays, what can you learn from a compare and contrast essay.

At their most basic, both comparing and contrasting base their evaluation on two or more subjects that share a connection.

The subjects could have similar characteristics, features, or foundations.

But while a comparison discusses the similarities of the two subjects, e.g. a banana and a watermelon are both fruit, contrasting highlights how the subjects or items differ from each other, e.g. a watermelon is around 10 times larger than a banana.

Any question that you are asked in education will have a variety of interesting comparisons and deductions that you can make.

Compare is the same as similarities.

Contrast is the same as differences.

This is because comparing identifies the likeness between two subjects, items, or categories, while contrasting recognizes disparities between them.

When you compare things, you represent them regarding their similarity, but when you contrast things, you define them in reference to their differences.

As a result, if you are asked to discuss the similarities and differences between two subjects, you can take an identical approach to if you are writing a compare and contrast essay.

In writing, the purpose of comparing and contrasting is to highlight subtle but important differences or similarities that might not be immediately obvious.

By illustrating the differences between elements in a similar category, you help heighten readers’ understanding of the subject or topic of discussion.

For instance, you might choose to compare and contrast red wine and white wine by pointing out the subtle differences. One of these differences is that red wine is best served at room temperature while white is best served chilled.

Also, comparing and contrasting helps to make abstract ideas more definite and minimizes the confusion that might exist between two related concepts.

Can Comparing and Contrasting Be Useful Outside of Academia?

Comparing enables you to see the pros and cons, allowing you to have a better understanding of the things under discussion. In an essay, this helps you demonstrate that you understand the nuances of your topic enough to draw meaningful conclusions from them.

Let's use a real-word example to see the benefits. Imagine you're contrasting two dresses you could buy. You might think:

• Dress A is purple, my favorite color, but it has a difficult zip and is practically impossible to match a jacket to.
• Dress B is more expensive but I already have a suitable pair of shoes and jacket and it is easier to move in.

You're linking the qualities of each dress to the context of the decision you're making. This is the same for your essay. Your comparison and contrast points will be in relation to the question you need to answer.

Comparing and contrasting is only a useful technique when applied to two related concepts.

To effectively compare two or more things, they must feature characteristics similar enough to warrant comparison.

In addition to this they must also feature a similarity that generates an interesting discussion. But what do I mean by “interesting” here?

Let’s look at two concepts, the Magna Carta and my third grade poetry competition entry.

They are both text, written on paper by a person so they fulfil the first requirement, they have a similarity. But this comparison clearly would not fulfil the second requirement, you would not be able to draw any interesting conclusions.

However, if we compare the Magna Carta to the Bill of Rights, you would be able to come to some very interesting conclusions concerning the history of world politics.

To write a good compare and contrast essay, it’s best to pick two or more topics that share a meaningful connection .

The aim of the essay would be to show the subtle differences or unforeseen similarities.

By highlighting the distinctions between elements in a similar category you can increase your readers’ understanding.

Alternatively, you could choose to focus on a comparison between two subjects that initially appear unrelated.

The more dissimilar they seem, the more interesting the comparison essay will turn out.

For instance, you could compare and contrast professional rugby players with marathon runners.

Can You Compare and Contrast in an Essay That Does Not Specifically Require It?

As a writer, you can employ comparing and contrasting techniques in your writing, particularly when looking for ideas you can later apply in your argument.

You can do this even when the comparison or contrast is not a requirement for the topic or argument you are presenting. Doing so could enable you to build your evaluation and develop a stronger argument.

Note that the similarities and differences you come up with might not even show up in the final draft.

While the use of compare and contrast can be neutral, you can also use it to highlight one option under discussion. When used this way, you can influence the perceived advantages of your preferred option.

As a writing style, comparing and contrasting can encompass an entire essay. However, it could also appear in some select paragraphs within the essay, where making some comparisons serves to better illustrate a point.

What Should You Do First?

Before you compare two things, always start by deciding on the reason for your comparison, then outline the criteria you will use to compare them.

Words and phrases commonly used for comparison include:

In writing, these words and phrases are called transitions . They help readers to understand or make the connection between sentences, paragraphs, and ideas.

Without transition words writing can feel clumsy and disjointed making it difficult to read. ProWritingAid’s transition report highlights all of a documents transitions and suggests that 25% of any sentences in a piece include a transition.

Sign up for a free ProWritingAid account to use the Transitions Report.

So, how do you form all of this into a coherent essay? It's a good idea to plan first, then decide what your paragraph layout will look like.

Venn diagrams are useful tool to start generating ideas. The, for your essay, you need to choose between going idea by idea and going point by point.

Using a Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram helps you to clearly see the similarities and differences between multiple objects, things, or subjects.

The writing tool comprises two, or more, simple, overlapping circles in which you list down the things that are alike (within the overlapping area) and those that differ (outside the overlapping area).

It’s great for brainstorming ideas and for creating your essay’s outline. You could even use it in an exam setting because it is quick and simple.

Going Subject by Subject

Going subject by subject is a structural choice for your essay.

Start by saying all you have to say on the first subject, then proceed to do the same about the second subject.

Depending on the length of your essay, you can fit the points about each subject into one paragraph or have several sections per each subject, ending with a conclusion.

This method is best for short essays on simple topics. Most university-level essays will go point by point instead.

Going Point by Point

Going point by point, or alternating, is the opposite essay structure from going subject by subject. This is ideal when you want to do more direct comparing and contrasting. It entails discussing one comparison point at a time. It allows you to use a paragraph to talk about how a certain comparing/contrasting point relates to the subjects or items you are discussing.

Alternatively, if you have lots of details about the subject, you might decide to use a paragraph for each point.

An academic compare and contrast essay looks at two or more subjects, ideas, people, or objects, compares their likeness, and contrasts their differences.

It’s an informative essay that provides insights on what is similar and different between the two items.

Depending on the essay’s instructions, you can focus solely on comparing or contrasting, or a combination of the two.

Examples of College Level Compare and Contrast Essay Questions

Here are eleven examples of compare and contrast essay questions that you might encounter at university:

• Archaeology: Compare and contrast the skulls of homo habilis, homo erectus, and homo sapiens.
• Art: Compare and contrast the working styles of any two Neoclassic artists.
• Astrophysics: Compare and contrast the chemical composition of Venus and Neptune.
• Biology: Compare and contrast the theories of Lamarck and Darwin.
• Business: Compare and contrast 2 or more business models within the agricultural industry.
• Creative writing: Compare and contrast free indirect discourse with epistolary styles.
• English Literature: Compare and contrast William Wordsworth with Robert Browning.
• Geography: Compare and contrast the benefit of solar panels with the benefit of wind turbines.
• History: Compare and contrast WWI to WWII with specific reference to the causes and outcomes.
• Medicine: Compare and contrast England’s health service with America’s health service.
• Psychology: Compare and contrast the behaviorist theory with the psychodynamic theory.

So, the key takeaways to keep in mind are:

Have a basis for comparison. The two things need to have enough in common to justify a discussion about their similarities and disparities.

Don’t go back and forth when using the block method. The best way to write your essay is to begin with a paragraph discussing all the facets of the first topic. Then, move on to another paragraph and talk through all the aspects of the second subject.

You can use both alternating and blocking techniques. Combining the two approaches is also an option. You can apply the alternating method in some paragraphs, then switch and use the block method. This method will help you offer a much deeper analysis of the subjects.

Have a reason for comparing the two things. Only select the points of comparison that resonate with your purpose.

Comparing and contrasting are essential analytical skills in academic writing. When your professor issues you with such an essay, their primary goal is to teach you how to:

• Engage in critical thinking
• See and make connections between words or ideas
• Move beyond mere descriptions or summaries to developing interesting analysis
• Get a deeper understanding of the subjects or items under comparison, their key features, and their interrelationships with each other.

Ultimately, your essay should enlighten readers by providing useful information.

Want to use ProWritingAid with your classroom? Download this free book now:

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Walter Akolo

Walter Akolo is a freelance writer, internet marketer, trainer, and blogger for hire. He loves helping businesses increase their reach and conversion through excellent and engaging content. He has gotten millions of pageviews on his blog, FreelancerKenya, where he mentors writers. Check out his website walterakolo.com.

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Writing a Paper: Comparing & Contrasting

A compare and contrast paper discusses the similarities and differences between two or more topics. The paper should contain an introduction with a thesis statement, a body where the comparisons and contrasts are discussed, and a conclusion.

Address Both Similarities and Differences

Because this is a compare and contrast paper, both the similarities and differences should be discussed. This will require analysis on your part, as some topics will appear to be quite similar, and you will have to work to find the differing elements.

Make Sure You Have a Clear Thesis Statement

Just like any other essay, a compare and contrast essay needs a thesis statement. The thesis statement should not only tell your reader what you will do, but it should also address the purpose and importance of comparing and contrasting the material.

Use Clear Transitions

Transitions are important in compare and contrast essays, where you will be moving frequently between different topics or perspectives.

• Examples of transitions and phrases for comparisons: as well, similar to, consistent with, likewise, too
• Examples of transitions and phrases for contrasts: on the other hand, however, although, differs, conversely, rather than.

For more information, check out our transitions page.

Structure Your Paper

Consider how you will present the information. You could present all of the similarities first and then present all of the differences. Or you could go point by point and show the similarity and difference of one point, then the similarity and difference for another point, and so on.

Include Analysis

It is tempting to just provide summary for this type of paper, but analysis will show the importance of the comparisons and contrasts. For instance, if you are comparing two articles on the topic of the nursing shortage, help us understand what this will achieve. Did you find consensus between the articles that will support a certain action step for people in the field? Did you find discrepancies between the two that point to the need for further investigation?

Make Analogous Comparisons

When drawing comparisons or making contrasts, be sure you are dealing with similar aspects of each item. To use an old cliché, are you comparing apples to apples?

• Example of poor comparisons: Kubista studied the effects of a later start time on high school students, but Cook used a mixed methods approach. (This example does not compare similar items. It is not a clear contrast because the sentence does not discuss the same element of the articles. It is like comparing apples to oranges.)
• Example of analogous comparisons: Cook used a mixed methods approach, whereas Kubista used only quantitative methods. (Here, methods are clearly being compared, allowing the reader to understand the distinction.

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Compare & Contrast Essays How things are similar or different

Compare and contrast is a common form of academic writing, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs which compare or contrast. This page gives information on what a compare and contrast essay is , how to structure this type of essay, how to use compare and contrast structure words , and how to make sure you use appropriate criteria for comparison/contrast . There is also an example compare and contrast essay on the topic of communication technology, as well as some exercises to help you practice this area.

What are compare & contrast essays?

For another look at the same content, check out YouTube » or Youku » , or this infographic » .

To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ. A compare and contrast essay therefore looks at the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences. This essay type is common at university, where lecturers frequently test your understanding by asking you to compare and contrast two theories, two methods, two historical periods, two characters in a novel, etc. Sometimes the whole essay will compare and contrast, though sometimes the comparison or contrast may be only part of the essay. It is also possible, especially for short exam essays, that only the similarities or the differences, not both, will be discussed. See the examples below.

• Compare and contrast Newton's ideas of gravity with those proposed by Einstein ['compare and contrast' essay]
• Examine how the economies of Spain and China are similar ['compare' only essay]
• Explain the differences between Achaemenid Empire and Parthian Empire ['contrast' only essay]

There are two main ways to structure a compare and contrast essay, namely using a block or a point-by-point structure. For the block structure, all of the information about one of the objects being compared/contrasted is given first, and all of the information about the other object is listed afterwards. This type of structure is similar to the block structure used for cause and effect and problem-solution essays. For the point-by-point structure, each similarity (or difference) for one object is followed immediately by the similarity (or difference) for the other. Both types of structure have their merits. The former is easier to write, while the latter is generally clearer as it ensures that the similarities/differences are more explicit.

The two types of structure, block and point-by-point , are shown in the diagram below.

Compare and Contrast Structure Words

Compare and contrast structure words are transition signals which show the similarities or differences. Below are some common examples.

• both... and...
• not only... but also...
• neither... nor...
• just like (+ noun)
• similar to (+ noun)
• to be similar (to)
• to be the same as
• to be alike
• to compare (to/with)
• Computers can be used to communicate easily, for example via email. Similarly/Likewise , the mobile phone is a convenient tool for communication.
• Both computers and mobile phones can be used to communicate easily with other people.
• Just like the computer, the mobile phone can be used to communicate easily with other people.
• The computer is similar to the mobile phone in the way it can be used for easy communication.
• In contrast
• In comparison
• By comparison
• On the other hand
• to differ from
• to be different (from)
• to be dissimilar to
• to be unlike
• Computers, although increasingly small, are not always easy to carry from one place to another. However , the mobile phone can be carried with ease.
• Computers are generally not very portable, whereas the mobile phone is.
• Computers differ from mobile phones in their lack of portability.
• Computers are unlike mobile phones in their lack of portability.

Criteria for comparison/contrast

When making comparisons or contrasts, it is important to be clear what criteria you are using. Study the following example, which contrasts two people. Here the criteria are unclear.

• Aaron is tall and strong. In contrast , Bruce is handsome and very intelligent.

Although this sentence has a contrast transition , the criteria for contrasting are not the same. The criteria used for Aaron are height (tall) and strength (strong). We would expect similar criteria to be used for Bruce (maybe he is short and weak), but instead we have new criteria, namely appearance (handsome) and intelligence (intelligent). This is a common mistake for students when writing this type of paragraph or essay. Compare the following, which has much clearer criteria (contrast structure words shown in bold).

• Aaron and Bruce differ in four ways. The first difference is height. Aaron is tall, while Bruce is short. A second difference is strength. Aaron is strong. In contrast , Bruce is weak. A third difference is appearance. Aaron, who is average looking, differs from Bruce, who is handsome. The final difference is intelligence. Aaron is of average intelligence. Bruce, on the other hand , is very intelligent.

Example essay

Below is a compare and contrast essay. This essay uses the point-by-point structure . Click on the different areas (in the shaded boxes to the right) to highlight the different structural aspects in this essay, i.e. similarities, differences, and structure words. This will highlight not simply the paragraphs, but also the thesis statement and summary , as these repeat the comparisons and contrasts contained in the main body.

Title: There have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionised the way we communicate with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those which were used in the past.

Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general form , they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available . One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly , people nowadays use both of these forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging. In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services. However , there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast , an email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take some time to circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately. Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By comparison , there are a vast array of communication methods available today. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as WeChat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication , there are significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication tools available . There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which we use today may one day also become outdated.

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Below is a checklist for compare and contrast essays. Use it to check your own writing, or get a peer (another student) to help you.

There is a downloadable graphic organiser for brainstorming ideas for compare and contrast essays in the writing resources section.

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Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 08 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.

Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).

Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.

Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.

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10.7 Comparison and Contrast

Learning objectives.

• Determine the purpose and structure of comparison and contrast in writing.
• Explain organizational methods used when comparing and contrasting.
• Understand how to write a compare-and-contrast essay.

The Purpose of Comparison and Contrast in Writing

Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay , then, analyzes two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both.

The key to a good compare-and-contrast essay is to choose two or more subjects that connect in a meaningful way. The purpose of conducting the comparison or contrast is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities. For example, if you wanted to focus on contrasting two subjects you would not pick apples and oranges; rather, you might choose to compare and contrast two types of oranges or two types of apples to highlight subtle differences. For example, Red Delicious apples are sweet, while Granny Smiths are tart and acidic. Drawing distinctions between elements in a similar category will increase the audience’s understanding of that category, which is the purpose of the compare-and-contrast essay.

Similarly, to focus on comparison, choose two subjects that seem at first to be unrelated. For a comparison essay, you likely would not choose two apples or two oranges because they share so many of the same properties already. Rather, you might try to compare how apples and oranges are quite similar. The more divergent the two subjects initially seem, the more interesting a comparison essay will be.

Writing at Work

Comparing and contrasting is also an evaluative tool. In order to make accurate evaluations about a given topic, you must first know the critical points of similarity and difference. Comparing and contrasting is a primary tool for many workplace assessments. You have likely compared and contrasted yourself to other colleagues. Employee advancements, pay raises, hiring, and firing are typically conducted using comparison and contrast. Comparison and contrast could be used to evaluate companies, departments, or individuals.

Brainstorm an essay that leans toward contrast. Choose one of the following three categories. Pick two examples from each. Then come up with one similarity and three differences between the examples.

• Romantic comedies
• Internet search engines
• Cell phones

Brainstorm an essay that leans toward comparison. Choose one of the following three items. Then come up with one difference and three similarities.

• Department stores and discount retail stores
• Fast food chains and fine dining restaurants
• Dogs and cats

The Structure of a Comparison and Contrast Essay

The compare-and-contrast essay starts with a thesis that clearly states the two subjects that are to be compared, contrasted, or both and the reason for doing so. The thesis could lean more toward comparing, contrasting, or both. Remember, the point of comparing and contrasting is to provide useful knowledge to the reader. Take the following thesis as an example that leans more toward contrasting.

Thesis statement: Organic vegetables may cost more than those that are conventionally grown, but when put to the test, they are definitely worth every extra penny.

Here the thesis sets up the two subjects to be compared and contrasted (organic versus conventional vegetables), and it makes a claim about the results that might prove useful to the reader.

You may organize compare-and-contrast essays in one of the following two ways:

• According to the subjects themselves, discussing one then the other
• According to individual points, discussing each subject in relation to each point

See Figure 10.1 “Comparison and Contrast Diagram” , which diagrams the ways to organize our organic versus conventional vegetables thesis.

Figure 10.1 Comparison and Contrast Diagram

The organizational structure you choose depends on the nature of the topic, your purpose, and your audience.

Given that compare-and-contrast essays analyze the relationship between two subjects, it is helpful to have some phrases on hand that will cue the reader to such analysis. See Table 10.3 “Phrases of Comparison and Contrast” for examples.

Table 10.3 Phrases of Comparison and Contrast

Create an outline for each of the items you chose in Note 10.72 “Exercise 1” and Note 10.73 “Exercise 2” . Use the point-by-point organizing strategy for one of them, and use the subject organizing strategy for the other.

Writing a Comparison and Contrast Essay

First choose whether you want to compare seemingly disparate subjects, contrast seemingly similar subjects, or compare and contrast subjects. Once you have decided on a topic, introduce it with an engaging opening paragraph. Your thesis should come at the end of the introduction, and it should establish the subjects you will compare, contrast, or both as well as state what can be learned from doing so.

The body of the essay can be organized in one of two ways: by subject or by individual points. The organizing strategy that you choose will depend on, as always, your audience and your purpose. You may also consider your particular approach to the subjects as well as the nature of the subjects themselves; some subjects might better lend themselves to one structure or the other. Make sure to use comparison and contrast phrases to cue the reader to the ways in which you are analyzing the relationship between the subjects.

After you finish analyzing the subjects, write a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the essay and reinforces your thesis. See Chapter 15 “Readings: Examples of Essays” to read a sample compare-and-contrast essay.

Many business presentations are conducted using comparison and contrast. The organizing strategies—by subject or individual points—could also be used for organizing a presentation. Keep this in mind as a way of organizing your content the next time you or a colleague have to present something at work.

Choose one of the outlines you created in Note 10.75 “Exercise 3” , and write a full compare-and-contrast essay. Be sure to include an engaging introduction, a clear thesis, well-defined and detailed paragraphs, and a fitting conclusion that ties everything together.

Key Takeaways

• A compare-and-contrast essay analyzes two subjects by either comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
• The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast essay is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects.
• The thesis should clearly state the subjects that are to be compared, contrasted, or both, and it should state what is to be learned from doing so.

There are two main organizing strategies for compare-and-contrast essays.

• Organize by the subjects themselves, one then the other.
• Organize by individual points, in which you discuss each subject in relation to each point.
• Use phrases of comparison or phrases of contrast to signal to readers how exactly the two subjects are being analyzed.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Compare And Contrast Essay Guide

Compare And Contrast Essay Examples

Last updated on: Mar 22, 2024

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Examples For Your Help

By: Barbara P.

Reviewed By: Jacklyn H.

Published on: Mar 22, 2023

Are you ready to challenge your critical thinking skills and take your writing to the next level? Look no further than the exciting world of compare and contrast essays! 

As a college student, you'll have the unique opportunity to delve into the details and differences of a variety of subjects. But don't let the pressure of writing the perfect compare-and-contrast essay weigh you down. 

To help guide you on this journey, we've got some great compare-and-contrast essay examples. It will make the writing process not only manageable but also enjoyable. So grab a pen and paper, and let's get started on this exciting adventure!

On this Page

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

A compare and contrast essay is all about comparing two subjects. Writing essays is not always easy, but it can be made easier with help from the examples before you write your own first. The examples will give you an idea of the perfect compare-and-contrast essay. 

We have compiled a selection of free compare-and-contrast essay examples that can help you structure this type of essay. 

SAMPLE COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE

BOOK COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

CITY COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

CATS & DOGS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

SCIENCE & ART COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

E-BOOKS & HARDBACK BOOKS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

HOMESCHOOLING BOOKS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

PARENTING STYLES COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

Don't know how to map out your compare and contrast essay? Visit this link to learn how to perfectly outline your essay!

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples University

Compare and contrast paper is a common assignments for university students. This type of essay tells the reader how two subjects are the same or different from each other. Also, show the points of comparison between the two subjects.

Look at the example that is mentioned below and create a well-written essay.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE UNIVERSITY

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples College

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE COLLEGE

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples High School

Compare and contrast essays are often assigned to high school students to help them improve their analytical skills .

In addition, some teachers assign this type of essay because it is a great way for students to improve their analytical and writing skills.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE HIGH SCHOOL

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE 9TH GRADE

Check out the video below to gain a quick and visual comprehension of what a compare and contrast essay entails.

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples Middle school

In middle school, students have the opportunity to write a compare-and-contrast essay. It does not require an expert level of skills, but it is still a way to improve writing skills.

Middle school students can easily write a compare-and-contrast essay with a little help from examples. We have gathered excellent examples of this essay that you can use to get started.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE MIDDLE SCHOOL

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLES 5TH GRADE

Literary Analysis Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

The perfect way to inform readers about the pros and cons of two subjects is with a comparison and contrast essay.

It starts by stating the thesis statement, and then you explain why these two subjects are being compared in this essay.

The following is an example that you can use for your help.

LITERARY ANALYSIS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE

Tough Essay Due? Hire Tough Writers!

Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion Example

The conclusion of an essay is the last part, in which you wrap up everything. It should not include a story but rather summarize the whole document so readers have something meaningful they can take away from it.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY CONCLUSION EXAMPLE

Struggling to think of the perfect compare-and-contrast essay topic ? Visit this link for a multitude of inspiring ideas.

Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Tips

A compare and contrast essay presents the facts point by point, and mostly, the argumentative essay uses this compared-contrasted technique for its subjects.

If you are looking for some easy and simple tips to craft a perfectly researched and structured compare and contrast essay, we will not disappoint you.

Following are some quick tips that you can keep in mind while writing your essay:

• Choose the essay topic carefully.
• Research and brainstorm the points that make them similar and different.
• Create and add your main statement and claim.
• Create a Venn diagram and show the similarities and differences.
• Choose the design through which you will present your arguments and claims.
• Create compare and contrast essay outline. Use either the block method or the point-by-point structure.
• Research and add credible supporting evidence.
• Transitioning is also important. Use transitional words and phrases to engage your readers.
• Edit, proofread, and revise the essay before submission.

Create captivating essays effortlessly!

In conclusion, writing a compare and contrast essay can be an effective way to explore the similarities and differences between two topics. By using examples, it is possible to see the different approaches that can be taken when writing this type of essay. 

Whether you are a student or a professional writer, these examples can provide valuable insight to enhance your writing skills. You can also use our AI-powered essay typer to generate sample essays for your specific topic and subject.

However, if you don’t feel confident in your writing skills, you can always hire our professional essay writer.

5StarEssays.com offer comprehensive essay writing service for students across the globe. Our experts are highly trained and qualified, making sure all of your essays will meet academic requirements while receiving top grades. 

Don't wait - take advantage of our 50% introductory discount today and get ahead of the game with us! 

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i write a compare and contrast essay.

Here are some steps that you should follow and write a great essay.

• Begin by brainstorming with a Venn diagram.
• Create a thesis statement.
• Develop an outline.
• Write the introduction.
• Write the body paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion.
• Proofreading.

How do you start a compare and contrast essay introduction?

When writing a compare and contrast essay, it is important to have an engaging introduction that will grab the reader's attention. A good way to do this would be by starting with a question or fact related to the topic to catch their interest.

What are some good compare and contrast essay topics?

Here are some good topics for compare and contrast essay:

• E-books or textbooks.
• Anxiety vs. Depression.
• Vegetables and fruits.
• Cinnamon vs. sugar.
• Similarities between cultural and traditional fashion trends.

How long is a compare and contrast essay?

Usually, a compare and contrast essay would consist of five paragraphs but there are no hard and fast rules regarding it. Some essays could be longer than five paragraphs, based on the scope of the topic of the essay.

What are the two methods for arranging a comparison and contrast essay?

The two ways to organize and arrange your compare and contrast essay. The first one is the Point-by-Point method and the second one is the Block method.

Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

Last Updated: May 12, 2023 Approved

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. This article has 29 testimonials from our readers, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 3,107,968 times.

The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to analyze the differences and/or the similarities of two distinct subjects. A good compare/contrast essay doesn’t only point out how the subjects are similar or different (or even both!). It uses those points to make a meaningful argument about the subjects. While it can be a little intimidating to approach this type of essay at first, with a little work and practice, you can write a great compare-and-contrast essay!

Formulating Your Argument

• You could pick two subjects that are in the same “category” but have differences that are significant in some way. For example, you could choose “homemade pizza vs. frozen grocery store pizza.”
• You could pick two subjects that don’t appear to have anything in common but that have a surprising similarity. For example, you could choose to compare bats and whales. (One is tiny and flies, and the other is huge and swims, but they both use sonar to hunt.)
• You could pick two subjects that might appear to be the same but are actually different. For example, you could choose "The Hunger Games movie vs. the book."

• For example, ask yourself: What can we learn by thinking about “The Hunger Games” and “Battle Royale” together that we would miss out on if we thought about them separately?
• It can be helpful to consider the “So what?” question when deciding whether your subjects have meaningful comparisons and contrasts to be made. If you say “The Hunger Games and Battle Royale are both similar and different,” and your friend asked you “So what?” what would your answer be? In other words, why bother putting these two things together?

• A “Venn diagram” can often be helpful when brainstorming. This set of overlapping circles can help you visualize where your subjects are similar and where they differ. In the outer edges of the circle, you write what is different; in the overlapping middle area, you write what’s similar. [2] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
• You can also just draw out a list of all of the qualities or characteristics of each subject. Once you’ve done that, start looking through the list for traits that both subjects share. Major points of difference are also good to note.

• For example, if you are comparing and contrasting cats and dogs, you might notice that both are common household pets, fairly easy to adopt, and don’t usually have many special care needs. These are points of comparison (ways they are similar).
• You might also note that cats are usually more independent than dogs, that dogs may not provoke allergies as much as cats do, and that cats don’t get as big as many dogs do. These are points of contrast (ways they are different).
• These points of contrast can often be good places to start thinking about your thesis, or argument. Do these differences make one animal a superior type of pet? Or a better pet choice for a specific living situation (e.g., an apartment, a farm, etc.)?

• Show readers why one subject is more desirable than the other. Example: "Cats are better pets than dogs because they require less maintenance, are more independent, and are more adaptable."
• Help readers make a meaningful comparison between two subjects. Example: "New York City and San Francisco are both great cities for young professionals, but they differ in terms of their job opportunities, social environment, and living conditions."
• Show readers how two subjects are similar and different. Example: "While both The Catcher in the Rye and To Kill a Mockingbird explore the themes of loss of innocence and the deep bond between siblings, To Kill a Mockingbird is more concerned with racism while The Catcher in the Rye focuses on the prejudices of class."
• In middle school and high school, the standard format for essays is often the “5-paragraph form,” with an introduction, 3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. If your teacher recommends this form, go for it. However, you should be aware that especially in college, teachers and professors tend to want students to break out of this limited mode. Don’t get so locked into having “three main points” that you forget to fully explore your topic.

Organizing Your Essay

• Subject by subject. This organization deals with all of the points about Topic A, then all of the points of Topic B. For example, you could discuss all your points about frozen pizza (in as many paragraphs as necessary), then all your points about homemade pizza. The strength of this form is that you don’t jump back and forth as much between topics, which can help your essay read more smoothly. It can also be helpful if you are using one subject as a “lens” through which to examine the other. The major disadvantage is that the comparisons and contrasts don’t really become evident until much further into the essay, and it can end up reading like a list of “points” rather than a cohesive essay. [4] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
• Point by point. This type of organization switches back and forth between points. For example, you could first discuss the prices of frozen pizza vs. homemade pizza, then the quality of ingredients, then the convenience factor. The advantage of this form is that it’s very clear what you’re comparing and contrasting. The disadvantage is that you do switch back and forth between topics, so you need to make sure that you use transitions and signposts to lead your reader through your argument.
• Compare then contrast. This organization presents all the comparisons first, then all the contrasts. It’s a pretty common way of organizing an essay, and it can be helpful if you really want to emphasize how your subjects are different. Putting the contrasts last places the emphasis on them. However, it can be more difficult for your readers to immediately see why these two subjects are being contrasted if all the similarities are first.

• Introduction. This paragraph comes first and presents the basic information about the subjects to be compared and contrasted. It should present your thesis and the direction of your essay (i.e., what you will discuss and why your readers should care).
• Body Paragraphs. These are the meat of your essay, where you provide the details and evidence that support your claims. Each different section or body paragraph should tackle a different division of proof. It should provide and analyze evidence in order to connect those proofs to your thesis and support your thesis. Many middle-school and high-school essays may only require three body paragraphs, but use as many as is necessary to fully convey your argument.
• Acknowledgement of Competitive Arguments/Concession. This paragraph acknowledges that other counter-arguments exist, but discusses how those arguments are flawed or do not apply.
• Conclusion. This paragraph summarizes the evidence presented. It will restate the thesis, but usually in a way that offers more information or sophistication than the introduction could. Remember: your audience now has all the information you gave them about why your argument is solid. They don’t need you to just reword your original thesis. Take it to the next level!

• Introduction: state your intent to discuss the differences between camping in the woods or on the beach.
• Body Paragraph 1 (Woods): Climate/Weather
• Body Paragraph 2 (Woods): Types of Activities and Facilities
• Body Paragraph 3 (Beach): Climate/Weather
• Body Paragraph 4 (Beach): Types of Activities and Facilities

• Introduction

• Body Paragraph 1: Similarity between woods and beaches (both are places with a wide variety of things to do)
• Body Paragraph 2: First difference between woods and beaches (they have different climates)
• Body Paragraph 3: Second difference between woods and beaches (there are more easily accessible woods than beaches in most parts of the country)
• Body Paragraph 4: Emphasis on the superiority of the woods to the beach

• Topic sentence: This sentence introduces the main idea and subject of the paragraph. It can also provide a transition from the ideas in the previous paragraph.
• Body: These sentences provide concrete evidence that support the topic sentence and main idea.
• Conclusion: this sentence wraps up the ideas in the paragraph. It may also provide a link to the next paragraph’s ideas.

Putting It All Together

• If you are having trouble finding evidence to support your argument, go back to your original texts and try the brainstorming process again. It could be that your argument is evolving past where it started, which is good! You just need to go back and look for further evidence.

• For example, in a body paragraph about the quality of ingredients in frozen vs. homemade pizza, you could close with an assertion like this: “Because you actively control the quality of the ingredients in pizza you make at home, it can be healthier for you than frozen pizza. It can also let you express your imagination. Pineapple and peanut butter pizza? Go for it! Pickles and parmesan? Do it! Using your own ingredients lets you have fun with your food.” This type of comment helps your reader understand why the ability to choose your own ingredients makes homemade pizza better.

• Reading your essay aloud can also help you find problem spots. Often, when you’re writing you get so used to what you meant to say that you don’t read what you actually said.

• Avoid bias. Don't use overly negative or defamatory language to show why a subject is unfavorable; use solid evidence to prove your points instead.
• Avoid first-person pronouns unless told otherwise. In some cases, your teacher may encourage you to use “I” and “you” in your essay. However, if the assignment or your teacher doesn’t mention it, stick with third-person instead, like “one may see” or “people may enjoy.” This is common practice for formal academic essays.
• Proofread! Spelling and punctuation errors happen to everyone, but not catching them can make you seem lazy. Go over your essay carefully, and ask a friend to help if you’re not confident in your own proofreading skills.

Sample Body Paragraphs

• "When one is deciding whether to go to the beach or the woods, the type of activities that each location offers are an important point to consider. At the beach, one can enjoy the water by swimming, surfing, or even building a sandcastle with a moat that will fill with water. When one is in the woods, one may be able to go fishing or swimming in a nearby lake, or one may not be near water at all. At the beach, one can keep one's kids entertained by burying them in sand or kicking around a soccer ball; if one is in the woods, one can entertain one's kids by showing them different plans or animals. Both the beach and the woods offer a variety of activities for adults and kids alike."

• "The beach has a wonderful climate, many activities, and great facilities for any visitor's everyday use. If a person goes to the beach during the right day or time of year, he or she can enjoy warm, yet refreshing water, a cool breeze, and a relatively hot climate. At the beach, one can go swimming, sunbathe, or build sandcastles. There are also great facilities at the beach, such as a changing room, umbrellas, and conveniently-located restaurants and changing facilities. The climate, activities, and facilities are important points to consider when deciding between the beach and the woods."

Sample Essay Outline

Community Q&A

• Collect your sources. Mark page numbers in books, authors, titles, dates, or other applicable information. This will help you cite your sources later on in the writing process. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 2
• Don't rush through your writing. If you have a deadline, start early. If you rush, the writing won't not be as good as it could be. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
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• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/comparing-and-contrasting/
• ↑ http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/interactives/compcontrast/

About This Article

To write a compare and contrast essay, try organizing your essay so you're comparing and contrasting one aspect of your subjects in each paragraph. Or, if you don't want to jump back and forth between subjects, structure your essay so the first half is about one subject and the second half is about the other. You could also write your essay so the first few paragraphs introduce all of the comparisons and the last few paragraphs introduce all of the contrasts, which can help emphasize your subjects' differences and similarities. To learn how to choose subjects to compare and come up with a thesis statement, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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101 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Great Ideas for Essays

• Teaching Resources
• An Introduction to Teaching
• Tips & Strategies
• Policies & Discipline
• Community Involvement
• School Administration
• Technology in the Classroom
• Teaching Adult Learners
• Issues In Education
• Becoming A Teacher
• Assessments & Tests
• Elementary Education
• Secondary Education
• Special Education
• Homeschooling
• M.Ed., Curriculum and Instruction, University of Florida
• B.A., History, University of Florida

Compare and contrast essays are taught in school for many reasons. For one thing, they are relatively easy to teach, understand, and format. Students can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction. In addition, these essays allow students develop critical thinking skills to approach a variety of topics.

Brainstorming Tip

One fun way to get students started brainstorming their compare and contrast essays is to create a Venn diagram , where the overlapping sections of the circle contain similarities and the non-overlapping areas contain the differing traits.

The following is a list of 101 topics for compare and contrast essays that you are welcome to use in your classroom. As you look through the list, you will see that some items are academic in nature while others are included for interest-building and fun writing activities.

• Apple vs. Microsoft
• Coke vs. Pepsi
• Renaissance Art vs. Baroque Art
• Antebellum Era vs. Reconstruction Era in American History
• Childhood vs. Adulthood
• Star Wars vs. Star Trek
• Biology vs. Chemistry
• Astrology vs. Astronomy
• American Government vs. British Government (or any world government)
• Fruits vs. Vegetables
• Dogs vs. Cats
• Ego vs. Superego
• Christianity vs. Judaism (or any world religion )
• Republican vs. Democrat
• Monarchy vs. Presidency
• US President vs. UK Prime Minister
• Jazz vs. Classical Music
• Red vs. White (or any two colors)
• Soccer vs. Football
• North vs. South Before the Civil War
• New England Colonies vs. Middle Colonies OR vs. Southern Colonies
• Cash vs. Credit Cards
• Sam vs. Frodo Baggins
• Gandalf vs. Dumbledore
• Fred vs. Shaggy
• Rap vs. Pop
• Articles of Confederation vs. U.S. Constitution
• Henry VIII vs. King Louis XIV
• Stocks vs. Bonds
• Monopolies vs. Oligopolies
• Communism vs. Capitalism
• Socialism vs. Capitalism
• Diesel vs. Petroleum
• Nuclear Power vs. Solar Power
• Saltwater Fish vs. Freshwater Fish
• Squids vs. Octopus
• Mammals vs. Reptiles
• Baleen vs. Toothed Whales
• Seals vs. Sea Lions
• Crocodiles vs. Alligators
• Bats vs. Birds
• Oven vs. Microwave
• Greek vs. Roman Mythology
• Chinese vs. Japanese
• Comedy vs. Drama
• Renting vs. Owning
• Mozart vs. Beethoven
• Online vs. Traditional Education
• North vs. South Pole
• Watercolor vs. Oil
• 1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451
• Emily Dickinson vs. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• W.E.B. DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington
• Strawberries vs. Apples
• Airplanes vs. Helicopters
• Hitler vs. Napoleon
• Roman Empire vs. British Empire
• Paper vs. Plastic
• Italy vs. Spain
• Baseball vs. Cricket
• Jefferson vs. Adams
• Thoroughbreds vs. Clydesdales
• Spiders vs. Scorpions
• Northern Hemisphere vs. Southern Hemisphere
• Hobbes vs. Locke
• Friends vs. Family
• Dried Fruit vs. Fresh
• Porcelain vs. Glass
• Modern Dance vs. Ballroom Dancing
• American Idol vs. The Voice
• Reality TV vs. Sitcoms
• Picard vs. Kirk
• Books vs. Movies
• Magazines vs. Comic Books
• Antique vs. New
• Public vs. Private Transportation
• Email vs. Letters
• Facebook vs. Twitter
• Coffee vs. an Energy Drink
• Toads vs. Frogs
• Profit vs. Non-Profit
• Boys vs. Girls
• Birds vs. Dinosaurs
• High School vs. College
• Chamberlain vs. Churchill
• Offense vs. Defense
• Jordan vs. Bryant
• Harry vs. Draco
• Roses vs. Carnations
• Poetry vs. Prose
• Fiction vs. Nonfiction
• Lions vs. Tigers
• Vampires vs. Werewolves
• Lollipops vs. popsicles
• Summer vs. Winter
• Recycling vs. Landfill
• Motorcycle vs. Bicycle
• Halogen vs. Incandescent
• Newton vs. Einstein
• .. Go on vacation vs. Staycation
• . Rock vs. Scissors
• Questions for Each Level of Bloom's Taxonomy
• 61 General Expository Essay Topic to Practice Academic Writing
• Use Popular Songs to Teach Similes
• Beef Up Critical Thinking and Writing Skills: Comparison Essays
• How to Teach the Compare and Contrast Essay
• 25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes
• Compare-Contrast Prewriting Chart
• Organizing Compare-Contrast Paragraphs
• How to Teach Topic Sentences Using Models
• Higher Level Thinking: Synthesis in Bloom's Taxonomy
• What to Include in a Student Portfolio
• Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis Category
• 6 Skills Students Need to Succeed in Social Studies Classes
• Mini-Lessons to Upgrade Downtime
• Expository Essay Genre With Suggested Prompts
• Social Studies Warmups: Exercises to Get Students Thinking

• Research article
• Open access
• Published: 13 September 2024

Comparison of generative AI performance on undergraduate and postgraduate written assessments in the biomedical sciences

• Andrew Williams   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0908-0364 1  

International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education volume  21 , Article number:  52 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

The value of generative AI tools in higher education has received considerable attention. Although there are many proponents of its value as a learning tool, many are concerned with the issues regarding academic integrity and its use by students to compose written assessments. This study evaluates and compares the output of three commonly used generative AI tools, ChatGPT, Bing and Bard. Each AI tool was prompted with an essay question from undergraduate (UG) level 4 (year 1), level 5 (year 2), level 6 (year 3) and postgraduate (PG) level 7 biomedical sciences courses. Anonymised AI generated output was then evaluated by four independent markers, according to specified marking criteria and matched to the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) of UK level descriptors. Percentage scores and ordinal grades were given for each marking criteria across AI generated papers, inter-rater reliability was calculated using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and generative AI performance ranked. Across all UG and PG levels, ChatGPT performed better than Bing or Bard in areas of scientific accuracy, scientific detail and context. All AI tools performed consistently well at PG level compared to UG level, although only ChatGPT consistently met levels of high attainment at all UG levels. ChatGPT and Bing did not provide adequate references, while Bing falsified references. In conclusion, generative AI tools are useful for providing scientific information consistent with the academic standards required of students in written assignments. These findings have broad implications for the design, implementation and grading of written assessments in higher education.

Introduction

Emerging digital technologies have a long history in university education practice (Doroudi, 2022 ). These include virtual learning environments (VLEs), augmented reality, intelligent tutoring systems, automatic marking and grading systems, and now generative artificial intelligence (AI) (Woolf 2010 ). The adoption of technology into education (EdTech) and the recent incorporation or AI, known as artificial intelligence in education (AIEd), has been received with scepticism and optimism in equal measure (Rudolph et al., 2023 ). Generative AI tools use a type of machine learning algorithm, known as a large language model (LLM), that is capable of producing novel output in response to a text prompt. Familiar examples include ChatGPT (developed by OpenAI), Google Bard and Microsoft 365 Copilot (which leverages the Open AI GPT-4 LLM). A Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) is a sophisticated LLM that applies deep learning technology. They are ‘generative’ due to their ability produce novel text in response to a user-provided input and they are “pretrained” on terabytes of data from the corpus of existing internet information. They are called ‘transformers’ because they employ a neural network to transform input text to produce output text that closely resembles human language. Many consider generative AI as a transformative technology that will revolutionise industry, academia and society (Larsen, 2023 ).

Many in the higher education (HE) sector are concerned that students will use generative AI to produce written assignments and therefore as a tool for plagiarism (Perkins, 2023 ). The ease of access to generative AI applications and the simplicity of generating written text, may have far-reaching consequences for how students approach their education and their written assessments (Nazari et al., 2021 ). The rapid development and progressive improvements in LLMs mean they are becoming more effective at producing human-like outputs (Kasneci et al., 2023 ; Team, 2022 ). The implications on both academic integrity and the development of student’s academic skills are therefore considerable (Cassidy, 2023 ). However, there is a lack of research on evaluating the effectiveness of LLMs across a broad range of assessment types and across different disciplines within higher education.

The importance of the student essay, as a form of assessment, is still relevant to the biomedical sciences, while academic writing is considered a key skill for trainee scientists and many other disciplines (Behzadi & Gajdács, 2021 ). Although the adoption of AI may address some of the challenges faced by teachers in higher education, for example the acceleration of marking large numbers of student scripts, educators must still ensure academic integrity is maintained (Cotton et al. 2023 ) as well as assessing the ability or performance of the student. In the biomedical sciences, an in-depth knowledge and critical evaluation of the scientific field is often a requisite of written assignments (Puig et al., 2019 ) and an important skill to acquire for professional development. The performance of students in key marking criteria, such as mechanistic detail and scientific accuracy, are also valued by teachers to allow an informed academic judgement of student’s submissions.

Previous analysis of generative AI on university student assessment has been mixed in terms of comparative performance to student’s own work. ChatGPT performed very well on a typical MBA course, achieving high grades on multiple questions (Terwiesch, 2023 ). ChatGPT also performed well on the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) exam, equivalent to a third-year medical student and demonstrated reasoned answers to complex medical questions (Gilson et al., 2022 ). A larger study of 32 university-level courses from eight disciplines revealed that the performance of ChatGPT was comparable to university students, although it performed better at factual recall questions (Ibrahim et al., 2023 ). However, the text output in response to questions was limited to two paragraphs and therefore not equivalent to a longer, essay-style answer. Doubts remain as to the depth and accuracy of ChatGPT responses (and other generative AI tools) to more complex and mechanistic questions related to biomedical subject material.

This study aims to evaluate how different generative AI tools perform in writing essays in undergraduate and postgraduate biomedical sciences courses. In response to example essay questions, AI generated answers were anonymously evaluated with reference to the level descriptions from the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications in the UK (QAA, 2014 ), providing evaluations of generative AI output across four levels of undergraduate and postgraduate education. The performance of three commonly used AI tools were investigated, ChatGPT 3.5, Google Bard and Microsoft Bing. Scientific accuracy, mechanistic detail, deviation, context and coherence were evaluated by four independent markers, inter-rater reliability calculated and written instructor comments provided on each output. The findings provide insights into the effectiveness of LLMs in academic writing assignments, with broad implications for the potential use of these tools in student assessments in the biomedical sciences.

Written assessment questions

Essay questions from four courses at University College London (UK), within the biomedical sciences, were used to evaluate the performance of generative AI. An essay question from each of the undergraduate and taught postgraduate years of study was assessed, equivalent to undergraduate level 4 (first year), level 5 (second year), level 6 (third year) and postgraduate taught level 7 (MSc), according to the level descriptors provided by the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) in the UK (QAA, 2014 ). Escalating levels of student attainment are expected as the level descriptions increase, providing an opportunity to evaluate the performance of generative AI at each level. The essay subject material was derived from the undergraduate level 4 course ‘Kidneys, Hormones and Fluid Balance’; the level 5 course ‘Molecular Basis of Disease’; the level 6 course ‘Bioinformatics’; and the level 7 course ‘Principles of Immunology’, and were representative of the types of essay question that would be used in these modules.

The following essay questions were used to evaluate the responses generated by AI:

Level 4: Describe how the glomerular filtration rate is regulated in the kidney.

Level 5: Describe the pathomechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Level 6: Describe how bioinformatics is used in biomedical research. Please provide examples of how bioinformatics has helped in our understanding of human diseases.

Level 7: Describe the major histocompatibility complex II antigen processing pathway. Please provide details of the key molecular interactions at each step.

Generative AI tools

Three generative AI tools were evaluated, selected on the basis of student access and their interface with the two most frequently used internet search engines. The free version of ChatGPT 3.5 (built on a variant of the OpenAI transformer model), Google Bard (built on the Google Language Model for Dialogue Applications—LaMDA) and Microsoft Bing (leveraging the OpenAI GPT-4 transformer model) were evaluated (Aydin & Karaarslan, 2023 ). Questions were submitted to each LLM application between 11th August 2023 and 9th September 2023. Each question was entered into ChatGPT, Bard or Bing without modifications as the following prompt: ‘{Question}. Please write your response as a 1000 word university level essay.’ No additional prompts or subsequent text requests were made in relation to the generation of the essay answer. For the level 7 essay question only, a follow-up prompt: ‘Could you list 4 references to justify your answer?’ was applied. This was asked only for the level 7 question in order to determine the overall ability of each AI model to generate references. No alterations in the basic settings of any of the generative AI applications were made in order to mimic the intrinsic functionality of each model.

FHEQ level descriptors

The FHEQ level descriptors (McGhee, 2003 ) are widely recognised across the higher education sector as the benchmark standard for student attainment at each level of study and therefore provide a useful scaffold to evaluate the performance of generative AI. Particular reference to the knowledge and understanding component in relation to Annex D: Outcome classification descriptions for FHEQ Level 6 were made, as this criterion was most relevant to assessing responses to the essay questions (QAA, 2014 ). In brief the following statements were used as benchmark statements to evaluate generative AI output in response to essay questions.

Level 4: “knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles associated with their area(s) of study, and an ability to evaluate and interpret these within the context of that area of study”.

Level 5: “knowledge and critical understanding of the well-established principles of their area(s) of study, and of the way in which those principles have developed”.

Level 6: “a systematic understanding of key aspects of their field of study, including acquisition of coherent and detailed knowledge, at least some of which is at, or informed by, the forefront of defined aspects of a discipline”.

Level 7: “a systematic understanding of knowledge, and a critical awareness of current problems and/or new insights, much of which is at, or informed by, the forefront of their academic discipline, field of study or area of professional practice”.

Generative AI performance evaluation

Responses generated by ChatGPT, Google Bard and Microsoft Bing were assessed according to the FHEQ framework and marking criteria described (Table  1 ). The following terms were used to evaluate text generated in response to each essay question: ‘Scientific Accuracy’; ‘Mechanistic Detail’; ‘Deviation’; ‘Context’; and ‘Coherence’, each marking criteria therefore mapping to the FHEQ descriptors. Markers were provided with the marking rubric and a percentage value and an ordinal grade of low, medium or high was attributed to each marking criteria, for each of the generative AI models evaluated and for each essay question across all four level descriptors. The higher the level descriptor, the greater the expectation for each marking criteria. Illustrative examples from generative AI responses were selected, to highlight areas of good and poor academic writing related to the prescribed marking criteria and FHEQ descriptors. In addition, assessor feedback comments on relevant aspects of the responses were provided.

Each essay question was anonymised prior to marker evaluation, to avoid marker bias. Four independent markers were used to evaluate each generated output across all AI tools and all FHEQ levels. Marking criteria and model answers (not shown, supplementary material) were provided to all independent markers prior to evaluation. The inter-rater reliability (or inter-rater agreement) was calculated using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance with SPSS Statistics (IBM) software. The Kendall’s W score and p-value (sig.) were calculated for each AI generated output for each marking criteria, and for the cumulative criteria scores for each essay paper. The overall grade (total score) was calculated as the average percentage score of each marking criteria score.

Firstly, an evaluation of the ability of generative AI to answer university-level essay questions, and an evaluation of the performance of different AI tools, was undertaken. The generative AI models evaluated were ChatGPT 3.5, Google Bard and Microsoft Bing. Essays were chosen from four courses within the biomedical sciences. Secondly, to evaluate the performance of generative AI against increasing levels of expected student attainment, essays were chosen from each level of UK undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate study. This equates to essays from level 4, level 5, level 6 and level 7 courses, which are equivalent to the three years of undergraduate study (levels 4–6) and one of postgraduate (level 7). The performance of generative AI was assessed my mapping responses to the UK FHEQ descriptors (QAA, 2014 ), which set out intended attainment levels for each year of university study. Scripts were anonymised prior to marking.

Specified marking criteria (Table  1 ) were used to assess the performance of generative AI, based on scientific accuracy, mechanistic detail, deviation and coherence of the essays produced. Scientific accuracy reflected the appropriateness of responses in terms of factual correctness and correct use of scientific terminology, while mechanistic detail assessed the depth to which answers explored processes and systems (including providing relevant examples) expected in essay answers from students at each FHEQ level. Deviation assessed whether responses were explicit and did not deviate from the original question, while cohesion assessed whether responses provided an intelligible narrative that would be expected of an answer written by a human. Each generative AI model was assigned an indicator of how well it performed according to the marking criteria, as well as a percentage for each criteria. The total essay score was calculated as an average of the marking criteria. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. This was applied to essay answers at all descriptor levels. For each AI response, instructor feedback in the form of comments was also provided, based on the specific marking criteria. Illustrative examples of AI generated output (in italics) followed by instructor comments are provided in the context of each essay answer (ChatGPT, Google Bard, Microsoft Bing, personal communication, 2023).

For each generative AI model, the following prompt was used: Describe how the glomerular filtration rate is regulated in the kidney. Please write your response as a 1000 word university level essay. Essays were evaluated in relation to the FHEQ level 4 descriptor and the prescribed marking criteria (Table  2 ). Four independent markers evaluated anonymised scripts. The inter-rater reliability and agreement between assessors were measured by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for each paper, for each criteria and across the cumulative marks for each paper.

For level 4, ChatGPT generated an answer with a high degree of scientific accuracy with only minor factual errors. The level of mechanistic detail was appropriate although the response fell below that expected of a first-class answer. There was little deviation away from the essay question or subject matter and the essay was written in a clear, precise and coherent manner. More context could have been provided in regard to the physiological importance of the subject. Of additional note was the use of American English, rather than UK English, although the summary text was considered to be of a high standard.

ChatGPT response (accuracy): “This leads to a decreased sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa.” Instructor comments: “This leads to an increased sodium chloride concentration detected by the macula densa.” ChatGPT response (detail): “When systemic blood pressure increases, the afferent arterioles constrict, limiting the entry of blood into the glomerulus.” Instructor comment: “I would expect more detail here on the mechanism of myogenic autoregulation. For example, stretch receptors in myocytes lining the afferent arterioles, opening of nonspecific cation channels, depolarisation, calcium release, cell vessel contraction.” ChatGPT response (detail): “This mechanism provides negative feedback to prevent excessive filtration and maintain GFR within an appropriate range.” Instructors comment: “Would expect (more detail) here that autoregulation only works within a specific range of GFR and can be overridden by various hormones, e.g., angiotensin II.”

Although the scientific accuracy was appropriate for a level 4 essay, the extend of scientific detail and mechanistic insight was lower in comparison to ChatGPT. Some descriptions of scientific mechanisms were vague or the information provided was repetitive. There was a lack of context with regard to the fundamental physiological importance of the subject material.

Bard responses (detail): “ADH increases the GFR by causing the afferent arterioles to constrict. This constriction reduces the blood flow to the glomerulus, which in turn increases the GFR.” “Aldosterone increases the GFR by causing the efferent arterioles to constrict. This constriction increases the blood pressure in the glomerulus, which in turn increases the GFR.” “Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): ANP decreases the GFR by causing the afferent arterioles to dilate. This dilation increases the blood flow to the glomerulus, which in turn decreases the GFR.” Instructor comments: “Repetitive and lacks mechanistic detail.” Bard response (context): “It is important to monitor the GFR regularly, especially in people with risk factors for kidney disease.” Instructor comments: “This sentence lacks context, for example, in what clinical setting should GFR be monitored?”

The output generated by Bing in response to this question contained a lower level of scientific accuracy and mechanistic detail compared to ChatGPT and Bard. Furthermore, the response lacked context and there was little cohesion or logical narration to the output and the response lacked a clear narrative. Of the three LMMs evaluated, Bing generated an answer that received the lowest overall grade.

Bing response (detail): “The distal convoluted tubule (DCT), which is located after the loop of Henle, passes close to the glomerulus and forms a structure called the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).” Instructor comments: “Good level of detail provided.” Bing response (detail and context): “A low GFR indicates impaired kidney function, which can be caused by various factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, infection, inflammation, or kidney damage.” Instructor comments: “Does not indicate the range of abnormal or low GFR. Good examples of disease that affect GFR, although these lack specific context and mechanism.” Bing response (context): “Renin converts angiotensinogen, a plasma protein, to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs.” Instructor comments: “Reasonable level of detail. However, ACE expression is also high in the kidney proximal tubules and contributes to angiotensin conversion.”. Bing response (context): “ANP also inhibits the secretion of renin, aldosterone, and ADH and increases the excretion of sodium and water. This decreases the blood volume and blood pressure and increases the urine volume and urine concentration.” Instructor comments: “No connection made between cause and effect. The two sentences are disjointed.”

For each generative AI model, the following prompt was used: Describe the pathomechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Please write your response as a 1000 word university level essay. Essays were evaluated in relation to the FHEQ level 5 descriptor and the prescribed marking criteria (Table  3 ). Four independent markers evaluated anonymised scripts. The inter-rater reliability and agreement between assessors were measured by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for each paper, for each criteria and across the cumulative marks for each paper.

ChatGPT produced a well-structured essay, which contained a rational narrative with elements of contextualisation regarding disease and mechanistic context. ChatGPT out-performed Bard and Bing on this task, generating a reasonably high level of detail, with no major scientific inaccuracies. However, the essay lacked specific or appropriate examples and lacked a broader scientific insight that would be expected from students at level 5. In addition, although ChatGPT generated a convincing introduction and clear narrative, some of the language used was profuse and the output contained several generalisations. However, ChatGPT generated a convincing piece of academic writing that scored highly on context and coherence.

ChatGPT response (context): “This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of COPD, exploring the interconnected roles of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, protease-antiprotease imbalance, structural alterations, impaired mucociliary clearance, genetic susceptibility, and epigenetic modifications in the development and progression of this complex respiratory disorder.” Instructor comments: “Good introduction to essay topic and provides some context. Language is slightly exuberant.” ChatGPT response (detail): “These mediators amplify the inflammatory process, attracting further immune cells and initiating a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and tissue damage.” Instructor comments: “ Well written and scientifically accurate. However, lacks details on which immune cells and which mediators are involved in this process.” ChatGPT response (detail): “The resulting protease-antiprotease imbalance contributes to airflow obstruction, alveolar damage, and impaired gas exchange.” Instructor comments: “This is a generalised mechanism. No discussion in the specific association of these proteins and COPD pathogenesis.”

Compared to ChatGPT the level of detail was lower and overall the essay lacked mechanistic insight and failed to demonstrate the depth of knowledge expected of a level 5 student. Bard performed well in providing a clear narrative and the standard of written text was high and plausible. The generated output was also repetitive throughout and lacked a high-level of context.

Bard response (context): “It is the third leading cause of death worldwide, after heart disease and stroke. COPD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including cigarette smoking, air pollution, and occupational dust exposure.” Instructor comments: “Good. Provides epidemiological context but provided no definitive numbers etc.” Bard response (detail): “However, the current understanding is that the disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including cigarette smoking, air pollution, and occupational dust exposure.”. Instructor’s comments: “Repetitive—repeat of the intro.” Bard response (detail): “COPD patients are more likely to get respiratory infections, which can damage the lungs and worsen the symptoms of COPD.” Instructor comments: “No examples of respiratory infections provided, e.g adenovirus, influenza, RSV etc.”

The response generated by Bing scored lower in all categories compared to that generated by ChatGPT and Bard. The answer lacked mechanistic detail, context and key examples. Therefore, Bing did not demonstrate a deep understanding of the topic and provided generic content, even though the written text was plausible, it lacked accuracy and coherence.

Bing response (detail): “These cells release inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, that recruit more inflammatory cells and fibroblasts (cells that produce collagen) to the site of injury. The fibroblasts produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components that thicken and stiffen the bronchiolar wall.” Instructor comments: “Correct but lacks specific detail on which cytokines and chemokines are involved in COPD pathogenesis.” Bing response (detail): “The inflammation is caused by chronic exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke, dust, or fumes, that stimulate the production of mucus and inflammatory mediators by the bronchial epithelium (lining of the airways).” Instructor’s comments: “Well written but generic and repetitive.”

For each generative AI model, the following prompt was used: Describe how bioinformatics is used in biomedical research. Please provide examples of how bioinformatics has helped in our understanding of human diseases. Please write your response as a 1000 word university level essay. Essays were evaluated in relation to the FHEQ level 6 descriptor and the prescribed marking criteria (Table  4 ). Four independent markers evaluated anonymised scripts. The inter-rater reliability and agreement between assessors were measured by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for each paper, for each criteria and across the cumulative marks for each paper.

The level of scientific accuracy and use of scientific terminology was of a high standard, and while some mechanistic detail was provided in places, the essay lacked specific examples expected from a level 6 student. ChatGPT produced a well written essay, with a clear narrative that could have plausibly been written by a human, scoring highly on context and cohesion. There was some revealing language usage (for instance the first example below), where colloquial or verbose text was generated, although in general placed the essay into appropriate context (second example), both in the introduction and the summary.

ChatGPT response (context): “In the realm of modern biomedical research, the integration of biology, computer science, and data analysis has given birth to the burgeoning field of bioinformatics.” Instructor comments: “Slightly colloquial in language used.” ChatGPT response (context): “This essay explores the multifaceted applications of bioinformatics in biomedical research, highlighting how it has contributed to our understanding of human diseases through a variety of illustrative examples.” Instructor comments: “Well written—Puts essay into context.” ChatGPT response (detail): “Bioinformatics can be succinctly defined as the interdisciplinary domain that employs computational methods, statistical analyses, and information technologies to acquire, manage, and interpret biological data.” Instructor’s comments: “Good definition.” ChatGPT response (detail): “To make sense of these voluminous datasets, bioinformatics employs algorithms, databases, and visualization tools to derive meaningful insights, ultimately enhancing our comprehension of fundamental biological processes and their perturbations in disease states.” Instructor comments: “Generalised statement, e.g., which datasets are you referring to?” ChatGPT response (detail): “Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) leverage large-scale genotyping data to identify genetic loci linked to disease susceptibility.” Instructor comments: “Correct—but you fail to mention the specifics of how bioinformatics achieves this. Need to provide relevant examples of bioinformatic tools/applications, e.g. GWAS Interrogator.”

Google Bard struggled with scientific accuracy and correct use of scientific terminology. The output contained several generalisation or superficial descriptions of key elements related to the question and performed relatively poorly on mechanistic detail and context compared to ChatGPT. The generated output also lacked a narrative and therefore also performed poorly compared to ChatGPT in this criteria. However, there was little deviation away from the topic of the question.

Bard response (context): “Bioinformatics is a powerful tool that is having a major impact on biomedical research.” Instructor’s comments: “Generic statement—no context or indication of what this impact might be.” Bard response (accuracy): “Bioinformatics can be used to design new vaccines by identifying the genes that are needed for a pathogen to cause disease.” Instructor’s comments: “Vaccine targets are not necessarily the same molecules that are responsible for disease.” Bard response (accuracy): “Metabolomics is the study of metabolites, which are the small molecules that cells use to generate energy, build structures, and communicate with each other.” Instructor’s comments: “They are also the by-products of biochemical reactions.” Bard response (detail): “Bioinformatics can be used to track the spread of diseases by analyzing genetic data from patients. This information can be used to identify high-risk populations and to develop interventions to prevent the spread of diseases.” Instructor’s comments: “How? Be more specific in your descriptions. Lacks examples.” Bard response (detail): “This information can be used to improve the effectiveness of drugs and to reduce side effects.” Instructor’s comments: “How—you need to provide more details and specific examples.”

Bing generated a response that scored lower compared to ChatGPT and Bard, with several generic statements and an overall lack of scientific accuracy and mechanistic detail, with little evidence of specific examples. For a level 6 answer, students would be expected to provided key examples in the context of human disease, biological mechanisms and connections to the scientific literature. In addition, there was also some deviation away from the topic and the answer lacked coherence and a logical narrative, scoring poorly in these areas. Overall, Bing performed relatively poorly compared to ChatGPT and Bard.

Bing response (context): “Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and engineering.” Instructor comments: “Correct. You could have expanded on the application of bioinformatics in biomedical research.” Bing response (detail): “Bioinformatics can help analyze the structure and function of proteins, which are the building blocks of life.” Instructor comments: “Generic statement. I would expect more detail in an essay at this level.” Bing response (detail): “Proteins perform various tasks in the cell, such as catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules, and signaling pathways. Bioinformatics can help predict protein structure from sequence data, identify protein-protein interactions, and design drugs that target specific proteins.” Instructor comments: “This is correct but this is basic textbook understanding. How does this relate to the different types of protein bioinformatic analysis tools available?” Bing response (detail): “Bioinformatics has helped to elucidate the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.” Instructor comments: “Good disease examples. Could you provide further details of what specific biomarkers have been identified, for example.”

For each generative AI model, the following prompt was used: Describe the major histocompatibility complex II antigen processing pathway. Please provide details of the key molecular interactions at each step. Please write your response as a 1000 word university level essay. Essays were evaluated in relation to the FHEQ level 7 descriptor and the prescribed marking criteria (Table  5 ). Four independent markers evaluated anonymised scripts. The inter-rater reliability and agreement between assessors were measured by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for each paper, for each criteria and across the cumulative marks for each paper.

ChatGPT performed comparatively better than either Bard or Bing in response to the level 7 essay question, attaining an average grade of 69.75% (borderline first class answer). Once again ChatGPT demonstrated a high degree of scientific accuracy and correct use of scientific terminology, although specific points relating to key mechanisms lacked the insight of a level 7 student in places. Several mechanisms relating to the question were covered adequately and the depth and detail were of a standard expected of a MSc student. The essay was written well, with human quality grammar, syntax and cohesion. Some context was provided, comparable to that written by a human, although elements were misplaced or out of context to fully demonstrate logical narrative.

ChatGPT response (context): “This essay delves into the various steps of the MHC II antigen processing pathway, elucidating the key molecular interactions at each stage.” Instructor comments: “Good introduction—put the essay into context well.” ChatGPT response (accuracy): “Within the endosomal compartments, the Ii undergoes proteolytic degradation, resulting in the removal of a fragment called the Class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP).” Instructor comments: “Actually, CLIP remains associated with the MHC II binding groove, until it is replaced by HLA-DM.” ChatGPT response (accuracy): “HLA-DM binds to the MHC II molecule and stabilizes it in a peptide-receptive state, enabling the efficient loading of antigenic peptides.” Instructor comments: “Not quite. MHC II molecules are unstable without a peptide (or CLIP) in place. HLA-DM facilitates the removal of CLIP and the association with kinetically stable antigenic peptide, resulting in loading of peptide with the highest stability.” ChatGPT response (detail): “The molecular interactions between trafficking proteins, such as SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and Rab GTPases, ensure the precise targeting and fusion of vesicles containing MHC II-peptide complexes to the cell membrane.” Instructor comments: “Good, well written—but you could have expanded the series of molecular events that orchestrate this process.”

Compared to ChatGPT, the essay lacked mechanistic insight and provided limited context and few key examples related to the biological process discussed. In comparison to ChatGPT this answer was slightly lower in quality. Although the sentence construction was plausible, the answer lacked cohesion or narrative and the output produced less meaningful context to the broader scientific understanding of the topic compared to ChatGPT.

Bard response (context): “Macropinocytosis is a process of engulfing large amounts of extracellular fluid, along with any antigens that are present. APCs express receptors on their surface that bind to the extracellular matrix.” Instructor comments: "Sentence are disconnected. How is this interaction associated with macropinocytosis?” Bard response (accuracy): “The endosomal compartment is a network of vesicles that are interconnected by tunnels.” Instructor comments: “What do you mean by 'tunnels'? What is the correct scientific terminology?” Bard response (detail): “Once the particles are bound, they are engulfed by the APC and taken into a vesicle.” Instructor comments: “What are these specialised vesicles called, e.g. endosome, lysosome, phagolysosome.” Bard response (detail): “This allows MHC class II molecules to bind to peptides that are generated by the degradation of exogenous antigens.” Instructor comments: “Lacks mechanistic details here. What about the role of CLIP, HLA-DM and HLA-DO?”

Some context was provided in the intro section. However, the essay did not fully capture the complexities of the biological processes asked in the essay question compared to ChatGPT or Bard. There were also some scientific inaccuracies (for example comment two below) and was therefore below the standard expected of a high attaining student at this level, although Bing did generate reasonably robust scientific output overall.

Bing response (context): “The process of antigen processing and presentation by MHC II involves several steps and molecular interactions that are described below” Instructor comments: “Good intro section—puts the essay into context.” Bing response (accuracy): “APCs can capture antigens from the extracellular environment by various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis or cross-presentation.” Instructor comments: “Cross-presentation is associated with the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, rather than the MHC II pathway.” Bing response (detail): “CLIP is then exchanged for an antigenic peptide by the action of HLA-DM, a molecule that catalyzes the release of CLIP and stabilizes the peptide-MHC II complex.” Instructor comments: “CLIP is then exchanged for an antigenic peptide by the action of HLA-DM, a molecule that catalyzes the release of CLIP and stabilizes the peptide-MHC II complex?” Bing response (detail): “The Ii also contains a sorting signal that directs the MHC II-Ii complex to the endolysosomal pathway.” Instructor comments: “Good—but what is this sorting sequence? Please provide details”

ChatGPT, Bard and Bing comparison

Across all four FHEQ levels, ChatGPT scored the highest compared to the other LLMs, followed by Bard and then Bing, although no discernible performance difference was observed as the difficulty in the FHEQ level increased (Fig.  1 ). In particular, ChatGPT and Bard performed consistently high in all five marking criteria, while Bing tended to perform relatively poorly in scientific accuracy mechanistic detail, coherence and context, although performed slightly better in response to the level 7 essay question. All four LLMs showed a high level of conformity, deviating little form the subject material stated in the essay question. None of the AI models performed well at delivering key examples from the scientific literature or relating examples to the biological processes being discussed. In terms of essay structure and providing a clear narrative, ChatGPT performed better than Bard or Bing, with the latter models often producing lists of factual information rather than clear narrative and logical paragraph progression. In general, the marker agreement was high for all three levels of undergraduate essay questions, particularly for scientific accuracy, mechanistic detail, coherence and context, with some disagreement regarding the deviation criteria. There was lower marker agreement for the level 7 essay responses, although agreement was high when all five marketing criteria were evaluated simultaneously (total score).

Cumulative marking criteria score for ChatGPT, Bard and Bing across FHEQ levels

The average marker score was calculated for each marking criteria. Data is presented in ascending order of cumulative score for each generative AI tool and for each output generated in response to essay questions at FHEQ level 4, level 5, level 6 and level 7.

The text prompt for each AI included an instruction to provide a 1000-word output. However, none of the AI models consistently provided outputs of that length (Table  6 ), with ChatGPT generating an average essay length of 837, Google Bard of 619 and Microsoft Bing of 617, across all four FHEQ levels. Google Bard also falsified the final word count, thereby generating a discrepancy between the prompt and the output.

When asked a follow-up prompt to generate references for the essay text (level 7), none of the AI models were able to generate appropriate references from the scientific literature, although ChatGPT provided an explanatory paragraph. Google Bard provided genuine websites with relevant scientific information. Microsoft Bing generated references that were entirely fictitious, despite providing an additional, short description of the relevance of each falsified reference in the style of an annotated bibliography. Each falsified reference that was generated appeared consistent with standard scientific referencing styles, including author, date of publication, title, journal name, volume and page number. In response to the prompt: “Could you list 4 references to justify your answer?” the following responses were generated:

“I apologize for any confusion, but as of my last knowledge update in September 2021, I do not have direct access to external sources such as specific references. Therefore, I am unable to provide you with a list of references. The essay I provided is based on information available up to that point and represents a synthesis of the knowledge and understanding of the MHC II antigen processing pathway as of that time. If you require up-to-date references, I recommend consulting scientific literature databases, textbooks, or reputable online sources related to immunology and antigen processing.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_Class_II https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/18-2-major-histocompatibility-complexes-and-antigen-presenting-cells https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_processing https://rupress.org/jem/article/191/9/1513/7984/Cytoplasmic-Processing-Is-a-Prerequisite-for https://microbenotes.com/mhc-molecules/

Janeway, C. A., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2018). Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease (10th ed.). Garland Science. {This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the immune system, including the MHC class II antigen processing pathway.} Wucherpfennig, K. W., & Strominger, J. L. (2000). The molecular basis of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. Nature, 408(6814), 797-804. {This review article provides a detailed molecular explanation of the MHC class II antigen processing pathway.} Germain, R. N. (2009). MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. Annual review of immunology, 27, 489-517. {This review article provides an overview of the MHC class II antigen processing pathway, with a focus on the role of MHC class II molecules in the immune response.} Zhu, J., & Cresswell, P. (2018). The MHC class II antigen processing pathway. Current opinion in immunology, 50, 1-8. {This review article provides a recent update on the MHC class II antigen processing pathway, with a focus on the role of HLA-DM and HLA-DO in peptide loading.}

The study evaluates the performance of generative AI tools in writing essays for undergraduate and postgraduate biomedical sciences courses, according to well-defined marking criteria and using the FHEQ level descriptors as a benchmark standard for student attainment at each level of study (QAA, 2014 ). Three commonly used, and easily accessible, generative AI tools were evaluated, namely ChatGPT 3.5, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing. AI generated output was anonymously evaluated by four independent markers, based on scientific accuracy, mechanistic detail, deviation, context, and coherence. The study selected example essay questions from courses at different undergraduate and postgraduate levels—undergraduate levels 4, 5, and 6, and postgraduate taught level 7, to assess the performance of generative AI tools across multiple levels. The higher the level descriptor, the greater the expectation for attaining the performance associated with each marking criteria. Illustrative examples from the AI responses were used to highlight areas of good and poor academic writing with respect to the marking criteria and FHEQ descriptors.

Implications

Previous studies on ChatGPT's performance in university assessments showed mixed results, with ChatGPT demonstrating equivalent performance on a typical MBA course and on the NBME 3rd year medical exam, although it previously performed better at factual recall questions rather than long-answer formats (Gilson et al., 2022 ; Ibrahim et al., 2023 ; Terwiesch, 2023 ). There is also some debate regarding the accuracy and reliability of AI chatbots in writing academically (Suaverdez & Suaverdez, 2023 ). Evaluating ChatGPT’s performance, this study found that for all FHEQ level essays, there was a high degree of scientific accuracy, with only minor factual errors, and high levels of context and coherence in the generated output. Overall, the evaluation indicated that while ChatGPT demonstrated high scientific accuracy and coherence, improvements in mechanistic detail are necessary to meet the standards expected of higher order essays. This was the case for undergraduate and postgraduate biomedical sciences courses. In evaluating ChatGPT’s performance in writing essays for higher level 6 and level 7 biomedical sciences courses, the study found that the level of scientific accuracy and use of scientific terminology was high. However, the essays lacked specific examples expected from a student at these levels., although they were well written and featured a clear narrative that could have been plausibly written by a human. There were instances where revealing language usage, such as colloquial or verbose text, was generated. Despite this, the generated content generally placed itself into appropriate context. Overall, ChatGPT’s output demonstrated a high level of scientific accuracy and terminology usage and outperformed Bard and Bing. These findings have implications for the potential use of ChatGPT in student assessments within the biomedical sciences, suggesting a need for further student training on the strengths and limitations of LLMs for different educational or subject-specific contexts. These findings underscore the potential limitations of AI tools in providing scientifically accurate and detailed examples from the literature, particularly in addressing nuanced concepts within the biomedical sciences curriculum.

Specific responses generated by the AI tool, Bard, to prompts related to the level 4 and level 5 essay questions, scored lower compared to ChatGPT, with differences in the scientific accuracy and depth of the information provided by Bard. In comparison, Bing, produced a good level of scientific detail at level 7 but performed consistently poorly compared to ChatGPT or Bard at UG level and lacked specific context or failed to connect cause and effect. In the context of undergraduate and postgraduate biomedical sciences courses, such deficiency may limit the educational value of the AI-generated content, particularly considering the scientific accuracy and mechanistic detail required in order to reach high attainment levels. The expectation at postgraduate level would be that these students also engage with critical thinking and evaluation, an area that generative AI is thought to perform particularly poorly at (Kasneci et al. 2023 ). The findings suggest that the three generative AI tools evaluated performed well at FHEQ level 7, which may reflect the mechanistic subject material of the essay question. In general, marker agreement was high across all undergraduate levels, for all marking criteria, except for deviation, which markers agreed less consistently on. Marker disagreement at level 7 was more evident and this may be due to individual marker idiosyncrasy and differences in academic judgement, which may be more pronounced for postgraduate level assessments.

Despite some limitations, the AI tools were able to generate essays that generally met the scientific accuracy criteria for both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, they also generated variation in the level of mechanistic detail, deviation, and coherence of the essays, with ChatGPT performing better than Bard or Bing, particularly in response to the undergraduate essay questions. Generative AI tools are also error prone, or suffer from hallucinations (Ahmad et al., 2023 ; Alkaissi & McFarlane, 2023 ), examples of which were reflected in this study. Teachers may therefore wish to supervise or provide guidance to students when utilizing these tools for educational purposes to ensure scientific accuracy and sound academic writing, especially considering the value placed on such skills in biomedical and medical assessments, and professional practice (Ge & Lai, 2023 ). ChatGPT 3.5 is trained on an online data set that excludes scientific databases and therefore cannot access the scientific literature. This was further reflected in the poor provision of scientific references, although this aspect of certain generative AI models has been well documented (Fuchs, 2023 ). Training students in the appropriate use of generative AI technologies should also be a high priority for programmes and institutions. Such guidance should also be placed into the context of institutional academic integrity policies and the ethical use of AI more broadly.

Limitations

The current study was limited to comparing generative AI output between different AI tools and did not provide further comparisons with student generated text at equivalent levels. Although papers were anonymised prior to marking in the current study, blinded evaluations that directly compare AI and human responses would further elucidate the strengths and limitations of generative AI in this context. Further investigations on the impact of generative AI tools on academic writing and plagiarism in higher education, would be valuable in evaluating the potential consequences and challenges in maintaining academic integrity in student assessments. Similar research on the suitability of generative AI for diverse types of assessments, such as other long-form answers, short-answer questions and multiple-choice questions, would provide a better understanding of the limitations and possibilities of AI-generated content in meeting assessment requirements. Furthermore, the potential for integrating generative AI tools in the design and grading of written assessments, exploring the role of AI in providing efficient, fair, and accurate feedback to students, including within the context of peer review, and using AI to develop academic skills and critical thinking are areas of potential research.

Large language models have wide-ranging utilities in educational settings and could assist both teachers and students in a variety of learning tasks. This study evaluated the output of three commonly used generative AI tool across all levels of undergraduate and taught postgraduate biomedical science course essay assessments. ChatGPT performed better than Bard and Bing at all FHEQ levels, and across all marking criteria. Although all three generative AI tools generated output that was coherent and written to human standards, deficiencies were particularly evident in scientific accuracy, mechanistic detail and scientific exemplars from the literature. The findings suggest that generative AI tools can deliver the depth and accuracy expected in higher education assessments, highlighting their capabilities as academic writing tools. LLMs are continuously being updated, and new versions of AI technologies and applications are released regularly, which are likely to demonstrate improvements in the quality of generated output. This has implications for the way students use AI in their education and may influence how higher education institutions implement their policies on the use of generative AI. Finally, these findings may have broad implications for higher education teachers regarding the design of written assessments and maintaining academic integrity in the context of the rapid evolution of generative AI technologies.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

I wish to thank faculty members at UCL for assisting with the independent marking, in particular Dr Johanna Donovan (Division of Medicine, UCL), Dr Sarah Koushyar (UCL Cancer Institute) and Dr John Logan (Division of Medicine, UCL) for supporting the study.

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Williams, A. Comparison of generative AI performance on undergraduate and postgraduate written assessments in the biomedical sciences. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 21 , 52 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00485-y

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Received : 06 February 2024

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00485-y

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