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Money Presentation Templates

Money money money money matters for all. never spend your money before you have it. --thomas jefferson. find the best collections of 65+ free money powerpoint templates and google slides themes at slideegg. they are free to edit. grab the best templates and edit them..

Free Money Presentation Templates And Google Slides Themes For Your Financial Story

• Captivating Attention: Money grabs attention faster than a squirrel chasing a nut. When your slides feature coins, banknotes, and credit cards, your audience perks up. 
• Conveying Value: Money presentations aren’t just about dollar signs; they’re about value. Your insights can impact budgets, investments, and financial decisions. 
• Multicolor Infographic Slides: Our infographics burst with color, making data visually appealing. 
• Multiple Node Selections: You can pick and choose nodes. Mix and match to tell your unique story.
• Editable Graphics and Text Placeholders: No more wrestling with rigid templates. Our slides let you tweak graphics and text effortlessly. Add your insights, change colors, and make it truly yours.
• Financial Wizards: If you’re crunching numbers, analyzing trends, or forecasting stock markets, our slides will help you.
• Business Professionals: Entrepreneurs, CEOs, and startup founders—our templates fit your boardroom presentations like a tailored suit. Impress investors, pitch ideas, and seal deals.
• Students and Educators: Teaching finance? Our slides simplify complex concepts. Explain budgeting, currency exchange, and money laundering stages with clarity.
• Royalty-Free: No hidden fees or copyright worries. Our slides are yours to use without restrictions.
• Free Slides: Try before you commit with our free money slides.
• 100% Editable: Customize fonts, colors, and layouts.
• Multiple Formats: Whether you prefer 4:3 or 16:9, portrait or landscape, we’ve got you covered.

We're here to help you!

What are money powerpoint templates.

Money PowerPoint Templates are ideal slides for representing information about money. These templates are designed with excellent money theme backgrounds, themes, icons, shapes, and designs to showcase the importance of money in brief effectively.

Where can we use these Money PowerPoint Slides?

Money PowerPoint slides are ideal templates suitable for presentations and slide shows. It is a great template to use at businesses, organizations, colleges, schools, and other institutions to spread the word about the value of money.

How can I make Money Slides in a presentation?

Making PowerPoint templates will be simple for the one who is best at doing so. Choose some pre-made or ready-to-use templates instead if you are new to PowerPoint and a beginner because it could take some time to build a new slide. You can also go to our website for PowerPoint tips and tricks to develop a new template.

Who can use Money Templates?

Money templates can be used by anyone who wants to present helpful information about money, saving money, benefits of money, budget ideas, and many more.

Why do we need to use Money PowerPoint Slides?

Money PowerPoint Slides are the best layout to create a presentation on money. Also, these templates will be suitable to enhance the style of your presentation with their creative themes, designs, backgrounds, and icons.

Where can I find free PPT Templates?

There are several locations online where you may download free PowerPoint templates. Finding the proper presentation template, however, requires a lot of effort. So it's crucial to utilize a trustworthy website like Slide Egg.

Humanities in Class: Webinar Series

A History of Money in Nine Slides

Simon Middleton (Fellow, 2019–20; Associate Professor of History)

February 16, 2021

What is money and where does it come from? If asked, most people would likely respond to these questions by pointing to the notes and coins in their pockets—or maybe their debit and charge cards—and muse on some connection between the “government” and printed money. Concerning origins, most would probably add that money developed more or less spontaneously in the market in response to the inconveniences of barter exchange. Both answers are wide of the mark: most money—meaning credit and value—is created by the banks and the myth about money’s spontaneous market origins is traceable as far back as Aristotle. In this session we will survey the actual history of money, beginning from its origins in Iraq/Syria in 3000 BCE through to its latest reformulation as Bitcoin. We will also consider how changing understandings of monetary forms and functions have been linked to major political and economic developments, from the collapse of the monarchy in the early modern era to the rise of capitalism and its troubles in the nineteenth through twenty-first centuries. We will do this in nine, straightforward, and easy to follow powerpoint slides. To check on the accuracy of the assumptions above, here’s a challenge for you: Before you come to the session, ask a friend or family member what they think money is and where they think it originates.

History / Economics / Money / Economic History / World History / Monetary Systems / Banking / Material Culture /

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20+ Best Free Money Themed PowerPoint PPT Templates to Download 2024

Do you have an upcoming money-themed presentation that you need to prepare for? And are you in need of an impressive money PowerPoint template to bring some life to your content? 

It's best to use a pre-built money PowerPoint template when creating your presentation. A good P owerPoint money theme allows you to present impressively with minimal effort. 

This article will look at premium money-themed PowerPoint templates from Envato Elements. Then we'll explore over 20 money PPT templates free to download found online.

It's time to work smart! Create your upcoming money PPT presentation. Use a pre-built template that fits your needs. Let's get cracking!

The Best Premium Money PowerPoint Templates on Envato Elements for 2024 (Unlimited Use)

Work on any creative project with the help of Envato Elements. Don't let the lack of time or skills get in the way of creating extraordinary work.

Get access to millions of digital assets (not just premium money PPT templates ). Stand out and reach your goals. Download as many premium money PowerPoint templates as you need as often as you need them. You're only one step away from finding the template you need. 

Explore Money PowerPoint Templates

New items get added to Envato Elements daily. Here's what they've got in store for members:

• high-quality stock photos
• royalty-free music, sound effects, and videos
• unique templates for presentations, graphics, web, and videos
• creative presets, actions, and fonts

Are you tempted to use free PPT templates found on the web? If you want to use free templates, there are risks you need to be aware of and willing to work around. Issues you may encounter are:  

• lack of unique options
• outdated designs
• limited features

Here's one for those who don't want to face these issues. Explore the selection of premium money-themed PowerPoint templates from Envato Elements. Download all the premium professional templates you'd like with your subscription. 

5 Best Premium Money PowerPoint Templates for 2024 (Envato Elements)

Check out money slides templates in PowerPoint from Envato Elements. Here are five top premium examples:

1. Paycheck - Money Finance PowerPoint Template

Paycheck is a premium money-themed PowerPoint template that comes with 33 master slides. Easily resize and edit elements to customize your presentation. Drag and drop your images to placeholders to bring your presentation to life. A documentation file is also included in this money PowerPoint template . 

2. Crypton - Money Cryptocurrency PowerPoint Template

Use Crypton for any cyber money-related presentations. This modern and elegant P owerPoint money theme comes with a total of 45 money slides. This professional P owerPoint template money  allows you to create your presentation in minutes. 

3. Logam - Money Investment PowerPoint Template  

This is a premium multipurpose money PPT. There are three colors to pick from in this P owerPoint money theme. Also, choose between a dark or light P owerPoint background for money . This animated P owerPoint template money is easy to use. This money PowerP oint presentation comes with loads of useful features. 

4. Increase Income - PowerPoint Infographics Slides

A financial template like Increase Income comes in handy. Use this money slides template for any money PowerPoint presentation. It's got 33 unique money slides, handmade infographics, and simple line vector icons. Pick from any of the 12 color variations and start creating your presentation deck today.

5. Cryptonest - Crypto PowerPoint Template

This is a creative money PPT template from Envato Elements. Cryptonest is a money slides template  that comes with loads of features. This PowerPoint money theme will help you create an elegant presentation effortlessly. Stand out from the crowd. Make a great impression with a premium professional template like Cryptonest.

20+ Top Free Money-Themed PowerPoint Templates and PPT Background to Download for 2024

We've explored five premium best PowerPoint money slides templates from Envato Elements. Now, it's time to check out over 20 top money PPT templates free to download from the web.

But, before we dive into that, check out Envato's monthly freebies offerings. If you're new to Envato's premium assets, this allows you to try out various files at no cost to you. It could save you from using a free file!

Here's the deal:

• Every month, 12 unique Envato Elements files. Find photos, videos, fonts, templates, music, and more. All free to use. Create a free account or log in to download this month's free premium assets . 

Now, let's look at free PPT money templates found online: 

1. Currency - Free Money PowerPoint Templates Download

Looking for a simple and easy-to-use money PPT template? A collage of international money symbols is the image of this money PowerPoint.

2. Free Money Presentation Template

This free money-themed PowerPoint template money comes with an abstract design. You'll find a dollar sign on a globe, flying money, and graphical lines. 

3. Free Time is Money PPT Template

This money-themed PowerPoint template comes with an image of a pile of coins. This P owerPoint money theme also has a faded clock in the money PPT background . It's an original P owerPoint background for money. As the saying goes, time is money.

4. Free Moneybox PowerPoint Template

Looking for an elegant free money-themed PowerPoint template? The P owerPoint background for money is of a gold piggy bank. This money PPT also features some stacks of money.

5. Free Clean Money PPT Template

Here's an image of a brush sweeping money for a money template PPT . Use this money PPT template to symbolize money earned from illegal activities. 

6. Free Growth Presentation Template

Wouldn't it be nice if money grew on trees? This money PPT template comes with a tree illustration and money handing as leaves. 

7. Free Money Bitcoin PowerPoint Template  

This money PowerPoint template for free comes with a gold coin with a Bitcoin logo. There are also abstract lines to resemble digital circuits. Work with this money template PPT.

8. Free Money PowerPoint Templates Download

Here's an image of floating dollar signs in blue and green. The money PPT slides template is in a 16:9 ratio. It's a good money PowerPoint template for free to start your presentation.

9. Business Cash - Free Money PowerPoint Templates Download

Get this money PowerPoint template for free if you're looking for simplicity. This money PPT template has a photo of a pile of coins on the stock market section of a newspaper. 

10. Free Money Finance PowerPoint Template  

This money PowerPoint template for free has a cartoon line illustration. Use this image to represent monetary success in your money template PPT . This is a good free money-themed PowerPoint template money to work with. 

11. Bag Money PPT Templates Free Download

This money PowerPoint comes with three master money slides. The image used is of an illustration of money bags and coins.  

12. Free Money World PowerPoint Template

This currency PPT template for free download comes with a globe and money. Use it for international money-related presentations.

13. Free Money Growing Plan PPT Template

This currency PPT template for free download uses orange and green to create confidence. There are also images to tie money with planting or growing plants. This is a good money PowerPoint theme to get you started. 

14. Free Make Money Finance PowerPoint Template  

Looking for an original currency PPT template for free download? This money PPT download uses orange elements. Also comes with a black PowerPoint background for money.

15. Free Piggy Bank PowerPoint Template

This comes in a widescreen and standard size. Use currency PPT template for free download for business plan presentations. This money PPT download has a piggy bank, coins, and euro notes.

16. Free Dollar Money PPT Templates Design

Work with this black and white background money PPT template for free download. Selected texts that need highlights are in red. Work with this black money background for PPT.  

17. Free Golden Bitcoin PowerPoint Template

Looking for a free money-themed PowerPoint template? It has golden Bitcoins on an orange and black money PPT background . Images related to planting and mining are in this money PPT too.

18. Free Plant Dollar Coins PPT Template

Here's a simple illustrative concept. This currency PPT template for free download plays with the idea that money can be grown like plants. Get started with this money PPT template free download.

19. Free Pink Piggy Bank PowerPoint Template

This money PPT template free download comes with 48 pink money slides. Images in the placeholders don't come with the money PPT download .

20. Money Block-Finance PowerPoint Template

Looking for a currency PPT template free download? This money PPT template for free download comes with a master and an internal slide. The money background for PPT has  a clean and neutral design.

21. Time is Money PPT Templates Free Download

This has a money background for PPT and two slides. The money slides are in yellow and black. It's also a good  currency PPT template free download.

How to Make Quickly Make a Great PowerPoint Presentation

We've showcased plenty of premium money PowerPoint template that you can download. Now we'll cover how you can customize these templates to fit your presentation. 

You can work with any premium template to follow this tutorial. For example, this money PowerPoint theme features thirty-five unique slides. It also has plenty of editable charts.

Let's get started:

1. Pick Your Slides and Remove Elements

The first step to creating your presentation is to remove any unwanted content. 

Premium templates have tons of great slides. But not all are useful for our presentation. We'll just delete the ones that don't fit our presentation.

Also, the content on each slide might not work for our slides. We can also just delete the unwanted elements.

2. Copy and Paste in Your Text

Next, we'll add in the main text for each slide.

Copy the text you want for a particular slide. Double-click the placeholder text on the slide. Then right-click and paste in your text. Repeat this step for all the slides in your presentation. 

3. Make the Design Your Own

Chances are that the template design won't match your brand. We can make changes to the colors and fonts on the slides to line up with our brand. 

Changing the fonts is easy. Highlight the text you want to change the font for. Then navigate to the Home tab. From there, select the font from the drop-down menu. 

To change the color scheme of the template, navigate to the Design tab. From there, choose from all the various color schemes.

You can also create a custom color scheme. To do this, click the drop-down arrow on the right side of the Design screen. From the drop-down menu, choose Colors > Customize colors . 

4. Edit the Charts & Graphs 

Money presentations will often rely on graphs to illustrate finances. The money PowerPoint templates make it easy to edit the graphs and charts on the slides.

Just like when you added text, all you've got to do is double-click the placeholder and paste in your data. All the data points in the template are replaceable. 

5. Add Transitions

Now we can add the finishing touches to the presentation. Transitions add that professional polish to our slides. This makes the presentation more dynamic. This will have a positive impact on your audience.

To add transitions, navigate to the Transitions tab. A menu appears with all the transitions that are available. To preview each transition, click the Preview button on the far left of the Transitions menu. 

Let's now go over some quick slide tips that can help you improve your presentations. 

5 Quick PowerPoint Money-Themed Presentation Slide Design Tips for 2024

A pre-built PowerPoint template (premium or free) is a great place to start. You'll want to make the best of it and be able to create an impactful presentation deck. Let's check out five tips to help you use your slides optimally:

1. Plan the Content Layout Well

Take a few minutes to plan the layout of your money PowerP oint presentation . Do this before you start adding your information into your pre-built template. Address questions like these:

• What's the goal of the presentation?
• How can I group the information?
• Is there too much or too little information for each slide?
• Is there a flow from one slide to the next?
• Is there a way to summarize the text?
• What's the key takeaway you want the audience to leave with?

2. Use Custom Image Masks 

Stay away from the traditional square or rectangle-shaped photos. Use custom image masks instead. Many creative money PPT templates come with image placeholders. Some money PowerP oint presentations also come with custom image masks. Easily drag and drop your images to customize your template.  

3. Use Graphics

Take note of information or data that you want to turn into visuals. Consider images, videos, and infographics. Graphics are easier to understand, follow, and remember. Breathe some life into static infographics with the use of simple animation effects. Here are a few tutorials that explain infographics and animation in detail: 

4. Avoid Distractions

Reduce or avoid distractions on your slides**. Make it easy for audiences to stay focused. Here are a few common distractions to watch out for:

• overuse of flashy animation or transitions
• cluttered slides
• too much audio or video
• bad alignments
• unreadable fonts

5. It's All About a Strong Start and End

Like any movie, book, or article, the start and end of a presentation are crucial. An introduction that grabs attention sets the stage for the entire presentation. Use a roadmap and mention your key objectives at the start of your presentations.

Include a compelling conclusion that recaps your entire presentation well. It helps reiterate your key points. You can also end your presentation with a call to action or even a thought-provoking question.

Check out these tutorials: 

Top 5 Design Trends for Money PowerPoint Presentations in 2024

It is important to stay on top of design trends. This helps you deliver the best possible money PPT presentation possible. Below are the top five design trends for your next money presentation PowerPoint:

1. Keep It Green

Green is the ideal main color for your color scheme. Green is the color of most currencies, which translates well to your money PPT.

The color green also represents safety. Safety is desired feeling. You want your audience to feel when you are talking about money-related subjects. Work with this template PowerPoint for money topics. 

2. Add Accent Elements

Accent elements are most commonly different shapes. Add large or small shapes on your slides to make your design more professional. Try using the secondary colors in your color palette to make the elements pop out of the slide. 

3. Use Money Infographics

Money infographics that feature coins and dollars are a staple for money PowerPoints. They help build trust and let your audience know the presentation contents. These infographics work well when shown as a larger size on your slides. A good template PowerPoint for money might include some icons or graphics. 

4. Use Simple Fonts

It's important for you to use simple and easy-to-read fonts. Not only to they convey professionalism, but they look great on all designs as well. Stick with San Serif-type fonts. 

5. Use Various Charts & Graphs

If your presentation is centered around money, you'll need to have graphs and charts. These not only tell your audience important information, but also look great. Pie charts, line graphs, and bar charts, all work well here. 

Let's now go over even more money PPT templates that you can download.

Discover More Top Microsoft PowerPoint Template Designs

Find more inspirational templates for your business or financial presentation. Check out these articles:

Common PowerPoint Questions Answered (FAQ)

PowerPoint has lots of features. This can make it difficult to get the most out of it. We'll help you learn PowerPoint. We'll go over the top frequently asked questions:

1. Can You Record a PowerPoint Presentation on Zoom?

Yes, you can! Lately, most business presentations are done via Zoom or Google Meets. It's a good idea to record video and audio, so you've got all facts and figures at hand. You can also record yourself presenting for practice. Prepare your Zoom meeting and begin recording. Learn how in the article below:

2. What's the Best Way to Show Data in PowerPoint?

With money PowerPoint presentations, you'll need to know how to show data in your slides. PowerPoint charts and graphs are your best option here. To find out how to use this function, follow the tutorial below:

3. Can I Link to Other Microsoft Apps?

Of course! Microsoft Excel will be very useful in your money PowerPoint presentations. All you need to do is gather your data in Excel and then embed the file and link data in PowerPoint. The tutorial below covers how to do this in detail:

4. How Can You Save Time While Creating PowerPoint Designs?

PowerPoint presentations can take a ton of time to create. Save time when creating your presentation. You'll have more time to focus on the actual content of the presentation. The key to speed with your presentations is outlines. Find out how to create outlines below:

5. What Customizations Can I Make to Templates?

Guess what? Your presentation templates are fully editable. You can change everything from fonts, colors, images, and animations. For more info on how to customize your templates, read the article below:

Learn More About Making Great PowerPoint Presentations in 2024

Are you new to creating PowerPoint presentations? Want to know more about money presentations in PowerPoint. Then you'll find our How to Use PowerPoint (Ultimate Tutorial Guide) extremely handy. Pin it to your browser and use it as a reference when needed. This compilation of how-to tutorials will save you from distracting online research.

Here are three examples of tutorials from this guide: 

Get a Premium Money PowerPoint Template Today!

There's a massive selection of free PPT templates found online. Free templates work for those with no budget and don't need a unique presentation. But this option doesn't suit many professionals, especially if you're working on a money presentation for PowerPoint.

Professional money-themed PowerPoint templates on Elements are available to monthly subscribers. You'll also enjoy unlimited access to tons of other creative digital assets. Take your professional or personal projects to new heights regardless of your skills.

A subscription to Envato Elements is a little investment that will save you time and money. Get your hands on premium money slides templates of your choice to get a feel for premium assets.

Create your new money presentation with a premium template from Envato Elements. Download one now!

Editorial Note: This post has been updated with contributions from Daniel Strongin and Janila Castañeda . Daniel is a freelance instructor for Envato Tuts+. Janila is a staff writer with Envato Tuts+.

Home PowerPoint Templates Money

Money PowerPoint Templates

Want to show money growing on a tree, a piggy bank or other money themed illustrations in your presentation? We have them all in this collection of Money PowerPoint Templates .

Our vast collection of money themed illustrations and slide designs provide all you need for making professional presentations. You can customize the given PowerPoint layouts with immense convenience, as these templates come with customizable slide objects. The templates also offer high-quality clipart, sample diagrams, variety of layout types and more.

Check out or Money PowerPoint Templates given below and click a template to preview sample presentation slides.

Brianna Holding Money PowerPoint Character

Malcolm Holding Money PowerPoint Character

Invoice PowerPoint Template

Money Transfer Slides for PowerPoint

Leaving Money on the Table Metaphor Template for PowerPoint

Profit-Seeking Metaphor Slide for PowerPoint

Tree House Cash Concept for PowerPoint

Cryptocurrency PowerPoint Template

Piggy Bank and Coin for PowerPoint

Statement Cash Flows PowerPoint Diagrams

Flat Balance Scale Comparison PowerPoint Template

Insurance PowerPoint Template

Download unlimited content, our annual unlimited plan let you download unlimited content from slidemodel. save hours of manual work and use awesome slide designs in your next presentation..

Chapter 3 WHAT IS MONEY?

Jul 13, 2014

1.23k likes | 2.71k Views

Chapter 3 WHAT IS MONEY?. MEANING OF MONEY In ordinary conversation, we commonly use the word money to mean income ("he makes a lot of money") or wealth ("she has a lot of money").

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• time income
• double coincidence
• paper currency
• local tax collector
• primary functions

Presentation Transcript

MEANING OF MONEY • In ordinary conversation, we commonly use the word money to mean income ("he makes a lot of money") or wealth ("she has a lot of money"). • Money ( or money supply) refers to anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. • Money is a stock concept. It is a certain amount at a given point in time. • Money is distinct from wealth or income.

Wealth of a person (or nation) is the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed (to foreigners in the case of a nation) at a point in time. The assets include those that are tangible (land, houses, furniture, cars, arts and capital) and financial (money, stocks, bonds, etc.) • Wealthserves as a store value. It is a stock concept that is measured at a given point in time. • Income refers to the flow of earnings per unit of time

TYPES OF MONEY: • Money consists of • Currency: The paper notes and coins that people use in a country. They are money because government declares them so. (legal tender) • Deposits at banks and other depository institutions are also money. Deposits are money because they can be converted into currency and because they are used to settle debts.

Currently, deposits are the largest proportion of money. • Exercise: Are Checks money? The answer is no. The check is only a way to instruct your bank to transfer money from your account to another person’s account. However, deposit accounts are money

Exercise: Is credit card considered money? The answer is No. It is not legal tender. What a credit-card purchases really represents is just an extremely convenient, pre-approved loan. It's only part of the transaction, since the merchant then goes to the bank that issued the credit card to get money, and the bank sends you a bill which must be paid with money. Credit card is just an ID card that lets you take out a loan at the moment you buy something.

FUNCTIONS OF MONEY • Money has three primary functions in any economy: as a medium of exchange, as a unit of account, and as a store of value. • Of these three functions, its function as a medium of exchange is what distinguishes money from other assets such as stocks, bonds, and houses.

Medium of Exchange • Money is used as a medium of exchange in the form of currency or checks. It is used to pay for goods and services. • The use of money as a medium of exchange promotes economic efficiency by minimizing transaction cost, which is the time spent in exchanging goods and services.

In a barter economy, transaction costs are high because people have to satisfy a “double coincidence of wants”; i.e., they have to find someone who not only has a good or service they want but also wants the good or service they have to offer. • It is very difficult to find another individual who has what you want, and wants what you have.

With the invention of money, you no longer need to find another individual who has what you want, and wants what you have. • All you need to do is to find someone who has what you want, and you buy it from him/her with "money". • The problem of double coincidence of wants is avoided. Money reduces the high search costs that are characteristic of barter exchanges.

Divisibility of money makes the exchange of different quantities of items possible and simple • The use of money as a medium of exchange also promotes economic efficiency by allowing people to specialize in what they do best. • Specialization increases productivity.

Unit of Account • Unit of Account refers to the use of money to measure value in the economy; i.e., you can use it to price goods and services. • Quoting prices in terms of dollars or dinars is a lot easier than quoting prices in terms of other goods. • Before the invention of money (i.e., in the stage of bartering), prices were expressed in relation to the goods traded.

If we have 10 goods in the barter system we would have 45 different prices while using money we need only 10 prices • With the invention of money, a unit of account has been chosen to measure the prices of goods and services. This makes the comparison of the prices among goods and services easier.

Using money as a unit of account reduces transaction costs (information and exchange costs) in an economy by reducing the number of prices that need to be considered.

Store of Value • The function of money as a store of value refers to the use of money to save purchasing power from the time income received until the time it is spent. • This function facilitates the exchange of goods and services over time. • Money is not unique as a store of value. There are many other assets can be used as a store of value such as stocks, bonds, real estate, collectibles, arts, etc.

In fact many such assets have advantages over money as a store of value. They earn a return while money (as cash) does not earn a return. • However, money is the most liquid of all assets because it is the medium of exchange; it does not need to be converted into anything else to make purchase. Other assets involve transaction costs when they are converted into money.

Liquidity refers to the relative ease and speed with which an asset can be converted into a medium of exchange. • Money also has no default risk.  Money in bank accounts earns some interest and is guaranteed against default by Central Bank’s deposit insurance. • The problem of money as a store of values is that it loses value during inflation.

EVOLUTION OF THE PAYMENTS SYSTEM • The payments system refers to the method of conducting transactions in the economy. • The payment system and money have been evolving over centuries from commodity money at one point in history to e-money in the recent days, and innovations will not stop here.

Commodity Money • Commodity Money is money that is made up of precious metals or other valuable commodities that have intrinsic value (are valuable in their own right). • From ancient times until several hundred years ago commodity money functioned as the medium of exchange in most of the societies.

The problems with a payments system based on precious metals are • such a form of money is very heavy and is hard to transport from one place to another • When the value of the precious metal increased more than its value as money, people used to melt the coins to use them as precious metal rather than as money.

Paper Currency • Paper currency refers to pieces of paper that function as a medium of exchange. • Originally, paper currency carried a guarantee that it was convertible into a fixed quantity of precious metal. Fiat Money • Fiat money refers to paper currency decreed by governments as legal tender. • Legal tender means that money must be legally accepted as payment for debts

Fiat money is not convertible to precious metals. Without legal tender they are nothing but pieces of paper • Fiat money is lighter but it has the problem of counterfeiting and it is hard to transport large amounts because of their bulk.

Checks • A check is an instruction from you to your bank to transfer money from your account to someone else’s account when he deposits the check. • Checks allow transactions to take place without the need to carry around large amount of currency. • The introduction of checks was a major innovation that improved the efficiency of the payments system.

The use of checks has the advantage of • reducing transaction costs associated with the payments system, and • improving economic efficiency • Another advantage of checks is that they can be written for any amount up to the balance in the account, making transactions for large amount much easier.

The disadvantage of using checks is that • it takes time to get checks from one place to another which creates problems for the needed urgent payments. • In addition, it takes several days to clear a check you have deposited before you can use its funds. • The paper work to process checks has its cost

Electronic Payment • The development of inexpensive computers and the spread of the internet now make it cheap to pay bills electronically. • Electronic payments result in cost saving compare to payments by checks. • Electronic payments technology can substitute not only for checks, but also for cash in the form of electronic money (or e-money).

E-money refers to money that exists only in electronic form • Some forms of e-money include: • Debit cards,which looks like credit cards, enable consumers to purchase goods and services by electronically transforming funds directly from their bank accounts to the merchant’s account.

Automatic bill-paying: whereby money is transferred straight from your bank account to the phone company, the power company, the local tax collector, according to prior arrangements you have made.  Pay-by-phone works similarly.

E-cash, which is used on the internet to purchase goods or services. A consumer get e-cash by setting up an account with a bank that has links to the internet and then has the e-cash transferred to his PC. Then he can buy goods and services by transferring money directly from his PC to the seller.

A more advanced form of e-money is the stored-value card. • The simplest form of the stored value card is purchased for a preset amount that the consumer pays upfront, like a prepaid phone card.

The more sophisticated stored-value card is known as a smart card • A smart card contains a computer chip that allows it to be loaded with digital cash from the owner’s bank account whenever needed.

Are electronic payments considered part of the money in the country?  • The answer is actually no. They provide access to bank accounts, which are already in the money supply.  These are really just more efficient and convenient ways of making payments than the old ones.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MONEY • The forms that money has taken on depend heavily on how well it performs the three functions we have discussed earlier. • The following are some of the characteristics that an item needs to have in order to perform the three functions of money efficiently • Must be easily standardized, making it simple to ascertain its value.

Must be widely accepted in payments for goods and services and for settling other business obligations. • Must be divisible, so that it is easy to make change. • Must not deteriorate quickly. • Must be easy to carry. • Must be limited in supply. • Must not be easily counterfeited.

MEASURING MONEY SUPPLY (MONETARY AGGREGATES) • Economists and governments have a broader measure of what money is than cash. M1 • The narrowest measure of money is M1, which includes assets that can be used directly as a medium of exchange. • M1 = Currency +Traveler’s Checks + Demand deposits + Other checkable deposits

Note that the currency component of M1 includes only paper money and coins in the hands of the non-bank public (in circulation) and does not include cash that is held in ATMs or banks vaults. • The traveler’s checks component of M1 includes only traveler’s checks not issued by banks. • The demand deposits component includes business checking accounts that do not pay interest as well as traveler’s checks issued by banks.

The other checkable deposits item includes all other checkable deposits, particularly checking accounts held by households that pay interest, such as NOW (negotiated order of withdrawal) and ATS (automatic transfer from savings). • M1 is considered by the central bank perfectly liquid assets, i.e. pure medium of exchange.

M2 • M2 is a broader measure of money than M1. • M2 includes items that are contained in M1, and adds to M1 other assets that have check-writing features (money market deposit accounts and money market mutual fund shares) and other assets that are highly liquid at a little cost (savings deposits and small-denomination time deposits)

M2 = M1 + savings deposits + small–denomination time deposits + money market deposit accounts + Money market mutual fund shares. • Saving deposits are non-transactions deposits that can be added to or taken out at any time. • Small–denomination time deposits are certificates of deposit (CDs) with a denomination of less than $100,000 that can only be redeemed at a fixed maturity date without a penalty.

Money market deposit accounts (i.e. interest bearing accounts) are short term accounts that pay interest and allow limited withdrawals. They are similar to money market mutual funds, but are issued by banks. • Money market mutual fund are interest-bearing shares in pools of funds accumulated by investment companies. The funds are invested in short-term securities and households can write checks..

The components of M2 (other than M1) are considered as the assets that emphasize the function of money as a store of value. However, they can also be used as medium of exchange (with some delay).

M3 • M3 is the broadest measure for money, includes some of the “longer-term” money market instruments. The components of M3 (other than M2) are assets of mostly large businesses and institutions. They are very non-liquid assets, and hence not used as medium of exchange.

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24.1 What Is Money?

Learning objectives.

• Define money and discuss its three basic functions.
• Distinguish between commodity money and fiat money, giving examples of each.
• Define what is meant by the money supply and tell what is included in the Federal Reserve System’s two definitions of it (M1 and M2).

If cigarettes and mackerel can be used as money, then just what is money? Money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange. A medium of exchange is anything that is widely accepted as a means of payment. In Romania under Communist Party rule in the 1980s, for example, Kent cigarettes served as a medium of exchange; the fact that they could be exchanged for other goods and services made them money.

Money, ultimately, is defined by people and what they do. When people use something as a medium of exchange, it becomes money. If people were to begin accepting basketballs as payment for most goods and services, basketballs would be money. We will learn in this chapter that changes in the way people use money have created new types of money and changed the way money is measured in recent decades.

The Functions of Money

Money serves three basic functions. By definition, it is a medium of exchange. It also serves as a unit of account and as a store of value—as the “mack” did in Lompoc.

A Medium of Exchange

The exchange of goods and services in markets is among the most universal activities of human life. To facilitate these exchanges, people settle on something that will serve as a medium of exchange—they select something to be money.

We can understand the significance of a medium of exchange by considering its absence. Barter occurs when goods are exchanged directly for other goods. Because no one item serves as a medium of exchange in a barter economy, potential buyers must find things that individual sellers will accept. A buyer might find a seller who will trade a pair of shoes for two chickens. Another seller might be willing to provide a haircut in exchange for a garden hose. Suppose you were visiting a grocery store in a barter economy. You would need to load up a truckful of items the grocer might accept in exchange for groceries. That would be an uncertain affair; you could not know when you headed for the store which items the grocer might agree to trade. Indeed, the complexity—and cost—of a visit to a grocery store in a barter economy would be so great that there probably would not be any grocery stores! A moment’s contemplation of the difficulty of life in a barter economy will demonstrate why human societies invariably select something—sometimes more than one thing—to serve as a medium of exchange, just as prisoners in federal penitentiaries accepted mackerel.

A Unit of Account

Ask someone in the United States what he or she paid for something, and that person will respond by quoting a price stated in dollars: “I paid $75 for this radio,” or “I paid $15 for this pizza.” People do not say, “I paid five pizzas for this radio.” That statement might, of course, be literally true in the sense of the opportunity cost of the transaction, but we do not report prices that way for two reasons. One is that people do not arrive at places like Radio Shack with five pizzas and expect to purchase a radio. The other is that the information would not be very useful. Other people may not think of values in pizza terms, so they might not know what we meant. Instead, we report the value of things in terms of money.

Money serves as a unit of account , which is a consistent means of measuring the value of things. We use money in this fashion because it is also a medium of exchange. When we report the value of a good or service in units of money, we are reporting what another person is likely to have to pay to obtain that good or service.

A Store of Value

The third function of money is to serve as a store of value , that is, an item that holds value over time. Consider a $20 bill that you accidentally left in a coat pocket a year ago. When you find it, you will be pleased. That is because you know the bill still has value. Value has, in effect, been “stored” in that little piece of paper.

Money, of course, is not the only thing that stores value. Houses, office buildings, land, works of art, and many other commodities serve as a means of storing wealth and value. Money differs from these other stores of value by being readily exchangeable for other commodities. Its role as a medium of exchange makes it a convenient store of value.

Because money acts as a store of value, it can be used as a standard for future payments. When you borrow money, for example, you typically sign a contract pledging to make a series of future payments to settle the debt. These payments will be made using money, because money acts as a store of value.

Money is not a risk-free store of value, however. We saw in the chapter that introduced the concept of inflation that inflation reduces the value of money. In periods of rapid inflation, people may not want to rely on money as a store of value, and they may turn to commodities such as land or gold instead.

Types of Money

Although money can take an extraordinary variety of forms, there are really only two types of money: money that has intrinsic value and money that does not have intrinsic value.

Commodity money is money that has value apart from its use as money. Mackerel in federal prisons is an example of commodity money. Mackerel could be used to buy services from other prisoners; they could also be eaten.

Gold and silver are the most widely used forms of commodity money. Gold and silver can be used as jewelry and for some industrial and medicinal purposes, so they have value apart from their use as money. The first known use of gold and silver coins was in the Greek city-state of Lydia in the beginning of the seventh century B.C. The coins were fashioned from electrum, a natural mixture of gold and silver.

One disadvantage of commodity money is that its quantity can fluctuate erratically. Gold, for example, was one form of money in the United States in the 19th century. Gold discoveries in California and later in Alaska sent the quantity of money soaring. Some of this nation’s worst bouts of inflation were set off by increases in the quantity of gold in circulation during the 19th century. A much greater problem exists with commodity money that can be produced. In the southern part of colonial America, for example, tobacco served as money. There was a continuing problem of farmers increasing the quantity of money by growing more tobacco. The problem was sufficiently serious that vigilante squads were organized. They roamed the countryside burning tobacco fields in an effort to keep the quantity of tobacco, hence money, under control. (Remarkably, these squads sought to control the money supply by burning tobacco grown by other farmers.)

Another problem is that commodity money may vary in quality. Given that variability, there is a tendency for lower-quality commodities to drive higher-quality commodities out of circulation. Horses, for example, served as money in colonial New England. It was common for loan obligations to be stated in terms of a quantity of horses to be paid back. Given such obligations, there was a tendency to use lower-quality horses to pay back debts; higher-quality horses were kept out of circulation for other uses. Laws were passed forbidding the use of lame horses in the payment of debts. This is an example of Gresham’s law: the tendency for a lower-quality commodity (bad money) to drive a higher-quality commodity (good money) out of circulation. Unless a means can be found to control the quality of commodity money, the tendency for that quality to decline can threaten its acceptability as a medium of exchange.

But something need not have intrinsic value to serve as money. Fiat money is money that some authority, generally a government, has ordered to be accepted as a medium of exchange. The currency —paper money and coins—used in the United States today is fiat money; it has no value other than its use as money. You will notice that statement printed on each bill: “This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.”

Checkable deposits , which are balances in checking accounts, and traveler’s checks are other forms of money that have no intrinsic value. They can be converted to currency, but generally they are not; they simply serve as a medium of exchange. If you want to buy something, you can often pay with a check or a debit card. A check is a written order to a bank to transfer ownership of a checkable deposit. A debit card is the electronic equivalent of a check. Suppose, for example, that you have $100 in your checking account and you write a check to your campus bookstore for $30 or instruct the clerk to swipe your debit card and “charge” it $30. In either case, $30 will be transferred from your checking account to the bookstore’s checking account. Notice that it is the checkable deposit, not the check or debit card, that is money . The check or debit card just tells a bank to transfer money, in this case checkable deposits, from one account to another.

What makes something money is really found in its acceptability, not in whether or not it has intrinsic value or whether or not a government has declared it as such. For example, fiat money tends to be accepted so long as too much of it is not printed too quickly. When that happens, as it did in Russia in the 1990s, people tend to look for other items to serve as money. In the case of Russia, the U.S. dollar became a popular form of money, even though the Russian government still declared the ruble to be its fiat money.

The term money , as used by economists and throughout this book, has the very specific definition given in the text. People can hold assets in a variety of forms, from works of art to stock certificates to currency or checking account balances. Even though individuals may be very wealthy, only when they are holding their assets in a form that serves as a medium of exchange do they, according to the precise meaning of the term, have “money.” To qualify as “money,” something must be widely accepted as a medium of exchange.

Measuring Money

The total quantity of money in the economy at any one time is called the money supply . Economists measure the money supply because it affects economic activity. What should be included in the money supply? We want to include as part of the money supply those things that serve as media of exchange. However, the items that provide this function have varied over time.

Before 1980, the basic money supply was measured as the sum of currency in circulation, traveler’s checks, and checkable deposits. Currency serves the medium-of-exchange function very nicely but denies people any interest earnings. (Checking accounts did not earn interest before 1980.)

Over the last few decades, especially as a result of high interest rates and high inflation in the late 1970s, people sought and found ways of holding their financial assets in ways that earn interest and that can easily be converted to money. For example, it is now possible to transfer money from your savings account to your checking account using an automated teller machine (ATM), and then to withdraw cash from your checking account. Thus, many types of savings accounts are easily converted into currency.

Economists refer to the ease with which an asset can be converted into currency as the asset’s liquidity . Currency itself is perfectly liquid; you can always change two $5 bills for a $10 bill. Checkable deposits are almost perfectly liquid; you can easily cash a check or visit an ATM. An office building, however, is highly illiquid. It can be converted to money only by selling it, a time-consuming and costly process.

As financial assets other than checkable deposits have become more liquid, economists have had to develop broader measures of money that would correspond to economic activity. In the United States, the final arbiter of what is and what is not measured as money is the Federal Reserve System. Because it is difficult to determine what (and what not) to measure as money, the Fed reports several different measures of money, including M1 and M2.

M1 is the narrowest of the Fed’s money supply definitions. It includes currency in circulation, checkable deposits, and traveler’s checks. M2 is a broader measure of the money supply than M1. It includes M1 and other deposits such as small savings accounts (less than $100,000), as well as accounts such as money market mutual funds (MMMFs) that place limits on the number or the amounts of the checks that can be written in a certain period.

M2 is sometimes called the broadly defined money supply, while M1 is the narrowly defined money supply. The assets in M1 may be regarded as perfectly liquid; the assets in M2 are highly liquid, but somewhat less liquid than the assets in M1. Even broader measures of the money supply include large time-deposits, money market mutual funds held by institutions, and other assets that are somewhat less liquid than those in M2. Figure 24.1 “The Two Ms: October 2010” shows the composition of M1 and M2 in October 2010.

Figure 24.1 The Two Ms: October 2010

M1, the narrowest definition of the money supply, includes assets that are perfectly liquid. M2 provides a broader measure of the money supply and includes somewhat less liquid assets. Amounts represent money supply data in billions of dollars for October 2010, seasonally adjusted.

Source : Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.6, Tables 3 and 4 (December 2, 2010). Amounts are in billions of dollars for October 2010, seasonally adjusted.

Credit cards are not money. A credit card identifies you as a person who has a special arrangement with the card issuer in which the issuer will lend you money and transfer the proceeds to another party whenever you want. Thus, if you present a MasterCard to a jeweler as payment for a $500 ring, the firm that issued you the card will lend you the $500 and send that money, less a service charge, to the jeweler. You, of course, will be required to repay the loan later. But a card that says you have such a relationship is not money, just as your debit card is not money.

With all the operational definitions of money available, which one should we use? Economists generally answer that question by asking another: Which measure of money is most closely related to real GDP and the price level? As that changes, so must the definition of money.

In 1980, the Fed decided that changes in the ways people were managing their money made M1 useless for policy choices. Indeed, the Fed now pays little attention to M2 either. It has largely given up tracking a particular measure of the money supply. The choice of what to measure as money remains the subject of continuing research and considerable debate.

Key Takeaways

• Money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange. Other functions of money are to serve as a unit of account and as a store of value.
• Money may or may not have intrinsic value. Commodity money has intrinsic value because it has other uses besides being a medium of exchange. Fiat money serves only as a medium of exchange, because its use as such is authorized by the government; it has no intrinsic value.
• The Fed reports several different measures of money, including M1 and M2.

Which of the following are money in the United States today and which are not? Explain your reasoning in terms of the functions of money.

• A Van Gogh painting

Case in Point: Fiat-less Money

Figure 24.2

Michael Mandiberg – 1 million iraqi dinar – CC BY-SA 2.0.

“We don’t have a currency of our own,” proclaimed Nerchivan Barzani, the Kurdish regional government’s prime minister in a news interview in 2003. But, even without official recognition by the government, the so-called “Swiss” dinar certainly seemed to function as a fiat money. Here is how the Kurdish area of northern Iraq, during the period between the Gulf War in 1991 and the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, came to have its own currency, despite the pronouncement of its prime minister to the contrary.

After the Gulf War, the northern, mostly Kurdish area of Iraq was separated from the rest of Iraq though the enforcement of the no-fly-zone. Because of United Nations sanctions that barred the Saddam Hussein regime in the south from continuing to import currency from Switzerland, the central bank of Iraq announced it would replace the “Swiss” dinars, so named because they had been printed in Switzerland, with locally printed currency, which became known as “Saddam” dinars. Iraqi citizens in southern Iraq were given three weeks to exchange their old dinars for the new ones. In the northern part of Iraq, citizens could not exchange their notes and so they simply continued to use the old ones.

And so it was that the “Swiss” dinar for a period of about 10 years, even without government backing or any law establishing it as legal tender, served as northern Iraq’s fiat money. Economists use the word “ fiat ,” which in Latin means “let it be done,” to describe money that has no intrinsic value. Such forms of money usually get their value because a government or authority has declared them to be legal tender, but, as this story shows, it does not really require much “fiat” for a convenient, in-and-of-itself worthless, medium of exchange to evolve.

What happened to both the “Swiss” and “Saddam” dinars? After the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) assumed control of all of Iraq, Paul Bremer, then head of the CPA, announced that a new Iraqi dinar would be exchanged for both of the existing currencies over a three-month period ending in January 2004 at a rate that implied that one “Swiss” dinar was valued at 150 “Saddam” dinars. Because Saddam Hussein’s regime had printed many more “Saddam” dinars over the 10-year period, while no “Swiss” dinars had been printed, and because the cheap printing of the “Saddam” dinars made them easy to counterfeit, over the decade the “Swiss” dinars became relatively more valuable and the exchange rate that Bremer offered about equalized the purchasing power of the two currencies. For example, it took about 133 times as many “Saddam” dinars as “Swiss” dinars to buy a man’s suit in Iraq at the time. The new notes, sometimes called “Bremer” dinars, were printed in Britain and elsewhere and flown into Iraq on 22 flights using Boeing 747s and other large aircraft. In both the northern and southern parts of Iraq, citizens turned in their old dinars for the new ones, suggesting at least more confidence at that moment in the “Bremer” dinar than in either the “Saddam” or “Swiss” dinars.

Sources : Mervyn A. King, “The Institutions of Monetary Policy” (lecture, American Economics Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, January 4, 2004), available at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches/speech208.pdf . Hal R. Varian, “Paper Currency Can Have Value without Government Backing, but Such Backing Adds Substantially to Its Value,” New York Times , January 15, 2004, p. C2.

Answer to Try It! Problem

• Gold is not money because it is not used as a medium of exchange. In addition, it does not serve as a unit of account. It may, however, serve as a store of value.
• A Van Gogh painting is not money. It serves as a store of value. It is highly illiquid but could eventually be converted to money. It is neither a medium of exchange nor a unit of account.
• A dime is money and serves all three functions of money. It is, of course, perfectly liquid.

Principles of Economics Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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History Cooperative

History of Money: Discovery and Evolution of Money

Money, in its various forms, has played a fundamental role in human civilization since the dawn of time. It is a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value that facilitates economic transactions and enables the functioning of societies.

The origins of money can be traced back to the early stages of human development when primitive societies relied on a barter system to exchange goods and services.

As civilizations advanced and societies became more complex, the need for a more efficient and standardized medium of exchange became apparent.

In the modern era, with the advent of digital technology and the internet has ushered in a new era of money with the rise of electronic forms of currency such as credit cards, online payment systems, and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. These digital currencies offer new possibilities for global commerce and financial innovation but also raise questions about security, regulation, and the future of money.

Table of Contents

History of Bartering

History of money is complex and before the advent of money, societies relied on barter systems for trade. In these systems, individuals exchanged goods or services directly, often in a straightforward “A-for-B” transaction. For instance, a carpenter might offer his services to a farmer in exchange for some of the farmer’s grain or milk. However, such transactions could pose challenges when immediate needs didn’t align. What would the carpenter do if he desired a muffin or a milkshake but the farmer didn’t require any woodworking?

To address these challenges, early societies often supplemented barter systems with informal credit-and-debt arrangements or gift exchanges. Within tight-knit tribes and communities, individuals supported each other, offering services without the necessity of immediate exchange. For instance, the farmer might provide grain and milk to the carpenter with the understanding that the carpenter would reciprocate whenever needed. This system fostered a sense of mutual support and cooperation.

However, as trade expanded beyond local communities to encompass interactions between tribes and civilizations, the limitations of direct barter became apparent. To facilitate trade across broader networks, traders began exchanging items of tangible value, such as spices, grains, livestock, or animal pelts. While this method enabled commerce beyond immediate communities, it had its drawbacks. For example, commodities like livestock or grains were bulky and perishable, posing challenges in transportation and storage. Additionally, their value could fluctuate with factors like seasonality or market demand, making them less reliable as mediums of exchange.

Ultimately, the evolution of trade necessitated a more versatile and universally accepted form of payment. This led to the emergence of currency, initially in the form of small, shiny objects. Cowrie shells, found abundantly in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, served as one of the earliest forms of currency due to their durability, uniqueness, and aesthetic appeal. Over time , various societies transitioned to using precious metals like bronze, silver, and gold for currency, minting coins stamped with symbols or seals to denote their value and authenticity.

However, the transition to metal currency didn’t eliminate all challenges. While metal coins were more portable and durable than bulkier commodities, they still had limitations. For instance, the value of coins could be subject to fluctuations in metal prices or scarcity. Additionally, transporting large quantities of metal coins posed logistical challenges, especially for long-distance trade.

These historical developments laid the groundwork for the eventual introduction of paper money, which offered greater portability and flexibility in trade. Initially appearing in China during the Tang Dynasty, paper money gradually gained acceptance as a convenient alternative to metal coins. However, its widespread adoption in Europe faced challenges, including concerns about authenticity, counterfeiting, and fluctuations in value.

READ MORE: A Full Timeline of Chinese Dynasties in Order

Despite these challenges, paper money eventually became a dominant form of currency worldwide, ushering in an era of modern banking and financial systems. From the gold standard to fiat currencies, the concept of money has evolved continuously, reflecting changing economic landscapes and technological advancements.

Evolution of Money, Its Inventor, and Production Process

Money, in its essence, is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions between individuals or entities. It serves as a unit of account, a store of value, and a standard of deferred payment. The process of making money varies depending on its form. Historically, money has been made from various materials, including metals, paper, and even digital code.

In the earliest stages of human civilization, money was made in the form of small, shiny objects, such as cowrie shells . These shells were light, durable, and unique, making them suitable for use as currency. Later, as societies evolved, precious metals like bronze, silver, and gold were used to mint coins. These coins were stamped with symbols or seals to denote their value and authenticity.

With the advent of paper money, the production process became more sophisticated. Paper currency was initially introduced as promissory notes during the Tang Dynasty in China, around the 9th century. These notes were essentially IOUs, representing promises to pay the bearer a certain amount of precious metal upon demand. However, during the Song Dynasty in China, paper money evolved into printed currency issued by the government and backed by reserves of metal currency.

In modern times, money is primarily produced by central banks, which have the authority to issue currency and regulate its circulation. The production process involves designing and printing banknotes with various security features to prevent counterfeiting. Additionally, digital forms of money, such as cryptocurrencies, are created through complex algorithms and blockchain technology.

The invention of money is a complex and gradual process that evolved over thousands of years in response to the needs of human societies. Money, in its primitive forms, emerged as a solution to the limitations of barter systems, where individuals exchanged goods or services directly.

The exact origins of money are difficult to pinpoint, but the earliest forms of currency can be traced back to around 2000–1000 BCE. One of the first known forms of money was cowrie shells, which were used as currency in various societies across Africa, Asia, and Eurasia. These shells were valued for their durability, uniqueness, and aesthetic appeal.

The transition from valuable objects to standardized currency likely occurred gradually, driven by the need for a more efficient medium of exchange in increasingly complex economies. In ancient China, cowrie shells were used as currency as early as the 1700s BCE, as evidenced by inscriptions on bronze vessels mentioning transactions involving cowrie shells.

The invention of metal coins marked a significant milestone in the history of money. The earliest coins were made of bronze and served as a more portable and universally accepted form of currency. King Alyattes of Lydia is credited with commissioning the first official currency made of electrum, a silver and gold mix, in the late 7th or early 6th century BCE.

The five stages of money were:

• Bartering : Before the advent of money, societies relied on barter systems for trade. Individuals exchanged goods or services directly, but this method had limitations, particularly when immediate needs didn’t align.
• Commodity Money : To supplement barter systems, traders began exchanging items of tangible value, such as spices, grains, livestock, or animal pelts. These commodities served as early forms of currency but had drawbacks due to their bulkiness and perishability.
• Cowrie Shells : The use of cowrie shells as currency emerged around 2000–1000 BCE. These shells were valued for their durability, uniqueness, and aesthetic appeal, making them ideal for use as currency in various societies.
• Metal Coins : The invention of metal coins marked a significant advancement in the evolution of money. Coins made of precious metals like bronze, silver, and gold became standardized forms of currency, stamped with symbols or seals to denote their value and authenticity.
• Paper Money : Paper money emerged as a convenient alternative to metal coins during the Tang Dynasty in China, around the 9th century. Initially introduced as promissory notes, paper currency evolved into printed currency issued by governments and backed by reserves of metal currency.

First Metal Money: Coins

The transition from using cowrie shells as currency to utilizing precious metals marked a significant milestone in the evolution of money. In China, for instance, bronze cowrie shells were among the first forms of currency, while in other regions, bronze was fashioned into small knives and shovels for use as currency. Initially, these early coins were rudimentary chunks of metal, lacking standardized designs or markings. However, this changed when King Alyattes of Lydia, in what is now Turkey, commissioned the first official currency in the late seventh or early sixth century BCE. These coins, made of electrum, a mixture of silver and gold, bore the stamp of a lion, serving as the official seal.

King Alyattes ‘ reign, which spanned more than 50 years, facilitated various interactions with neighboring kingdoms through wars, trade, and royal marriages. One of his notable trading partners was the kingdom of Ionia, where he exchanged metals for cereal, addressing Lydia’s shortage of grains. Consequently, Alyattes’ introduction of precious metal coins, minted with a royal image, gained traction, particularly through Grecian traders, spreading across modern-day Greece, Asia Minor, and beyond.

Following Alyattes, his son Croesus continued the tradition of minting coins, favoring pure gold. These coins, known as Croeseids, held significant intrinsic value due to their composition of precious metal, enabling trade well beyond Lydia’s borders. However, Lydia faced defeat in an epic battle against Cyrus the Great around 540 BCE, leading to the adoption of coinage by the conquering Persian empire and its subsequent spread.

The use of coins as currency also emerged in other regions during this time, including the Roman Republic . Initially employed for trade with Greek neighbors, coins gradually gained acceptance as common currency within the Republic. Notably, the Romans contributed to the evolution of money by introducing the term “money,” derived from Juno , the patron goddess of the Roman Republic. The association between Juno Moneta, a temple dedicated to Juno, and the minting of Roman coins influenced the Latin language, with derivatives of “Moneta” used in various Latin-based languages.

Meanwhile, in Mesoamerica, particularly during the Classical Mayan period (200–900 CE), cocoa beans gained recognition as a form of currency among the Mayans. Murals and mosaics from this era depict Mayan kings accepting marked bags of cocoa beans as tax payments. The discovery of counterfeit cocoa pods further supports the notion of cocoa being used as currency. Even today, chocolate retains its value as a form of currency in many households.

First Paper Money

The inception of paper money, a key transformation in the history of commerce and economic systems, can be traced back to ancient China, specifically during the Tang dynasty around the ninth century. Initially, these notes served more as promissory notes or IOUs rather than the printed currency we recognize today. This innovation was born out of practicality; merchants and traders, weary of transporting heavy metals, opted to issue written promises to pay, contingent upon the mutual trust that these metals were indeed held in reserve.

The transition from these early forms of IOUs to the first recognized government-issued paper currency occurred during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), with the earliest notes emerging from Szechuan, the birthplace of China’s printing innovation. These notes, which could be exchanged for metal currency, marked the official advent of paper money, offering a new level of convenience and portability that metal currencies could not match. The widespread circulation and acceptance of these notes underscore the significant leap forward in the concept of money, further popularized by the accounts of Marco Polo, who, upon witnessing the efficiency and practicality of paper money during his travels in China, introduced the idea to the European consciousness.

The introduction of paper currency in Europe, however, followed centuries later, with Sweden taking the lead in 1661. This marked a significant moment in monetary history, as European nations began to explore the possibilities and challenges of paper money, encountering issues of trust, value, and counterfeiting that Chinese innovators had navigated centuries before. Despite the initial success of these notes, backed by the assurance of real coinage and the signatures of numerous officials, the European foray into paper currency soon encountered turbulence. The lack of standardized accountability and rampant counterfeiting underscored the delicate balance between the tangible value of metal coins and the abstract trust required for paper money’s acceptance.

This evolution from metal to paper currency illustrates a broader shift in the understanding and use of money. Initially rooted in tangible goods like cowrie shells, livestock, or metal coins, the concept of money has continuously evolved to accommodate the changing needs of commerce and trade. Paper money, despite its less durable nature, represented a significant advance in this evolution, offering a new form of currency that was both portable and, in many cases, more convenient for large transactions.

The Introduction of Banks and Currencies

The advent of banks and currencies represents a fundamental shift in the economic and social fabric of human societies, marking the transition from basic trade systems to sophisticated financial networks. This transformation was closely tied to the need for a stable, reliable means of exchange and storage of wealth, leading to the establishment of institutions that could facilitate these functions on a large scale.

Currency, in its most recognized form, emerged when societies began to standardize physical tokens of exchange, moving beyond the rudimentary barter systems that had dominated commerce for millennia. The invention of currency can be traced back to ancient civilizations , where the limitations of barter necessitated a more efficient medium of exchange. The earliest known currencies were minted in the kingdom of Lydia around the 7th century BCE, introducing the concept of standardized metal coins which bore official markings to signify their authenticity and value. This innovation provided a basis for the value of goods and services, enabling broader and more complex trade networks.

The introduction of currency was paralleled by the development of banking systems, which originated in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt . Temples and palaces served as the first banks, safeguarding the precious metal wealth of individuals and facilitating transactions. These early banks played a crucial role in managing and loaning money, laying the groundwork for modern banking practices.

READ MORE: The Cradle of Civilization: Mesopotamia and the First Civilizations

As trade networks expanded and economies grew more complex, the need for centralized institutions to regulate and facilitate financial transactions became evident. This led to the formal establishment of banks, which not only safeguarded deposits but also began to issue their own currencies. This practice was important in the evolution of money, as it introduced the concept of paper money—initially as promissory notes that could be exchanged for gold or silver.

The invention of paper money in China during the Tang Dynasty (around the 9th century) and its formal issuance during the Song Dynasty marked a significant leap forward. Paper currency offered numerous advantages over metal coins, including ease of transport and the ability to represent larger values, thus supporting larger-scale economic activities.

The establishment of banks and the introduction of standardized currencies were closely intertwined developments that addressed the growing needs of expanding economies. These institutions not only facilitated trade and commerce by providing a reliable medium of exchange but also contributed to the development of financial systems that could support economic growth and stability. The creation of currency, whether metal or paper, laid the foundation for the economic structures we see today, enabling the accumulation, investment, and movement of wealth across global economies.

Types of Money

There are four primary types of money, each playing a unique role in the development and function of modern economies.

Commodity Money represents the earliest form of money, directly linked to the physical value of the commodities it represents, such as precious metals, salt, or even livestock. Its value is intrinsic, derived from the material it is made of or the commodity it represents. This form of money facilitated the initial shift away from barter systems, allowing goods and services to be traded more efficiently. However, the limitations of commodity money, such as perishability and the cumbersome nature of certain goods, led to the development of more practical forms of currency.

Fiat Money marks a significant evolution, characterized by its lack of intrinsic value; instead, its worth is derived from the trust and confidence placed in it by its users. This form of money is government-issued and is not backed by a physical commodity but by the stability and economic power of the issuing authority. The value of fiat money is essentially a matter of social convention and legal decree, exemplified by paper currency and coins in modern economies.

Representative Money stands as a bridge between commodity and fiat money, holding value because it represents a claim on a commodity that can be exchanged, such as a gold certificate or silver certificate. This type of money is backed by an actual physical reserve, a specific amount of the commodity on which it can be redeemed, thereby combining the practicality of paper money with the intrinsic value of the commodity it represents.

Digital or Cryptocurrency represents the frontier of monetary evolution, embodying the principles of fiat money but existing entirely in the digital realm. Powered by blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin offer a decentralized, peer-to-peer approach to financial transactions. This form of money transcends traditional banking systems and government-issued currencies, providing a global, secure, and anonymous method of transaction.

The Gold Standard

One way to eliminate such disorder was for a central bank to adopt a gold standard. The gold standard directly based a country’s currency on a fixed amount of gold. At any time, the country’s bank notes could be redeemed for this amount of gold. Sound familiar? Yes, after more than 150 years of chaos, countries went back to what made Sweden’s initial notes so successful.

Starting in the 1870s, the gold standard was adopted by most of the countries in Europe as well as the US, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and others. Having a set system that allowed currencies to be easily valued against one another allowed trade and international investment to flourish.

Not all countries adhered to the gold standard as strictly as others, but things ran relatively smoothly until the onset of World War I. The Great War caused massive financial disruptions, due to suspended trade, plummeting tax revenues, war-time spending, and bank runs.

READ MORE: What Caused World War 1? Political, Imperialistic, and Nationalistic Factors

The gold standard was reinstated in many countries once the war was over, but the Great Depression proved its ultimate downfall just a little more than a decade later.

Modern-Day Money

At the onset of the Great Depression, bank runs were becoming increasingly common, and too many people were cashing out their paper for gold. England was nearly running out of gold in 1931, and after the head of the Bank of England suffered a panic attack, his subordinates did away with the gold standard .

The US soon followed suit, but only after FDR consulted his groundskeeper, who was also an “agricultural economist.” FDR’s other financial advisors, those who had not devised ways to get chickens to lay more eggs, thought the decision to end the gold standard might destroy Western Civilization as we know it.

Ironically, FDR, who abandoned the gold standard, appears on a gold presidential dollar.

Instead of money tied to gold, the world soon operated with fiat money, or money that has value because a government says it has value.

With the break from the gold standard, money became much more malleable. Interest rates could be manipulated, the money supply could be altered, and economies became things to tweak and manipulate. Some intrepid governments even started currency wars to boost their own exports and diminish the value of imports.

Currencies moved much more freely in relation to one another, and an entire market was born. The foreign exchange, or forex, market soon became the largest financial market in the world, with more than $6.7 trillion now changing hands on a daily basis.

Although the major players in the forex market are multinational corporations, banks, and governments, in the modern world anyone with a connection to the World Wide Web can choose a forex broker and trade currencies. People are making money by selling one currency in relation to another currency… over their phones. It’s incredible to think of when you consider we aren’t so far removed from cowrie shells.

Credit Cards and Debit Cards 

The narrative of money’s evolution reaches another significant milestone with the advent of Credit Cards and Debit Cards. These financial instruments have revolutionized the way individuals access and spend their money, offering unparalleled convenience and security. Credit cards, introduced in the mid-20th century, function on the principle of borrowing. They allow consumers to make purchases or withdraw cash up to a certain limit, with the understanding that the money will be paid back, along with any applicable interest or fees. This system not only facilitated easier spending and borrowing but also helped to build financial histories that could support future creditworthiness assessments.

Debit cards, on the other hand, are linked directly to one’s bank account, allowing for the immediate transfer of funds for payment. Unlike credit cards, they do not involve borrowing or accruing interest, as they utilize existing account balances. The introduction of debit cards represented a significant leap forward in banking convenience, enabling real-time access to funds without the need for physical cash or checks.

Both credit and debit cards have contributed to the dematerialization of money, shifting the perception and usage of currency from physical objects to digital transactions. This transition has been facilitated by advancements in technology and the global financial infrastructure, which have made electronic verification and processing of transactions possible almost instantaneously. As a result, these cards have become essential tools in modern commerce, empowering consumers with greater flexibility and control over their financial resources.

Online Payments

Online Payments further extend the digital transformation of money, encompassing a broad range of technologies and platforms that enable transactions over the internet. This includes direct transfers from bank accounts, payments made through websites or mobile apps, and transactions conducted using digital wallets. Online payment systems have dramatically expanded the scope of digital commerce, allowing businesses and consumers to engage in transactions across vast distances with speed and efficiency.

The rise of online payments has been propelled by the increasing ubiquity of the internet and smartphones, as well as the development of secure encryption technologies that protect sensitive financial information. This environment has fostered an ecosystem of payment gateways, merchant services, and fintech innovations that support a wide array of economic activities, from e-commerce and peer-to-peer transfers to subscription services and digital content consumption.

Digital Currency

Although virtual currencies, such as bitcoin, have lost substantial value as of late, it seems clear that a digital world requires a digital currency. As we saw in the early days of European paper money, currency transitions aren’t always easy. There will be shenanigans. (Mooncoin, anyone?) But it seems certain that the money of tomorrow will bear very little resemblance to what we use today, and even less of a resemblance to what we’ve used in the past.

The Impact of Money throughout History

The impact of money throughout history is profound, influencing virtually every aspect of human civilization. From the earliest barter systems to the sophisticated digital economies of today, the evolution of money has been inextricably linked with the development of trade, the rise and fall of empires, the shaping of cultures, and the advancement of technology. Money, in its various forms, has served as a catalyst for social organization, economic development, and global interconnectedness, fundamentally transforming the way humans interact, exchange, and perceive value.

The introduction of standardized currency facilitated the expansion of trade networks beyond local communities, enabling the emergence of market economies and the specialization of labor. This, in turn, spurred innovation and the accumulation of wealth, laying the groundwork for the rise of cities and the establishment of nation-states. Moreover, the shift from commodity money to fiat currency and the subsequent development of banking and financial institutions have allowed for more sophisticated methods of investment, financing, and wealth management, further accelerating economic growth and innovation.

The control over the issuance and regulation of money has been a source of immense power for rulers, governments, and financial elites, often leading to social and economic disparities. Inflation, currency devaluation, and financial crises have periodically disrupted societies, highlighting the vulnerabilities inherent in monetary systems.

The Future of Money

Looking towards the future of money, it is clear that digital technologies are set to play a huge role in shaping its evolution. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology offer the potential for creating more decentralized, transparent, and secure financial systems. Digital currencies issued by central banks (CBDCs) are being explored as a way to combine the benefits of digital money with the stability and regulatory oversight of traditional fiat currencies. Furthermore, the rise of fintech innovations continues to democratize access to financial services, making it possible for more people around the world to participate in the global economy.

The future of money also poses significant challenges and questions. The digital divide, privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory issues are just a few of the complexities that societies will need to navigate. Moreover, the environmental impact of digital financial technologies, particularly energy-intensive cryptocurrencies, calls for sustainable approaches to the development of future monetary systems.

From Barter to Blockchain: The Evolution Continues

The evolution of money, from barter to digital currencies, showcases humanity’s progress in enhancing trade efficiency and economic inclusivity. This has not only transformed commerce but also societal structures and governance. Today, innovations like blockchain and cryptocurrencies signal a new era in finance, offering global access to financial services yet posing challenges in security, privacy, and sustainability. As we envision the future, it’s crucial to balance technological advancements with societal well-being, drawing from history to build a financial system that’s inclusive and sustainable for all.

How to Cite this Article

There are three different ways you can cite this article.

1. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper , use:

<a href=" https://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-money/ ">History of Money: Discovery and Evolution of Money</a>

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CHAPTER 4 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY.

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Chapter 3 The Time Value of Money © 2005 Thomson/South-Western.

Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money 1. Learning Outcomes Chapter 4  Identify various types of cash flow patterns  Compute the future value and the present.

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10+ Best Money PowerPoint Templates for 2021: Free and Premium

• 🎥 Presentations

• Author: Rita Asta

Money PowerPoint Templates. Business presentations are especially important. They need to provide effective information and persuasion. To present the quality of business and financial information to your audience, it is important to choose the right template for presentation because it is no less important than the information on the slides. The visual appeal will grab attention, and with the right topic, the presentation will have a good impact on the audience.

Cash templates are suitable for presentation topics such as: insurance, banking, investment funds, stock trading, investments, savings, currency exchange, and more. With templates like this, you can highlight the importance of money for business, finance, and personal use.

To save you time, we’ve put together a selection of free and premium PowerPoint templates for you. These templates allow you to present information in a variety of ways while maintaining a single theme. Use these templates with visual images of money and may they bring you luck!

Top 5 Purple PowerPoint Templates

Best Premium Money PowerPoint Templates

Euro money collage.

Time and Money PowerPoint Template

Euro Puzzle

Money Quote PowerPoint Template

Euro Currency

Cost of Education PowerPoint Template

Best Free Money PowerPoint Templates

Dollars powerpoint template.

Dollar Sign PowerPoint Templates

Investment Money PPT Template

Money Growing Plan PowerPoint Template

Gold Currency Coins PowerPoint Template

Money in the bag isolated on a white

Dollar Sign on Target PowerPoint Template

Heap of Dollar Bills PowerPoint Template

Some Awesome Video About Vintage Fonts

Vintage + retro aesthetic fonts for editing.

In todays video, you will see top vintage + retro aesthetic fonts. These are free retro aesthetic fonts and vintage aesthetic fonts on dafont. -->

• business ppt templates
• finance powerpoint templates
• swot analysis ppt templates
• simple powerpoint templates
• pitch deck powerpoint templates
• modern ppt templates
• marketing ppt templates

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House GOP subpoenas company connected to daughter of Trump hush money judge

by JACKSON WALKER | The National Desk

WASHINGTON (TND) — The House Judiciary Committee on Wednesday sent a subpoena to a company led by the daughter of the judge involved in former President Donald Trump’s New York hush money trial.

A Manhattan jury in May found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records. The Trump campaign reported earning a record $34.8 million across all small donors following the verdict.

Trump this month claimed Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s arguments in the case were made “meritless” in the wake of a ruling by the Supreme Court that presidents retain some immunity for official acts. He also condemned Judge Juan Merchan as “corrupt” and accused him of having ties to powerful Democrats.

House Republicans subpoenaed Michael Nellis Wednesday, the owner of Authentic Campaigns. The House Judiciary Committee says Merchan’s daughter Loren serves as the president of the company.

Authentic Campaigns, according to the committee, has a past of working with Trump’s “political adversaries.” The committee in a letter shared via X noted the company had twice received requests for information.

"As such, the Committee is left with no choice but to resort to compulsory process," the letter reads. "Popularly elected prosecutors, such as Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg, have engaged in an unprecedented abuse of authority by prosecuting a former President of the United States and current nominee for that office.”

Of relevance to the Committee’s oversight is the impartiality of Judge Juan Merchan, the presiding trial judge, due to his refusal to recuse himself from the case in light of his apparent conflicts of interest and biases,” it continues.

In a response shared via his LinkedIn account, Nellis called the subpoena "yet another abuse of power" aimed at "promoting a baseless right-wing conspiracy theory" linking Authentic Campaigns to Trump's trial.

READ MORE | Special counsel files new indictment against Trump in election subversion case

"Let us be clear: these allegations against our company are completely false and purely politically motivated," Nellis wrote. "This is a blatant attempt to intimidate us and divert attention from Donald Trump’s conviction."

House Judiciary Committee Chair Rep. Jim Jordan, R-Ohio, in May demanded Bragg and prosecutor Matthew Colangelo testify before the House Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government.

“This hearing will examine actions by state and local prosecutors to engage politically motivated prosecutors of federal officials, in particular the recent political prosecution of President Donald Trump by the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office." Rep. Jordan wrote at the time.

Follow Jackson Walker on X at @_jlwalker_ for the latest trending national news. Have a news tip? Send it to [email protected].