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History of Manipuri literature
Lairenmayum Ibungohal
manipuri literature
Translation Blues
A Brief History of Manipuri Literature

Introduction

From the earliest chronicle, manipuri literature and litany, letters, lyrics and the likes.

Era One: From Ancient History to 1750 CE
Era Two: From 1750 CE to 1900 CE
Era Three: From 1900 CE to Present
Set to work: The ending part

A translation with personal comments of a Meiteilon essay Manipuri Sahityagi Khongchat by Lairenmayum Ibungohal; original text cited from Wareng Akhomba (An Anthology of Prose) published by the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1st ed. 1965 and 2nd ed. 1973; the Manipuri refers to the Meiteilon language of Meitei people, who primarily live in Manipur, its neighbouring states in eastern India, and countries like Burma and Bangladesh. In the original Manipuri title, khongchat literally means journey; so the title can also be transliterated as The Journey of Manipuri Literature. The personal comments are inserted in parentheses in the write-up.

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one, from ancient history to 1750 CE ;
two, from 1750 CE to 1900 CE ; and
three, 1900 CE to the present.

Era 1: From Ancient History to 1750 CE

Chekla paikharabada pombi hanjillakpada Cheklagi kaidongfam khangdabana (Note: kaidongfam is mentioned as leifam in the essay) Pombi kangaonare Saabi inemmacha pammuba Chingnoong-gi sana loktagi pairak-lo

Laapkhraba thawaina thamliba Ahing-gi tandan oiduna Noongthil-gi cheklabu oiduna Paibirakloba pammuba

Era 2: From 1750 CE to 1900 CE

Taibang panbagi mapu Sri Govinda nangi khuyada Meitei ningthou eina haijeiye Leipak pumnamak loinana nangi thouganbu toujabasi Nangidamakni penbiyu haina khurumjei

Eeta yenguda nongna murti pallene Kunja mala urok paire Fige sana nongthang kuple Mahousagi sakna thawaina kappa sakfamni Madu makta kokta wahong matu chura thetline

Era 3: From 1900 CE to Present

Yeng-ngu yeng-ngu ningthiraba gouranga-gi lila! Basanta gi matamda marup mapaang loinana Ganga mapaanda lengkhare Ningthiraba thanin-na nadiyada thokle...

Set to work: The ending part

Translation note.

I have added subheadings in the above write-up for clarity and convenience.
Most of my favourite poets, from Thangjam Ibopishak to Laishram Samarendra, whose works are filled with the ideas of social realism and other related motifs, started publishing their works in the Sixties. This essay was published in 1965.

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Fajana deep oi eikhoi mietielon se ei wish taue akoige mietie lon se fajana recognise oiba pamme India se da.

This is unbelievable. Exhaustive. History from below.

Commendable work. Pleases both my eyes and mind

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I. History and Linguistic Classification

1. details from proto stage to current stage..

Sino Tibetan> Tibeto-Burman>Arakan Burmese>Kuki-Chin> Manipuri /Meithei /Meitei Manipuri, popularly known as Meiteilon / Meithei is historically one of the sister languages of Kuki-Chin groups of Arakan Burmese branch of Tibeto-Burman sub-family of Sino-Tibetan family of Language. However, W. Ibohal Singh (1986) opines that old Manipuri, which was developed in 900 A.D., was a product of Pre historic Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman of 800 A.D. Medieval Manipuri, which was developed in 1200 A.D., was again a product of Indo-Aryan and Old Manipuri (1000 A.D). Modern Manipuri (1600 A.D.) is the offshoot of Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin group and Medieval Manipuri.

In fact, from the new research findings it is learnt that Tibeto-Burman languages began to develop from about the early Christian era and became fully characterized from about 7th Century A.D. Early Poireis (the early inhabitant of Manipur) were a group of people belonging to a bulk of new-Tibetans. However, the founder of Poirei belonged to another Himalayan tribe called Chakkha (Sakiya/Sakya) who was the ruling clan of the Sakiya kingdom of Tagaung in the Upper Irrawady valley founded by Abhi Raja, the Sakiyan king in the second century B.C. Poireiton is believed to be a descendant of Abhi Raja. The dialect of Sakiyan tribes mixed with the Tai’s, particularly with Tho and Do. Thus, the dialect of the early Poireis was basically a mixed dialect. The Sakiyan dialect seems to contain much Pali words or words that became Pali. Hence, there is a view that the Pali or the old Sanskrit word found in Old Manipuri was mainly from the Sakiyan dialect. The nucleus of Manipuri is therefore the dialect of the Poireis.

i) The birth date of Manipuri is estimated to be about 800-850 A.D. Prior to this, Manipuri was the dialect of some ancient tribes. It appears from Manipuri accounts that the mixed dialect of Chakha (Sakiya), Khu (Khu-nu), Lei (Lei-nu), Nga (Nga-nu) and Nung (Nung-ba) are the basic foundation of Manipuri. In a similar way, the dialects of different tribes like Marem, Mahui (Moirang), Nongyai, Khamba, Keirem Khunjal, Senbi Kabo, Shelloy-Langmai etc. have been mentioned occasionally. By about 950 A.D., Shelloy-Langmai and Chenglei began to mix. It further expanded its mixing with the dialects of Leihou, Mahou, who spoke a neo-Tibetan mixed with Bodo elements or Sub-Himalayan dialects, Kharoi, Ngāngoi, Hangoi etc. who spoke Tibeto-Burman of neo-Burmese origin and Heirem Khunjāl etc. who spoke a Tai dialect etc. It also felt the impact of the dialects of the tribes like Haokap, Chingsāng, Khunpham, and Ngāngcheng etc. who spoke Tibeto-Burman of neo-Burman origin.

2. Script/Scripts used to document the language

During 1225 A.D. when Proto-Bangal, Bangals and Mayangs settled at Lamangdong, some form of modern Indian writings perhaps appeared on the Imphal valley. These scripts are considered the predecessors of Bengali and Assamese scripts which are said to have developed from about 13th century A.D. Again, W. Ibohal (1986) opines that Brahmi script was in use from about 2nd century B.C. in Moriya city and the Kabow valley. In 15th century A.D. similar type of Bengali script and Devanagari script were in use. In 1616 A.D., King Khagemba introduced a new script altogether different from those earlier scripts used by different scholars. Henceforth, uniformity in script had been maintained up to certain limitation, and many people were taught the new script and several books had been produced that year. This new script is called Meitei script. It is the researchers’ unanimous view that Meetei script is the combination of modified Brahmi scripts with indigenous components. Again, from about the latter part of the 18th century A.D. modern Bengali and Assamese scripts began to replace slowly owing to the influence of British relations and absence of foundry and printing press in Meetei script.

3. Stages of Development

A) earliest reference in different sources:.

In the history of Manipuri texts or literature, there are two scripts being widely used at different stages. From the early period when written works had been developed, Meitei script had been used for documenting records, texts etc. Then it was replaced by Bangla-Assames scripts. The changes and development of Meitei script and the place of Bangla –Assamese in Manipuri writing is briefly explained below. a) Meetei script /Manipuri script.

It is the native script of the state and takes the model of Indian writing. The writing has Vertical stroke, Horizontal stroke and Curves, and generally hand movement starts from left to right. In the earlier period, it was developed well as a literary language. However, it suffered, as Assamese and Bangla script were adopted in and around 18th century. At present, the revivalist movement of the script gradually strikes the mind of the natives and revivalist campaigns have been in progress in the state. The stage of development of Meetei script may be highlighted as:

i) Earlier stage (9 century A.D.to 1616 A.D.): The Manipuri language was originated in the 9th century A.D. It was adopted as a written language from about the 12th century A.D.

ii) Medieval stage (from 1616 A.D to 1890 A.D.): In this stage, the shape and number of the script had been fixed up to a certain extent. All the historical events including chronicles are recorded from this stage.

iii) Modern stage (1890 to onwards): In this stage, many changes like, voiced sounds merging in Meetei script have been found. Earlier voiced sounds were not in use. Some of the specimens written using this script, starting from the early phase to the modern period, are given below:

a) Copper plate Grants issued by the kings,

b) Royal stone Edicts erected by the kings at the important places of the country,

c) Royal Chronicles like Cheitharol Kumbaba,

d) Records, documents etc. preserved in the state Achieves, under the supervision of the Amaiba Loisang (Department of priest/scholars of the king).

b) Bangla-Assamese script in writing Manipuri.

It is a loan from Bangla and Assamese scripts, an offshoot of Ashokan Brahmi of 3rd century B.C. From the latter part of 18th century when the modern education system started prevailing in the state, the writing of the text books and school curriculum had been done in these scripts for the convenience of the non-native teachers and to meet the requirements of printing technology. Another reason for adopting Assamese-Bangla script is the non-availability of Meitei script printing machine. From then on Assamese and Bangla totally replaced Meitei Mayek in writing texts, articles, magazines, journals and other documents and publications.

a) Earliest reference in different sources:

According to W. Ibohal Singh (1986) the development of Manipuri language, can be divided into three phases.

i) First phase (from 800 A.D to 1200 A.D): Manipuri continued to grow, in spite of the incoming of various dialects.

ii) Second phase (from 1200 A.D to 1400 A.D): Manipuri assumed a new dimension in this phase.

iii) Third phase (from 1400 A.D to 1600 A.D): The new language continued to grow with the absorption of some of the words or the dialects of Senbi-Kabow, a mixed dialect of Tai and Asiatic tribes.

From 1600 A.D, the root of present Meiteilon has been firmed. However, the language of the 17th century A.D. as seen today contains much obsolete words. The written accounts so far available, belonged to 17th century A.D. writings. There were not many impacts of other groups of tribes like Chakpa (arrived on 12th Century A.D.), Austric (arrived on 14th century A.D.) and Indo-Aryan (16th century A.D.). However, the early Poirei dialect was greatly influenced by other Tibeto-Burman speakers than the Aryan speakers.

From the viewpoint of phonetics and vocabulary, Manipuri literary language, which has begun from 800 A.D. onwards, may be classified into four periods:

i) Old Manipuri Period (OMP) 800 A.D. –1070 A.D., is characterized by archaic forms of language. The literature of the copper plate was found in this period. The literature found in this period was written in both verse and prose styles. The main literary work of this period was religious literature. (For details refer In Literature)

ii) The Early Medieval Manipuri Period (EMMP) 1709 A.D to 1970 A.D is characterized by the conglomeration of archaic and derived contemporary Manipuri along with other borrowed or loan words e.g., Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. In this period, there were no much literary works except few. This was the period when people were mainly engaged in warfare.

iii) The Late Medieval Manipuri period (LMMP) 1709 A.D. to 1819 A.D., is characterized by Manipuri, English and other Indo European, and Indo-Aryan languages and a bit of Dravidian languages either. In this period Bengali and Sanskrit literature waved into Manipuri literature. The literary texts of this period may again be classified into two,

(a) Literature influenced by Hindu tradition, theme and story. Some of the texts include Ram Nongaba, Birat Sathuplon, Luxmi Charit, Bidhi Nongdamba, Dhanajoy Laibu Ningba, Sana Manik etc.

(b) Purely Native theme and story: Some of them are Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba, Sanamahi Laikan, Samsok Ngamba, Takhel Ngamba, Langlon etc. The emergence of 19th century marked a change in the grammar and sound system of the language. Notable books of this time are Khagi Ngamba, Awa Ngamba, Gambhir Singh Nonggaba, Chahui Leirongpanba, Gobinda Lingkhatpa etc.

iv) The Modern Manipuri Period (MMP) 1819 A.D. till date). The literature of this period can be grouped into four groups basing upon the language used.

i) Prose/poetry written without any foreign/exotic vocabulary.

ii) Literary pieces written by using foreign, archaic and modern words.

iii) Poems written by using a language mixed with Bangla and Brajaboli.

iv) Prose/poetry written by using completely modern language.

Chronologically the period again could be classified into three stages:

v) The early stage (covers the ending years of medieval period extending upto 1813 A.D.).

vi) The middle stage (1813-1947 A.D.)

vii) The late stage (1947- til the current time)

b) Significant level/points of Planning

Manipuri is the only Language among the different groups and sub-groups of Tibeto-Burman Language family in the Trans-Himalayan regions of India, which has developed as a potent and effectual instrument for the promulgation and nourishing of rich Indian Cultural heritage among the Tibeto-Burman People dwelling in the North Eastern frontier regions of India. Profound literary works of India like Mahabharata, Ramayana, a portion of Rigveda, Bhagavata Purana, Bhagavad Gita, the dramas of Bhasa and Kalidas, Kadambari of Vanabhatta Manusamhita, Gita Govinda etc. have been translated into Manipuri. Thus, Manipuri is linking with the rest of the Country. This language was included in the 8th schedule of the constitution on August 20,1992, as one of the national languages of India. As of the state, according to 2001 census report, Manipuri is spoken by approximately 23,88,634 people of which 13,61,521 are Meeteis population, 1,67,204 are Meetei Pangal (Muslim); 7,13,813 are Tribal communities and 1,46,096 are outsiders/Non-Manipuris.(Source: 2001 Census).

As an important note, this language has the following significant levels of planning;

• Manipuri is a lingua franca amongst the people of hills and plains in the state. For instance, in pursuance of section 56 of the Hill area Act.1956, the proceedings of the village authorities are kept in Manipuri.

• From the time immemorial, Manipuri has been the state language of Manipur. The Government of Manipur used this language as the medium of communication with other foreign powers like East India Company during the 18th and 19th centuries.

• Manipuri has been used as a court language in the state. Judgment of law courts are delivered and summons to the partial serve in Manipuri.

• The Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting recognizes Manipuri as a regional language of the state. About 70% programs of AIR&TV, Imphal are devoted to the Manipuri medium.

• Manipuri is used as a medium of instruction in schools and colleges. The University of Dibrugarh (Assam) has recognized it as a medium of instruction upto B.A. level and Kolkata has recognized Manipuri as a Modern Indian Language. The Board of Secondary Education, Delhi has recognized it for the High School Leaving Certificate Examination. Manipur University offers courses of M.A., M. Phil, and Doctoral Studies in Manipuri.

It is one of the National Languages, which has been recognized as a methodology subject for the B.T., B.Ed., and UPSC Examinations. Although, Manipuri is mainly spoken by the Manipuris as their native tongue, it is also spoken in outside the state and country. In India, it is spoken in Assam, Tripura, Uttarpradesh and West Bengal. In Burma, it is spoken in the areas of Mandalay, Bhamo, Rangoon, Mytkiana, Kalemyo, Tamu, Samjok, Kalewa, Heijang, Mangun, Mingin, Tuangji, Moklai, Tenanyung, Hemjada, Homelin, Maniwa, Sagain etc. In East Pakistan, it is spoken in the areas of Dacca and Sylhet.

At the National level, Manipuri writers are awarded with the titles of Padmasri and Sahitya Akademi.

4. Change of status.

In the beginning, say from 800 A.D. to 1890 A.D., Meetei scripts had been used by the native Manipuris of Manipur to record literary accounts. The downfall of this script, due to Bangla dominion, started from the end of 18th century. From this period, Assamese-Bangla script (Brahmi) totally replaced Meetei script and this influenced the literary mode and education system. From 1890 to 1973 A.D., the fate of the indigenous script was not in a favorable position. The wave of revivalist movement emerged later. Finally in the year 1973 A.D., Meitei Mayek Advisory committee was set up. In 1982, the Government of Manipur announced its decision to include Manipuri in the school education.

B. Linguistic Classification.

Genetically Meiteilon/Meithei or Manipuri is a member of New Tibeto-Burman language that has evolved from Proto-Tibeto Burman language and mixed with Indo Aryan language. W.Ibohal Singh (1986) opines that old Manipuri, which was developed in 900 A.D., was a product of Pre historic Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman of 800 A.D.-C-Type.

Manipuri has been gradually developed from the Proto -Tibetan. (Benedict.1972.)There is maximum number of similarities of vocabulary at the morphological level. (Haudricourt 1966:4)

2. Typological

Typologically, Manipuri is an agglutinative analytic language.

• Manipuri sentence pattern is SOV.

• Manipuri is a flexible language (as long as verb ends the sentence). In most of the phrases, the heads and qualifying words are interchangeable at various occurrences.

• Typical order of a VP is NP+V.

• Typical order of a NP is Adj./V+NP ~NP+Adj/V

• Manipuri is a tone language. It has two tone levels with allotones. They are level tone and falling tone. Manipuri makes use of register tone system.

• Manipuri has monomorphemic to polymorphemic structures.

• Manipuri is an agglutinating language.

Mainly Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in East Asia (EA) and South East Asian countries (SEACs). In India, maximum numbers of Tibeto-Burman language speakers are settling down in the North Eastern fringes of India (more than 80 lgs.). Manipuri is one of them. Really speaking, Manipuri is a Northeastern Indian language in South East Asia surviving with a number of Tibeto-Burman languages like Angami, Ao, Gallong, Garo, Konyak, Lotha, Sema and Tibetan. It also borders other Non-Tibeto Burman languages like Assamese in the West and North Western region, Tibeto-Burman languages like Naga languages in the northern region, Burmese in the south and Mizo in the southwestern region.

Power and Language Policies in Manipur

First Online: 13 August 2022

Cite this chapter

Abhimanyu Sharma ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7931-224X 9

Part of the book series: Language Policy ((LAPO,volume 30))

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Manipur’s language policy is shaped by a ‘hills vs. valley’ divide. Meitei, which is the language of relatively economically affluent people living in the valley, is the official language of the state, whilst languages spoken in relatively underprivileged hilly areas are non-dominant. The chapter examines the extent to which Manipur’s language policy has tried to protect and promote its minority languages. The findings suggest that there are legal provisions for the use of minority languages in three policy domains, namely media, healthcare and social welfare. This chapter introduces ‘Categories of Differentiation’ (COD) as a new theoretical paradigm for analysing language policies. COD refer to sets of binaries that shape language policies in multilingual states. Examples of such binaries include the hills/valley divide, autochthonous/allochthonous divide and Catholic/Protestant divide among others.

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Such a topographical impact on language use is also visible in the ‘Highlands vs. Lowlands divide’ in Scotland. As Grant ( 1983 : 139) notes, in the nineteenth century and at least half way into the twentieth century, Scottish-Gaelic (mainly spoken in the Scottish Highlands) was ‘widely despised in the Lowlands as the language of a backward minority’. Further evidence on how mountains can impact language use can be found in Dobrushina ( 2013 ) whose work on Dagestan examines how Russian is gradually being preferred over other mountainous languages (Archi, Avar and Lak) in Dagestan’s Highlands.

I interpret the term ‘colonial classifications’ as the forms of knowledge created under British rule to classify the colonised groups into certain categories. These categories served as the epistemological basis upon which the functioning of the colonial apparatus was based.

It is common in research and government documents to use the term ‘ethnic groups’ to differentiate between the different communities of Manipur. ‘Ethnicity’ is a problematic concept, primarily because it is not easy to define. McDuie-Ra ( 2014 : 376) views ‘ethnicity’ as a socially constructed concept, and argues that the colonial classifications of ‘ethnicity’ have become internalised and politicised in the articulation of difference at the local level in North-East India.

‘Tribe’ is yet another problematic concept which is difficult to define. There is no definition for ‘tribe’ in the Constitution of India.

According to Behura ( 1996 : 1), the Hindi-language term ‘Adivasi’ (‘Adi’ means ‘oldest’ and ‘vasi’ means ‘inhabitant’) is commonly used to designate these communities because they are presumed to constitute the oldest ethnological segment of Indian society.

There are two issues related to this list. First, while certain communities such as Kabui, Inpui, Rongmei have been grouped together, these groups are sometimes seen as distinct from each other. Second, the use of the expressions ‘any Kuki tribe’ or ‘any Mizo tribe’ is not explained. Perhaps, it means any community which identifies itself as ‘Kuki’ or ‘Mizo’. See GOI, 2018 .

Generally, each tribe claims to have its own language, and there are cases in which languages of two tribes are mutually intelligible. See Sect. 6.1.3 for details.

In 2017, the DLPI organised an orientation programme for college teachers who teach Meitei (Kangla Online, 2017 ).

There are some exceptions to the tradition of naming a language according to each tribe. In North-East India, many people speak language(s) to which they may or may not have tribal membership (Haokip, 2011b : 6). For example, the Rabha people living in the low country just north of the Garo Hills, between the hills and the Brahmaputra river are bilingual and are able to use both Assamese (Indic) and their own Rabha (Tibeto-Burman). At the same time, there are people who identify themselves as ‘Rabha’ but speak only Assamese (ibid.).

In August 2017, a 42-year-old woman named Rita Haorei was refused burial for a month by her Baptist Christian-dominated village that excommunicated her family in 2010 for converting to Catholicism (Karmakar & Samom, 2017 ).

Vishnu is one of the most important deities in Hinduism. The group or sect dedicated to the worship of Vishnu are called ‘Vaishnavite(s)’. Vishnu has ten incarnations, the most important of which are Rama and Krishna. The sect which became popular in Manipur was dedicated to the worship of Rama. See Lochtefeld ( 2002 : 759).

In 1901 only 8% of the population followed Christianity in Manipur, rising to 34% by 1991 (Das, 2011 : 2). The first attempt to establish Christian mission in Manipur was undertaken in 1836 by the American Baptist Mission in Burma (Kamei, 2015 : 27). The mission failed because Manipuris were followers of Vaishnavism and regarded Christianity as the religion of ‘conquering white men’ (ibid.). However, the missionaries were able to convert the non-Hindu population: the first successful attempts at conversions in Manipur took place in the 1890s when William Pettigrew set up a mission at Ukhrul which was inhabited by the Tangkhul Naga tribe (Kamei, 2015 : 28).

The literature, irrespective of whether written by Manipuri or non-Manipuri authors, is replete with expressions that would be considered objectionable or racist today. For example, Kabui ( 1991 : 15) says that the Meiteis, the Nagas and the Kukis are ‘predominantly mongoloid, with strains of other non-Mongoloid elements’.

Manipur Computer Operator Recruitment Rules (Department of Higher Education) 2012 .

Manipur (Machine man) Recruitment Rules (Directorate of Printing and Stationary) 2013 .

Manipur [Inspector Cooperative Societies] Recruitment Rules (Department of Cooperation) 2011 .

Manipur Inspector (Statistics) Recruitment Rules (Department of Tribal Development) 2012 .

Manipur Sub-Inspector (Statistics) Recruitment Rules (Department of Development of Tribals & Scheduled Castes) 2012 .

Manipur Station Officer Recruitment Rules (Department of Fire Services) 2012 .

Thang-Ta is a Manipuri martial art.

An example of a minority language newspaper in Manipur would be the Eimi Times, a ‘Thadou-Kuki/English bilingual daily’ established in 2012. See Eimi Times ( 2021 ).

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Manipur Inspector (Statistics) Recruitment Rules (Department of Tribal Development) 2012. http://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/49.pdf

Manipur (Machine man) Recruitment Rules (Directorate of Printing and Stationary) 2013. https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/uploads/EOG_321_02-02-2013.pdf

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Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act 2021. https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/uploads/EOG_427_10-03-2021.pdf

Manipur Station Officer Recruitment Rules (Department of Fire Services) 2012. https://manipur.gov.in/2012/07/20/the-department-of-fire-services-manipur-station-officer-recruitment-rules-2012/

Manipur State Cine Policy 2016. http://artnculturemanipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/manipur-state-cine-policy-16.pdf

Manipur State Cine Policy 2020. http://artnculturemanipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Manipur-Cine-Policy-2020.pdf

Manipur State Constitution Act 1947. https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947

Manipur State Journalist Awards Scheme 1994 (Amended 2010). https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/uploads/EOG_119_2010-05-25.pdf

Manipur Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Rules 2016. https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_47_83_00001_201407_1517807327761&type=rule&filename=manipur_rules.pdf

Manipur Sub-Inspector (Statistics) Recruitment Rules (Department of Development of Tribals & Scheduled Castes) 2012. https://manipur.gov.in/2012/01/12/the-department-of-development-of-tribals-schedule-castes-manipur-sub-inspector-statistics-recruitment-rules-2012/

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Sharma, A. (2022). Power and Language Policies in Manipur. In: Reconceptualising Power in Language Policy . Language Policy, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09461-3_6

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Manipuri Literature

Written Manipuri literature began around 10th century A.D. and early Manipuri literature mainly consisted of folk and religious poetry. Some of the earliest prose works in Manipuri are ‘Numit Kappa’ (10th century), ‘Naotinkhon Phambal Kaba’ (16-17th century), ‘Lethak Lekharol’ (17th century) and ‘Pantoibi Kangul’ (17th century). Govindram Nunganba is considered as one of the leading Manipuri scholar-poets of the 18th century whose ‘Takhel Ngamba’ is a pioneering historical ballad in Manipuri.

Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh (1895-1950), Lamabam Kamal Singh (1899-1935) and Hijam Anganghal Singh (1892-1943) were the three most important Manipuri poets of the 20th century. Hijam Anganghal Singh’s magnum opus ‘Khamba Thoibe Sheireng’ (1940), Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh’s historical novel ‘Lavangalata’ (1939) and Lamabam Kamal Singh’s ‘Madhavi’ (1930) are pioneering works in Manipuri literature. Arambam Dorendrajit Singh (1907-1944) and L. Samarendra Singh (b.1928) were one of the forerunners of modern Manipuri poetry.

H. Guno Singh (b.1927) is an acclaimed short-story writer in Manipuri. His important works include ‘Khudol’, ‘Langjim Manghrabi Kishi’, ‘Aroiba Paodam’ and ‘Aikhoigi Tada’. Pacha Meetei (1940-1990) set a new trend in Manipuri novel by tackling contemporary social issues in his novel ‘Na Tathiba Ahal Ama’.

Relief and drainage

Plant and animal life, agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

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Manipur , state of India , located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Assam to the west, and Mizoram to the southwest and by Myanmar (Burma) to the south and east. Like other northeastern states, it is largely isolated from the rest of India. The name Manipur means “land of gems.” Its economy centres on agriculture and forestry , and trade and cottage industries also are important. The state capital is Imphal , located in the centre of the state. Area 8,621 square miles (22,327 square km). Pop. (2001) 2,293,896; (2011) 2,855,794.

The state has two major physiographic regions: the Manipur River valley and a large surrounding tract of mountainous country. The valley, encompassing some 690 square miles (1,787 square km), runs north-south and lies at an elevation of 2,600 feet (790 metres). Its main physical feature is Logtak Lake, which covers about 40 square miles (100 square km) and is the source of the Manipur River. The river flows southward through the valley into Myanmar, where it joins the Myittha River, a tributary of the Chindwin .

The hill ranges, connected by spurs and ridges, run generally north-south. These ranges include the Naga Hills to the north, the East Manipur Hills along the eastern Myanmar border, the Mizo and Chin hills to the south, and the West Manipur Hills to the west. Average elevations vary between 5,000 and 6,000 feet (1,500 and 1,800 metres), although the hills in the north rise above 9,500 feet (2,900 metres). In the west the Surma River , known as the Barak River in Manipur, has cut a narrow steep-sided valley through the West Manipur Hills as it flows to join the Meghna River in Bangladesh.

The climate is temperate in the valley and cold in the hills. In summer the average high temperature is in the low 90s F (about 32–34 °C), while in the winter temperatures can drop into the mid-30s F (about 1–2 °C). Rainfall is abundant, with about 65 inches (1,650 mm) of precipitation occurring annually. November through February are the state’s driest months.

Blurred motion outside Victoria Station in Mumbia, India. Central Station Mumbai, Mumbai CST, Victoria Terminus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

The hills are densely covered with mixed forests containing stands of bamboo and teak . Other trees include oak , magnolia , and chinquapin . The Luzon pine grows in the Naga Hills. Among the state’s notable plants are rhododendrons , primroses , and blue poppies . Animal life includes the Asiatic elephants , tigers , leopards , and wild buffalo. The Indian one-horned rhinoceros , once found occasionally in Manipur, has largely disappeared from the state because of illegal poaching . The brow-antlered deer is in danger of extinction . Gaurs are the largest wild bison in the world; the mithan (gayal), the domesticated form, is widely distributed in the state.

About two-thirds of the people are Meitei (Meetei), who occupy the Manipur valley and are largely Hindus . Meitei women conduct most of the trade in the valley and enjoy high social status . Indigenous hill tribes, such as the Nagas in the north and the Kukis in the south, make up the rest of the population. Divided into numerous clans and sections, the people of these tribes speak languages of the Tibeto-Burman family and practice traditional animist religions. Some of the Nagas have been converted to Christianity . More than three-fifths of the people speak Manipuri , which, along with English , is the official language of the state. Manipur’s population is largely rural, Imphal being the only city of any size.

Agriculture and forestry are the main sources of income. Rice is the major crop, and the rich soil also supports corn (maize), sugarcane , mustard , tobacco , orchard fruits, and pulses ( legumes ). Terracing is common in the hills, where the farmers plow the ground with hand hoes. Among some of the hill tribes, domestic animals are kept only for meat and are not milked or used for hauling. Teak and bamboo are major forestry products. The Nagas are known to use intoxicants to catch fish .

Wikijunior : Languages/Manipuri

1 What writing system(s) does this language use?
2 How many people speak this language?
3 Where is this language spoken?
4 What is the history of this language?
5 Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
6 What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
7 What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
8 References

What writing system(s) does this language use?

The Manipuri language, also known as Meitei language, uses the Meitei script, which is an abugida. It also uses Bengali script as well as Latin script.

abugida — A segmental writing system in which consonant-vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary.

How many people speak this language?

Manipuri language (aka Meitei language) is the official language of both Manipur and Assam states. It is the most widely spoken language of India from the Sino-Tibetan family (a greater branch of the Tibeto-Burman family). Manipuri is spoken as a first language by more than 2 million people, and as a second language by another 1 million. The native speakers of Manipuri language (Meitei language) are the Meitei people (Manipuri people), the largest ethnic group of Manipur.

native speaker — someone who learned to speak a language as a child.

Where is this language spoken?

Manipuri is mainly spoken in Manipur, India. Manipuri is also spoken in Assam and Tripura inside India. Outside India, Manipuri is spoken in Bangladesh and Myanmar.

What is the history of this language?

The earliest records of the Manipuri language's existence date back to 1445 BC (3500 years ago). Stone inscriptions exist dating back two millennia. Antique coins dating back to 1st–7th century have also been found.

Meitei language (Manipuri language) is the only Indian language from Sino-Tibetan family (a greater branch of the Tibeto-Burman family) whose literature grew up under the care of royal patronage since ancient times. So, Meitei is the most developed Indian language from her linguistic family.

Ancient Meitei (aka Old Manipuri ) and Modern Meitei (aka Modern Manipuri ) are the most popular forms of Manipuri language (aka Meitei language). Other than these, Classical Meitei ( Classical Manipuri ) is the standardized literary form of the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language in India), in which the holy Puyas, the religious and philosophical texts of Sanamahism, the traditional Meitei religion, were written.

language development — the steady growth and change of a language. Languages took over a thousand years to get to what we speak today.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?

In the modern era, there are top three most famous writers, who are even regarded as the tripod stands for the contemporary Meitei literature (Manipuri literature). They are Khwairakpam Chaoba, Lamabam Kamal and Hijam Anganghal. They are called the pioneers of the modern Manipuri literature. All of them are male writers. Among the female writers, the top three most prominent are Khaidem Pramodini, M.K. Binodini and Takhellambam Thoibi.

Hijam Anganghal composed a 34,000 lined epic poem named the "Khamba Thoibi Sheireng" (Literally, "Khamba Thoibi poem"). This epic poem is the second longest Indian epic, just after the Mahabharata of Sanskrit literature. Anganghal made Meitei language proud by crafting this legendary epic, based on the 14th century historical romantic saga of Prince Khamba of the Khuman dynasty and Princess Thoibi of the Moirang dynasty.

literature — books, like the one you are reading now.

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?

Hello (formal) : ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ ꯫ ( Khoo-room-ja-ree ); Hello (informal) : ꯑꯣꯢ (ꯑꯣꯏ) ( OI ) (better use this only among mutual friends)
How are you? : ꯀꯝꯗꯧꯕꯤꯔꯤ? ( Kam-dou-bee-ree? )
Fine, thank you. : ꯐꯔꯦ, ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ ꯫ ( Pha-re, Thaa-gat-cha-ree )
What is your name? : ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯀꯧꯏ? ( Nang-gee Ming Ka-ree Kou-ee? )
My name is ______ . : ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ______ ꯀꯧꯏ ꯫ ( Ei-gee Ming _____ Kou-ee. )
Nice to meet you. : ꯅꯪꯒ ꯎꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯢꯔꯦ ꯫ ( Nang-ga Oo-na-ba Noong-Ngai-Re )
Please. : ꯆꯥꯟꯕꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯫ ( Chaan-bee-doo-na ) (It is an adverb, but used independently alone.)
Thank you. : ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ ꯫ ( Thaa-gat-cha-ree )
You're welcome. (Welcoming someone) : ꯇꯔꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯛꯆꯔꯤ ꯫ ( Ta-raam-na Ok-cha-ree ) or ꯂꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯔꯛꯁꯤ ꯫ ( Leng-Sheen-Bee-Rak-Shee )
You're welcome. (As a reply to "Thanks") : ꯌꯥꯝ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯢꯔꯦ ꯫ ( Yaam Noong-Ngai-Re ) (literally, "It's pleasure", it's not exact translation of "You are welcome", but its usage is exactly equivalent.)
Yes. : ꯍꯣꯢ (ꯍꯣꯏ) ꯫ ( HOI ) or ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯦ ꯫ ( Maan-Ney)
No. : ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫ ( Nat-te )
Excuse me. ( getting attention ) : ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯇ ꯫ ( Ka-ree-goom-ba A-ma-ta ); Excuse me. ( begging pardon ) : ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ( Ngaak-Pee-Ga-Nee )
I'm sorry. : ꯑꯩ ꯁꯣꯢꯈꯔꯦ ꯫ ( Ei Soi-Khre ) or ꯑꯩ ꯂꯥꯟꯖꯔꯦ ꯫ ( Ei Laan-ja-re )
Goodbye : ꯀꯥꯢꯅꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ ( Kai-Na-Ra-See ); Goodbye ( informal ) : ꯆꯠꯂꯦ ꯫ ( Chat-Leh ) (use this only to mutual friends)
I can't speak name of language [well]. : ꯑꯩ English [ꯐꯖꯅ] ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫ ( Ei English [Pha-ja-na] Ngaang-ba Ngam-de )
Do you speak English? : ꯅꯪ [ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ] ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯔꯥ? ( Nang [English] Ngaang-ba-raa? )
Is there someone here who speaks English? : ꯃꯁꯤꯗ [ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ] ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ? ( Ma-see-da [English] Ngaang-ba Mee Lei-ba-raa? )
Help! (Directly asking for help) : ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ! ( Ma-teng Paang-bee-yoo! ) or (Immediately asking to save me/us/you/him/her/them) ꯀꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ! ( Kan-bee-yoo! )
"Watch out!" or "Look out!" : ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯣ! ( Yeng-Ngo! )

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?

ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯈꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯛꯂꯤꯉꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯡ ꯁꯨꯗꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯥ ꯁꯔꯥ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯏ ꯫

English translation: Khuman Khamba grew up as an orphan since his childhood.

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯦꯝ ꯈꯝꯅꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯌꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯋꯥ ꯑꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯈꯥꯡꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫

English translation: His elder sister Khamnu bore every difficulties in bringing him up to be a fully grown man.

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯔꯦꯞ ꯐꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

English translation: When he grew up, he wanted to help his elder sister.

ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯆꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯁꯨꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

English translation: Then he went to find a job to help his elder sister.

ꯅꯣꯡꯃ ꯀꯣꯔꯧ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯦꯀꯦ ꯃꯣꯢꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯆꯤꯡꯈꯨ ꯑꯈꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯡꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯟꯌꯥꯢꯗ ꯊꯨꯡꯂꯨꯔꯦ ꯫

English translation: One day, he arrived at the house of Chingkhu Akhuba, younger brother of the King of Keke Moilang Kingdom.

ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯣꯟꯗ ꯃꯣꯢꯔꯥꯡ ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤꯅ ꯐꯤꯁꯥ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯎꯖꯈꯤ ꯫

English translation: There, at the verandah of the big palace, he saw Moirang Thoibi working on the loom, for the first time in his life.

ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯎ ꯐꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯆꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯔꯥꯜ ꯆꯥꯔꯕ ꯈꯝꯕꯕꯨ ꯍꯦꯛ ꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯨꯞꯇ ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯃꯣꯢ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯇ ꯂꯝꯂꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯫

English translation: On the very moment of seeing the muscular and well statured Khamba, Thoibi had immediately offered her heart to the stranger man.

Manipuri language at English Wikivoyage


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Book:Wikijunior:Languages

Literature and Society: A glimpse into the world of Manipur Literature

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Essay on manipuri language (1454 words).

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Essay on Manipuri Language!

Manipuri literature is the literature written in the Manipuri language (i.e. Meeteilon). It is also known as Meetei Literature. The history of Manipuri literature can be traced back thousands of years with the flourishing of its civilisation.

But the Puya Meithaba (burning of ancient Manipuri scriptures) in 1729, during the reign of Meidingu Pamheiba (1709-1748), devastated the ancient Manipuri scriptures and cultural history. It began a new era of Manipuri literature.

The Meeteis had a long tradition of writing. It is not completely clear when the archaic Meetei Puyas (old scriptures) and Meetei Mayek (Manipuri scripts) first came into existence.

However, the written constitution Loiyamba Shinyen (1110), during the regime of Meidingu Loiyamba (1074-1122), vividly connotes the practice of writing in this era. The Royal Chronicle, Chitharon Kumpaba, was kept meticulously and continued from the fifteenth century until the end of kingship (Meidingu Bodhchandra, 1941-1955).

The skill of writing was at first the prerogative of the professional scribes and scholars of the traditional Meetei culture, the Maichous. But later, as proliferation of religious, proto-scientific and astrological text suggests, writing was expanded beyond these professional scribal classes. However, most of the ancient Meetei puyas (scriptures) were anonymous and undated.

Early Manipuri literature consists of ritual hymn, cosmogony, history, or folktales in prose and poetry. A few of the notable works of ancient Meeteilon (i.e. Manipuri language) are: Numit Kappa, Ougri, Khencho, Sana Lamoak (6th or 7th century), Ahonglon (11th century), Khoiju Lamoak (12th century), Hijin Hirao, and Ningthauron (17th century).

One of the oldest literary works, Numit Kappa was written in archaic Meeteilon with Meetei Mayek (i.e. Manipuri script) in poetry verse. T.C. Hodson was the first to translate this archaic Meeteilon literary work into English in his book The Meitheis. Ougri (also Leiroi Ngongloi Eshei), is an anonymous and undated poetry written in archaic Meeteilon. But it is believed to have been written in the pre-Christian era.

A few notable works of ancient Manipuri literature in prose include Panthoibi Khongul, Nongshaba Laihui, Sakok Lairamlen, Poireiton Khunthokpa (3rd century), Kangla Haoba (5th century), Loyamba Shinyen (11th century), Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba (16th century), Khagemba Yumlep (16th century) and Cheitharon Kumbaba.

The momentous change in Manipuri literature and culture was during the reign of Meidingu Charairongba (1697-1709) and his successors. With the dawn of the eighteenth century, Meitrabak (Manipur) achieved the full development of its culture, economy and state system.

Angom Gopi was the renowned poet and scholar in the royal court during the reign of Meidingu Pamheiba. He was proficient not only in Meeteilon but also in Sanskrit and Bengali language.

He translated Kritibas’s Ramayan and Gangadas’s Mahabharata into Meeteilon. He also wrote Parikhit, Langka Kanda, Aranya Kanda, Kishkindiya Kanda, Sundar Kanda and Uttar Kanda. There were historical accounts such as Shomshok Ngamba written by Laishram Aroi and Yumnam Atibar.

Nungangbam Gobindaram was another scholar and writer of Pamheiba’s court. His literary works include Pakhangba Nongaron, the translation of Astakal from Sanskrit to Meeteilon, Meihaubaron Puya and Takhel Ngamba, on the conquest of Tripura.

Another remarkable anonymous book of this period is Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba. Wahengba Madhabram (Langlon, Mahabharat Birat Parva, Chingthongkhomba Ganga Chatpa and Sana Manik) was a prominent scholar during the reign of Medingu Chingthangkhomba and Labainaya Chandra.

A landmark in the history of Manipuri literature was the evidence of novels in 1779, at a time when religious books were the mainstream in this era. Sana Manik can be considered as one of the earliest Manipuri novels.

The eldest son of Meidingu Chingthangkhomba, Nabananda Yubaraj, was one of the renowned writers from the royal family, and he translated Virat Parva of Ram Krishnadas into Meeteilon (Virat Shathuplon).

Ashamedha Parva of Gangadas Sen in Bengali was translated into Meeteilon by a group of Meetei scholars under the title Langoi Shagol Thaba. After the advent of the British, modern Manipuri literature emerged under British influence.

The pioneer in the effort to publish the Meeteilon (Manipuri language) with Bengali script was Haodijam Chaintanya. He translated Takhel Ngamba and Khahi Ngamba, into Bengali script. The decade of 1920-1930 was not only the beginning of modern Manipuri literature, but also the renaissance of Meetei culture, language and religion.

Laininghan Naoria Phulo (1888-1941) was the pioneer of Meeteis’ cultural renaissance and the revival movement. He is honoured as a Meetei Maichou and prophet by the Meeteis, and a poet.

His great contributions to Manipuri poetry were Yumlai Lairon (1930), Apokpa Mapugee Tungnapham (1931), Tengbanba Amashung Lainingthou Laibao (1933) and Athoiba Sheireng (1935).

His important works in prose were Meetei Yelhou Mayek (1931), Meetei Haobam Wari (1934), and Aigee Wareng (1940). Hijam Irabot produced the first magazine, Meetei Chanu, in 1922. Yakeirol appeared in 1930 under the editorship of Ningthoujam Leiren. Three years later, Lalit Manjuri Patrika, came out.

In the next decade, the first two daily newspapers appeared, Deinik Manipur Patrika and Manipur Matam. By this time, modem Manipuri literature was becoming a recognisable force with the appearance of works by Khwairakpam Chaoba, Lamabam Kamal and Hijam Anganghal.

Modern poetry:

Modern Manipuri poetry distinctly falls into two groups—the poetry of Lamabam Kamal and his contemporaries representing the early phase and poetry of more modern and younger poets representing the Zeitgeist of the contemporary world picture.

The approach of Minaketan is fresh and individualistic. Nilabir Sharma, Gourkishar, R.K. Elbangbam are famous lyrical poets. Surchand Sharma mainly deals with some aspects of the great Moirang Thoibi legend while R.K. Shitaljit is a poet of nature and humanity. R.K. Surendrajit blends the symbolic and the allegoric with lyricism, while in the poetry of Nadia, the narrative is blended with sonorous rhythm.

The poetry of younger poets—Samarendra, Nilakanta, Padmakumar, Shri Biren, Ibomcha, Ibohal, Ibopishak, Madhubir, Jyotirindra and Ibempishak—gives expression to the deep sense of the immense panorama of futility, anger, questioning of traditional values and absence of faith and integrity in the society.

In the field of translation, Nabadwipchandra is famous for his translation of Michael Madhusudhan’s Meghanad Badha Kavya into Manipuri. Tagore’s Gitanjali has been translated by A. Minaketan and Krishnamohan.

Gourkishar has translated Kalidasa’s Meghdoota into Manipuri. The Kumar Sambhava, Kiratajuniam, Raghuvansa Kavya, Mahabharata of Kasiramdas, Ramayana of Krittibas and Bhagvad Gita have been translated into Manipuri in verse form.

The early dramatics and patriotic exploits of the heroes of Manipur, and the heroic and pathetic lives of legendary and mythological characters are the themes in drama. The early drama includes Sati Khongnag and Areppa Marup of Lalit, Nara Singh of Lairenmayum Ibungahal, Moirang Thoibi of Dorendrajit, Bir Tikendrajit of Bira Singh, Chingu Khongnag Thaba of Birmangol, Mainu Pemcha of Shymsundar, and Kege Lanja of Bormani.

The contemporary dramatists have come forward with plays new in theme and technique. They easily come across politics and socio-economic problems in their search. The foremost among these are G.C. Tongbra, Netrajit, M.K. Binodini Devi, Ramcharan, Kanhailal, A. Sumorendro, Tomchou and Sanajaoba. Ratan Thiyam founded ‘Chorus Repertory Theatre’ in Imphal, in 1976.

Early in the 20th century, as stated, Lambam Kamal, Khwairakpam Chaoba and Hijam Anganghal attempted the first original novels in Manipur. Names of R.K. Shitaljit, H. Guno, Thoibi Devi, R.K. Elangbam, Ram Singh, Ibohal, Bhagya, Nodiachand, Ibomcha, Chitreshwar, M.K. Binodini and Pacha Meetei deserve mention besides those of many other contemporary novelists. Surchand Sarma, Shymsundar, Raghumani Sarma and Nishan Singh may be mentioned among the prominent translators.

Short Stories:

The short stories also made their advent along with the novel. R.K. Shitaljit’s stories, racy and plain, are narrated in simple, direct and unadorned Manipuri. R.K. Elangbam portrays ordinary people moved by the ordinary concerns and passion of life. Nilbir Sharma expresses the concerns of the poor and the neglected in society. H. Gonu probes into the ailing Manipuri society.

Stories of Nongthombam Kunjamohan are famous for their sentimentalism which is one of the predominant strains of Manipuri literature. Shri Biren, M.K. Binodini, E. Dinamani and Biramani are popular writers.

Critical Literature:

Critical literature in Manipuri is gaining popularity. Arabia Manipuri Sahityagi Itihas by Pandit Khelchandra and Manipuri Shatyagi Ashamba Itihas of Kalachand Shastri survey the early and medieval periods of Manipuri literature. Meitei Upanyasa (vol. 1) of Minaketan and Manipuri Sahitya Amasung Sahityakar of Dinamani are critical surveys of prominent Manipuri novels.

Sahityagi Neinaba Wareng of Chandramani, Sheireng Leiteng of Kalachand Shastri, Sahitya Mingshel of Gokul Shastri, Alangkar Kaumudi of Pandit Brajabihari Sharma and Alangkar Jyoti of Laurembam Iboyaima are also well-known critical writings

Manipuri Kavitagi Chhanda of Nilakanta, Chhanda Veena of R.K. Surendrajit and Manipuri Kavya Kanglon by O. Ibo Chaoba makes a survey of the prosody of Manipuri poetry adopting a scientific approach.

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Manipuri Language

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The Vibrant Manipuri Culture And Traditions

Here are a few things that entail manipur culture:.

Festivals
Traditional Dress
Music
Handicrafts

1. Festivals of Manipur

In Lai-Haraoba , the festival is celebrated in the name of the deity called Umang Lai which takes place in May.
Kut festival is celebrated by the Kuki-Chin-Mizo groups of Manipur. It takes place on 1st November in honour of an abundant harvest.
Gang-Ngai is a festival lasting five days. It starts with the omen taking ceremony which is later continued with dance and feast.
Cheiraoba is the Manipur New Year which takes place in April. As part of the traditional belief, the villagers climb the nearest hill which helps in bringing good fortune.
Yaosang is like the festival of Holi which is considered the most important festival in Manipur. The locals take part in the celebration of merrymaking. Recently, the festive energy is directed towards sporting events to identify talents at the ground zero levels.

3. Traditional Dress

manipur culture, manipur traditional dress

Innaphi and Phanek are the most common Manipuri traditional dress for women. The people also weave a special Phanek called Mayek Naibi where the designs on Naibi are horizontal stripes making it look beautiful.
The Meitai Females stitch a cloth which called Kanap Phanek which has various designs on it. 'Lai-Phi' and 'Chin-Phi' are other Manipuri traditional costume.
The white turban called Pagri is the most common among men.
When the kings ruled the land, Khamen Chatpa were gifted to poets and geniuses. Even now, Khamen Chatpa is worn by men belonging to the superior class.
Nowadays with modernization taking over traditional culture, the people wear the traditional dress only during festivals or rituals.

History says that King Khuyoi Tompok was a great lover of art and culture and developed Manipuri Dance in the 2nd century AD. After the introduction of Vaishnavism in the 15th century, the dance form started becoming familiar and very common.
The Raas Lila which is the love story of Radha and Krishna is the most famous dance forms and have been dominating the state's performing arts so far. It is performed at the temples of Shree Shree Govindjee in Imphal and also during night time of Basanta Purnima, Kartik Purnima and Sarada Purnima .
Nupa Pala , also known as Kartal Cholom or Cymbal Dance, acts as a prologue to the Raas Lila. It is a group performance by male partners using cymbals and wearing white turbans.
Pung Cholom dance is performed when the person dancing is trying to call upon the deity. It is the soul of Manipuri Sankritana music.
Maibi dance is performed during the festival of Lai-Haraoba which is an annual ritual festival of Manipur. In this dance, the Maibis dance and describe the whole lifestyle of how Manipuri people live.
Khamba Thoibi dance is a duet dance between a man and a woman. It is dedicated to the sylvan deity and is performed by Khamba (hero) and Thoibi (heroine) of the Moirang episode of the past.

Khullong Ishei is sung by the Meities in villages when they go to work like fishing. The theme is love where the singer adjusts the lyrics of the song with his own tune.
Pena Ishei is another form of song which is accompanied with the help of a musical instrument called Pena. The theme is mostly the love story of Khamba-Thoibi. A Pena looks like a slender bamboo rod which is attached to the round dry shell of gourd of coconut. To produce the musical symphony, the bamboo rod is held in the left hand, and the drum shell is pressed against the chest. The right hand is used for holding the curved iron rod. The strings are rubbed with the curved iron rod.
Lai Haraoba Ishei is a song which is known for erotic mysticism, but the inner meaning is covered up by the use of simple words. It is sung during the ceremonial occasion of Lai-Haraoba. Thoubal Chongba, Nat, Gaur Padas, Dhob, Napi Pala, Khubaishei, and Raslila songs are some of the many famous songs sung in that region.

6. Handicrafts

Kauna is a kind of reed this is used for making mats and cushions and often exported to countries like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, France, UAE and Switzerland.
Pottery is an age-old craft of Manipur which is painted in different and bright colours.
Textile Weaving is practised by the women and also known as Laichamphi.

This post was published by Diya Biswas

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Places to visit in Manipur
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Govindajee Temple
War Cemetery
Universities In Manipur

Manipuri language is also known as Meitei by the locals and is the recognized language by the Government of India. Although the state of Manipur is small, the total population of Manipuri speaking people all over the world is 1,500,000. People in the north east India and Manipur speak the language. Even some people in part of Bangladesh and even Myanmar speak Manipuri. People of Manipur also speak English and other languages fluently. There are five other languages that have been the language of instructions in schools and examinations. They are the Tangkhul, Kuki, Lusai, Hmar, Paite and Thadou.

Manipuri has its own script and is known as the Meitei Mayek. The origin of the language can be traced to the Kuki - Chin group of the Sino-Tibetan languages. The language can be dates back to the 11th century and had and independent script that can be traced up to the 18th century. But during the British rule, the script came to be used as the Bengali script and is used even today. But the original script is getting back to its roots and people in Manipur are trying hard to revive to its original script before it loses recognition.

Another language spoken widely in Manipur is the Bishnupriya Manipuri that is spoken mainly by the Bishnupriya Manipuris. They are known as the Indo-Aryan group of people who lived in these parts before even the advent of Hinduism intermingling with the Meitei. The language is spoken by around 4,50,000 people across Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Bangladesh, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar and some other countries as well. The Bishnupriya Manipuri language make use of Bengali script and is a variant of eastern Nagari script and uses the form of Bengali, Maithili and Assamese to write.

Bishnupriya has two dialects which are known as the Madai Gang and the Rajar Gang. However, these dialects are restrained to the limited geographical area. The Bishupriya Manipuri was traditionally confined to the nearby areas of Lake Loktak in Manipur. But, with the invasion of the Burmese attack and the internal conflict, many Bishnupriya Manipuris fled to the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries and took refuge in Sylhet, Tripura, Cachar, and Assam. The language has close proximity with Sanskrit words, sauraseni-Mahrastri Prakrit and contains pure Vedic words as well.

Last Updated on 15 March 2013

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मणिपुर की संस्कृति

पोलो और हॉकी यहाँ के लोकप्रिय खेल हैं। मणिपुर ने शास्त्रीय नृत्य की एक स्थानीय शैली मणिपुरी को भी जन्म दिया है। भारत के अन्य नृत्य रूपों के विपरीत इस नृत्य शैली में हाथ की मुद्राओं का उपयोग मूक अभिनय के बजाए सजावटी तोर पर ही किया जाता है, घुंघरुओं से स्वराघात उत्पन्न नहीं किया जा सकता और नर्तक व नर्तकी मिलकर यह नृत्य करते हैं। नृत्य नाटिकाएँ, जिनकी व्याख्या वाचक के द्वारा होती है, यहाँ के धार्मिक जीवन का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग हैं। इन नाटिकाओं के विषय सामान्यत: हिन्दू धर्म के पशुपालक देवता कृष्ण के जीवन से लिए जाते हैं। लम्बे समय तक लगभग अज्ञात इस नृत्य का शेष भारत से परिचय महाकवि रबीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर ने 1917 में करवाया। रास , संकीर्तन नृत्य और थांग-ता (मृदंग वादन) भी इनके सांस्कृतिक जीवन के महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग हैं। इसके अलावा मणिपुरी अच्छे योद्धा होते हैं और कुश्ती, तलवारबाज़ी और युद्ध कलाओं का अभ्यास करते हैं। वे पोलो भी खेलते हैं।

काईना हिन्दुओं का तीर्थ स्थान है। कैबुल लाम्जाओ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान देश का अपने ढंग का एकमात्र तैरता अभयारण्य है। राज्य के अन्य उल्लेखनीय पर्यटन स्थलों में प्राचीन महल, वैष्णवों का श्रीगोविन्दजी मन्दिर, युद्ध शहीदों के क़ब्रिस्तान, पोलो मैदान के निकट राज्य संग्रहालय, लांगताबंद महल और ख्वैरामबंद बाज़ार शामिल हैं। महिलाओं के इस बाज़ार को नूपी केथल या ईमा मार्केट भी कहते हैं। राज्य में हर साल लगभग 91 हज़ार पर्यटक आते हैं।

इस राज्य में अनेक पर्यटन स्थल हैं। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 39 पर इम्फ़ाल से सात किमी. दूर खोंगमपाट ऑर्किड उद्यान है, जहाँ इस पुष्प पौधे की 110 से भी अधिक क़िस्में उपलब्ध हैं। राज्य की राजधानी से 106 किमी. दूर 1,757 मीटर की ऊँचाई पर मनोहारी पर्वतीय स्थल माओ है। यह इम्फ़ाल और दीमापुर के बीच रास्ते में स्थित है। इम्फ़ाल से मात्र 27 किमी. दूर बिष्णुपुर में विष्णु का मन्दिर है। इसके अलावा मोहरा वह जगह है, जहाँ नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ने पहली बार भारत की भूमि पर भारतीय तिरंगा फहराया था। यह जगह इम्फ़ाल से 45 किमी. दक्षिण में है और यहाँ आज़ाद हिन्द सेना स्मारक भवन तथा युद्ध संग्रहालय हैं। यह स्थान प्राचीन मणिपुरी लोक संस्कृति के लिए भी प्रसिद्ध है। निकट ही लोकटक झील भव्य दृश्य प्रस्तुत करती है और पास ही में एक हिरन उद्यान भी है। पर्यटक 165 किमी. की दूरी पर स्थित तमेंलों भी जाना पसन्द करते हैं, जहाँ जलप्रपात और देश-विदेश के ऑर्किड फूलों सहित विविध प्रकार के आकर्षण मिलते हैं।

मणिपुर में वर्ष भर त्‍योहार मनाए जाते हैं। कोई महीना ऐसा नहीं होता जब कोई त्‍योहार न मनाया जाता हो। त्‍योहार मणिपुर के निवासियों की सामाजिक, सांस्‍कृतिक और धार्मिक आकांक्षाओं का प्रतीक है। राज्‍य के प्रमुख त्‍योहार है-

निंगोल चाक-कुबा

लुई-नगाई-नी
ईद उल ज़ुहा
योशांग(होली)
दुर्गा पूजा
मेरा होचोंगबा

टीका टिप्पणी और संदर्भ

Essay on Manipur

Students are often asked to write an essay on Manipur in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Manipur

Introduction.

Manipur, a jewel of India, is a state in Northeast India. Known for its diverse culture, it is rich in every sense, be it in the beauty of nature or the culture of the populace.

Manipur is bordered by Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam and Myanmar. It has a unique topography with hills, valleys, forests and several rivers.

The state is a melting pot of culture. It is renowned for its dance forms like Manipuri dance, festivals like Yaoshang, and art forms.

The economy is primarily agrarian, with significant contribution from handicrafts, handlooms and tourism sectors.

250 Words Essay on Manipur

Manipur, a jewel of India, is a northeastern state known for its diverse culture, rich history, and breathtaking landscapes. It is an epitome of harmony, blending various tribes, communities, and cultures.

Geographical Significance

Nestled amid high ridges, Manipur is surrounded by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south, and Assam in the west. Its eastern frontier borders Myanmar. The state’s topography is unique, with 90% hilly terrain and a central valley, home to Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India.

Cultural Diversity

Manipur’s cultural diversity is its hallmark. It is home to various ethnic groups like Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and Pangals, each with its distinct traditions, dialects, and art forms. Manipuri dance, also known as ‘Ras Lila’, is a classical Indian dance form recognized globally.

Economic Aspects

Manipur’s economy primarily relies on agriculture, handicrafts, and handloom. The state’s sericulture industry is notable, producing a unique variety of silk, Moirang Phee. However, the state’s economic potential remains untapped due to infrastructural challenges and geographical isolation.

Manipur, the ‘Switzerland of India’, is a state of immense potential. Its geographical beauty, cultural richness, and unique biodiversity make it a treasure trove. However, it requires focused efforts to overcome its economic and infrastructural challenges to fully harness its potential.

500 Words Essay on Manipur

Nestled amidst verdant hills, Manipur is bordered by Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west, while sharing an international border with Myanmar to the east. The state’s topography is characterized by a central valley surrounded by mountain ranges, with the Barak River being a significant water body. The unique Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, is a significant geographical feature of Manipur, housing the only floating national park in the world – Keibul Lamjao National Park.

Manipur is a mosaic of traditions and cultures. The majority of the state’s population comprises the Meitei, who follow Sanamahism, a form of animism, alongside Hinduism. Other ethnic groups include the Nagas, Kukis, and Pangals (Manipuri Muslims), each with their unique customs and traditions. The state’s rich cultural tapestry is reflected in its traditional dance forms like Manipuri Raas Leela and martial arts like Thang-Ta.

Economy and Development

Manipur’s role in indian history.

Manipur played a significant role in India’s freedom struggle and World War II. The Battle of Imphal, fought in Manipur, was a turning point in World War II. Manipur was also a princely state during the British Raj and merged with the Indian Union in 1949.

Manipur, with its diverse cultures, rich history, and scenic beauty, is a microcosm of India’s diversity and resilience. The state, despite its challenges, continues to contribute significantly to India’s socio-cultural fabric and economic growth. Its unique blend of tradition and modernity serves as a beacon of cultural preservation and progressive change. As such, understanding Manipur is crucial for comprehending the complexities of India’s Northeast and its role in shaping the country’s identity.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Happy studying!

Essay on Manipur in sanskit

Manipur (/mʌnɪˈpʊər, mænəˈpʊər/)[10][11] is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital.[12] It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and has a population of almost 3 million, including the Meitei, who are the majority group in the state, the Meitei Pangals (Manipuri Muslims), Naga tribes, Kuki/Zo tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[13] It has long connected the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, China (or East Asia), Siberia (Russia), Micronesia, and Polynesia, enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.[14][15]

The word "Manipur" is made-up of two Sanskrit words "मणि"(Maṇi), which means jewel and "पुर"(Purǝ), which means land/place/abode, Manipur is translated as "Jewelled land". Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak (ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ) or Meeteileipak.

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COMMENTS

Meitei literature
Meitei literature, also known as Manipuri literature, is literature written in the Meitei language of Manipur.An ancient institution of learning, the Luwang Nonghumsang, later known as the Pandit Loishang, collected sources of indigenous Meitei knowledge and philosophy until the 18th century. Writing by Meiteis is assumed to go back to the Kingdom of Kangleipak in the early 12th century.
Meitei language
Meitei language was the court language of the historic Manipur Kingdom, and before it merged into the Indian Republic. The Sahitya Akademi , India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Meitei as one of the major advanced Indian literary languages in 1972, long before it became an official language in 1992.
Manipuri Culture and Literature --a refresher
These Brahmins and other Manipuri scholars compiled and translated various Hindu scriptures written in Sanskrit and in Bengali into Manipuri for easy access by the mass. It is during this period that Sanskrit, Bengali and Hindi elements were systematically incorporated in culture, religion, polity and language.
A Brief History of Manipuri Literature
A translation with personal comments of a Meiteilon essay Manipuri Sahityagi Khongchat by Lairenmayum Ibungohal; original text cited from Wareng Akhomba (An Anthology of Prose) published by the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1st ed. 1965 and 2nd ed. 1973; the Manipuri refers to the Meiteilon language of Meitei people, who primarily live in Manipur, its neighbouring states in eastern India, and ...
Manipuri language
There are approximately 1.5 million speakers of Manipuri, which is used as a lingua franca among the 29 different ethnic groups of Manipur. In 1992 it became the first Tibeto-Burman (TB) language to receive recognition as an official, or "scheduled," language of India. Manipuri has its own script, locally known as Meitei Mayek.
(PDF) The Oral Folk Literature of the Ancient Meiteis of Manipur: An
In the absence of a written literature and language for ages, the oral tradition was one of the distinguishing characteristic features of the various tribes of Nagaland and Meghalaya. ... (Robinson 2004: 33). Such a unique mixture of Sanskrit words with the Manipuri invocation, and the impartial appeal to the gods of the Hindu pantheon and the ...
Hindu Religious Literature and Cultural Transformation in Manipur
The source language of these translation works were either the Sanskrit or the Bengali. This phenomenon has resulted to the preference of code mixed with Bengali or Sanskrit words. The practice of translation, adaptation and rendering of Hindu religious texts continued in the Medieval Manipuri (1750-1900AD) Literature.
Manipuri History
Modern Manipuri (1600 A.D.) is the offshoot of Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin group and Medieval Manipuri. In fact, from the new research findings it is learnt that Tibeto-Burman languages began to develop from about the early Christian era and became fully characterized from about 7th Century A.D. Early Poireis (the early inhabitant of Manipur) were ...
Power and Language Policies in Manipur
Manipur's language policy is shaped by a 'hills vs. valley' divide. Meitei, which is the language of relatively economically affluent people living in the valley, is the official language of the state, whilst languages spoken in relatively underprivileged hilly areas are non-dominant. The chapter examines the extent to which Manipur's ...
Manipur
Manipur (/ ˌ m ʌ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər /, US also / ˌ m æ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər /; Meitei: Kangleipak) is a state in northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of ...
PDF Hindu Religious Literature and Cultural Transformation in Manipur
Dr. Ch. Sarajubala Devi. yReceived: 08.02.2021 Accepted: 15.02.2021 Published: 19.02.2021Abstract: Hinduism which emerged in the 18th centur. is the dominant religion of the Meiteis in the state of Manipur. It was accepted as. a state religion in 1714 AD during the reign of king Garibaniwaj. There was a systematic process of induction of the r.
Manipuri Literature
Article Views. 3378. Written Manipuri literature began around 10th century A.D. and early Manipuri literature mainly consisted of folk and religious poetry. Some of the earliest prose works in Manipuri are 'Numit Kappa' (10th century), 'Naotinkhon Phambal Kaba' (16-17th century), 'Lethak Lekharol' (17th century) and 'Pantoibi ...
Manipur
About two-thirds of the people are Meitei (Meetei), who occupy the Manipur valley and are largely Hindus.Meitei women conduct most of the trade in the valley and enjoy high social status. Indigenous hill tribes, such as the Nagas in the north and the Kukis in the south, make up the rest of the population. Divided into numerous clans and sections, the people of these tribes speak languages of ...
Wikijunior:Languages/Manipuri
Manipuri language (aka Meitei language) is the official language of both Manipur and Assam states. It is the most widely spoken language of India from the Sino-Tibetan family (a greater branch of the Tibeto-Burman family). Manipuri is spoken as a first language by more than 2 million people, and as a second language by another 1 million.
(PDF) Literature and Society: A glimpse into the world of Manipur
Bengali, Sanskrit and the foreign words begins to establish in Manipuri language. Western education dwelled in Manipuri society after the British colonization in 1891. The Manipuri (especially the Meities) began to take education thus giving birth to a new trend of modern Manipuri poetry.
Essay on Manipuri Language (1454 Words)
Essay on Manipuri Language! Manipuri literature is the literature written in the Manipuri language (i.e. Meeteilon). It is also known as Meetei Literature. The history of Manipuri literature can be traced back thousands of years with the flourishing of its civilisation. But the Puya Meithaba (burning of ancient Manipuri scriptures) in 1729 ...
Manipuri Culture & Tradition
Here are a few things that entail Manipur Culture: 1. Festivals of Manipur. Manipur hosts numerous festivals; some of the major ones are Dol Jatra (Yaoshang ), Rath Jatra, Lai-Haraoba, Ramjan ID, KUT, Gang-Ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Heikru Hidongba, Lui-Ngai-Ni, and Kwak Jatra. In Lai-Haraoba, the festival is celebrated in the name of the deity ...
Language of Manipur
The language is spoken by around 4,50,000 people across Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Bangladesh, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar and some other countries as well.
History of Manipur
The history of Manipur is reflected by archaeological research, mythology and written history.Historically, Manipur was an independent sovereign kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty but at different point of time it was invaded and rule over by other state and authority. The Kangleipak State developed under King Loiyumba with its first written constitution in the early 12th century.
मणिपुर
मणिपुर भारत के पूर्वोत्तर में स्थित एक राज्य है। इसकी राजधानी इंफाल है। मणिपुर के पड़ोसी राज्य हैं: उत्तर में नागालैंड और दक्षिण में मिज़ोरम, पश्चिम ...
मणिपुर की संस्कृति
कुट त्‍योहार, मणिपुर Kut Festival, Manipur. पोलो और हॉकी यहाँ के लोकप्रिय खेल हैं। मणिपुर ने शास्त्रीय नृत्य की एक स्थानीय शैली मणिपुरी को भी जन्म दिया है। भारत के ...
Essay on Manipur
500 Words Essay on Manipur Introduction. Manipur, often referred to as the "Jewel of India", is a state in Northeast India that boasts a rich cultural heritage, unique traditions, and breathtaking natural beauty. The state is a melting pot of cultures, with over 29 different ethnic groups cohabiting in harmony. Geographical Significance
essay on Manipur in sanskit
report flag outlined. Answer: The word "Manipur" is made-up of two Sanskrit words "मणि" (Maṇi), which means jewel and "पुर" (Purǝ), which means land/place/abode, Manipur is translated as "Jewelled land". Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak (ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ) or Meeteileipak. Advertisement.