S. no | Parameters | Analysis methods/instruments | Standardization methods |
1 | Temperature, pH & EC | pH meter and electrical conductivity meter | Calibration standard solutions |
2 | Total dissolved solids | Benchtop meter | Calibration standard solutions |
3 | Total solids | Volumetric and gravimetric methods by oven drying | Analysis protocol: the oven was maintained at 105 to 110 °C. The crucible was preheated and dried before testing |
4 | Total suspended solids | Oven drying method/digital meter |
5 | Chemical oxygen demand | Closed reflux titrimetric method | Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) stock solution with a theoretical COD value of 400 mg l |
6 | Biochemical oxygen demand | Winkler's method/5-day method | Titration of sodium thiosulfate with standard potassium iodate and Millipore water solution results in consistent and reproducible results of less than 0.05 ml |
7 | Total nitrogen | Total nitrogen analysers | Standard calibration curve |
8 | Total phosphorus | Vanadomolybdate yellow color method | Standard phosphorus stock solutions |
9 | Faecal coliform | Sample ready culture medium-coliform count plates | — |
10 | Capillary suction time (CST) | Capillary suction timer | Calibrated by the manufacturer |
|
| Methodology of the case study. | |
3. Results and discussion
3.1. questionnaire results.
FS samples | Sample set number | Type of OSS | Type of building | Dimensions of OSS | Age of FS sample | Type of sample | No. of people in the household | Remarks |
1 | 1 | Single pit | House | 0.9 m × 0.9 m × 8 m | >1 year | Yellowish liquid | 7 | Lined pit |
2 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
3 |
2 | 4 | Single pit | House | 4 m depth with 0.6 m diameter | 1.5 years | Yellowish liquid to slurry | 6 | Lined pit |
5 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
3 | 6 | Two-chamber septic tank | House | 1 m × 1.4 m × 1.8 m | 2 years | Greenish-black liquid | 5 | FS + blackwater |
7 | | | | | | | |
8 |
4 | 9 | Single pit | House | 4 m depth with 0.7 m diameter | 2 years | Yellowish-black liquid | 6 | Lined pit |
10 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
11 |
5 | 12 | Square | House | 3.5 m depth with 3 m × 3 m surface area | 2 years | Brownish-yellow thick slurry | 7 | Lined pit |
13 | Single pit | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
14 | |
6 | 15 | Two-chamber septic tank | House | 2 m × 1.7 m × 1.6 m | 2 years | Black liquid | 5 | FS + blackwater |
16 | | | | | | | |
17 |
7 | 18 | Single pit | House | 4 m depth with 1 m diameter | 2.5 years | Greenish black slurry | 2 | FS + blackwater |
19 | | | | | | | |
20 |
8 | 21 | Two-chamber septic tank | Hotel | 2 m × 2.7 m × 2.5 m | 3 years | Dark black liquid | 15 workers + moving population | FS + blackwater + greywater |
22 | | | | | | | |
23 |
9 | 24 | Two-chamber septic tank | Bakery | 1.5 m × 2.5 m × 2.1 m | 3 years | Light yellow liquid | 5 | FS + bakery wastewater |
25 | | | | | | | |
26 |
10 | 27 | Septic tank | House | 2 m × 3.1 m × 1.5 m | 3 years | Yellow liquid | 3 | FS + blackwater |
28 | | | | | | | |
29 |
11 | 30 | Two-chamber septic tank | Sweet shop | 2 m × 1 m ×1.8 m | 3.5 years | Yellowish-black liquid sample | 5 workers | FS + blackwater + greywater |
31 | | | | | | | |
12 | 32 | Two-chamber septic tank | House | 1.8 m × 1.6 m × 2 m | 3.5 years | Yellowish black liquid | 8 | FS + blackwater |
33 | | | | | | | |
34 |
13 | 35 | Two-chamber septic tank | Hotel | 2.1 m × 3.1 m × 1.5 m | 4 years | Light yellow liquid | 10 workers + moving population | FS + blackwater + kitchen wastewater |
36 | | | | | | | |
37 |
14 | 38 | Single pit | House | 5 m depth with 1 m diameter | 4 years | Dark green slurry | 4 | Unlined pit |
39 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
40 |
15 | 41 | Single pit | House | 7 m depth with 0.6 m diameter | 5 years | Dark yellowish-brown slurry | 6 | Unlined pit |
42 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
43 |
16 | 44 | Two-chamber septic tank | Complex shops | 2.2 m × 3.1 m × 2 m | 6 years | Dark brown slurry | 5 | FS + blackwater |
45 | | | | | | | |
46 |
17 | 47 | Two-chamber septic tank | Shop | 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 1.9 m | 6 years | Yellowish black slurry | — | FS + blackwater + greywater |
48 | | | | | | | |
49 |
18 | 50 | Single pit | House | 4.5 m depth with 0.8 m diameter | 6 years | Greenish slurry | 4 | FS + blackwater |
51 | | | | | | | |
52 |
19 | 53 | Single pit | House | 7 m depth with 0.8 m diameter | 7 years | Yellowish brown slurry | 5 | Unlined pit |
54 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
55 |
20 | 56 | Composite sample | — | — | Composite sample of 7 years and 1 year | Greenish yellow slurry | — | FS + blackwater + greywater |
57 | | | | | | | |
58 |
21 | 59 | Single chamber septic tank | House | 1.5 m × 1.5 m × 1 m | 8 years | Dark green slurry | 6 | Unlined tank |
60 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
61 |
22 | 62 | Single chamber septic tank | House | 1.8 m × 1.5 m × 1.2 m | 8 years | Greenish black slurry | 8 | FS + blackwater |
63 | | | | | | | |
64 |
23 | 65 | Composite sample | — | — | Composite samples of 9 years and 1 year | Greenish-yellow slurry | — | FS + blackwater |
66 | | | | | | | |
67 |
24 | 68 | Single pit | House | 5 m depth with 0.9 m diameter | 9 years | Dark blackish slurry | 7 | FS + blackwater |
69 | | | | | | | |
70 |
25 | 71 | Single pit | House | 10 m depth with 0.8 m diameter | 10 years | Greenish-yellow slurry | 4 | Unlined pit |
72 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
73 |
26 | 74 | Single pit | House | 6 m depth with 1 m diameter | 10 years | Dark greenish colour, thick slurry | 9 | Unlined pit |
75 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
76 |
27 | 77 | Composite sample | — | — | Composite samples of 11 years and 8 years | Greenish-black slurry | — | FS + blackwater + greywater |
78 | | | | | | | |
79 |
28 | 80 | Two-chamber septic tank | House | 2.2 m × 1.8 m × 1.5 m | 12 years | Brownish black liquid | 10 | FS + blackwater |
81 | | | | | | | |
82 |
29 | 83 | Two-chamber septic tank | House | 2.6 m × 2.6 m × 2 m | 13 years | Yellowish-brown slurry | 3 | FS + blackwater |
84 | | | | | | | |
30 | 85 | Single pit | House | 12.1 m depth with 0.7 m diameter | 16 years | Dark black slurry | 4 | Unlined pit |
86 | | | | | | | FS + blackwater |
3.2. Physical examination of faecal sludge samples
|
| Stages of FS decomposition (by physical examination interpretation). | |
3.3. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity
|
| Temperature, pH, and EC of FS samples collected from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
3.4. Total solids
|
| TS, TSS, and TDS of FS samples collected from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
|
| EC–TDS correlation of FS samples collected from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
3.5. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
|
| COD, COD & TS correlation and BOD/COD ratio of FS samples from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
|
| COD & TS correlation of FS samples from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
|
| COD & BOD correlation of FS samples from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
3.6. Faecal coliform
|
| Faecal coliform count, TN concentration, and TP concentration in FS samples from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
3.7. Total nitrogen
3.8. total phosphorus, 3.9. capillary suction time (cst).
|
| CST apparatus and CST values measured for FS samples from Pilani, Rajasthan. | |
4. FS treatment options
|
| FS treatment methodology. | |
4.1. Site-specific FS treatment system
Settling and Imhoff tanks are other types of dewatering techniques in which FS treatment starts by separating solid FS and liquid parts using settling and thickening tanks. In Imhoff tanks, the mechanism involved is anaerobic digestion and settling; these principles combine to treat FS. 31 Mechanical dewatering consists of a belt filter press, screw press, and centrifuge. This equipment removes water from sludge and produces a thick, dried sludge cake. The removal efficiencies and loading rates of various dewatering techniques available from the literature are given in Table 3 .
Dewatering methodology | Sludge loading rate | Removal efficiency |
Belt filter press | 218–272 kg TS h m | 80–90% TS removal |
Unplanted drying beds | 196 to 321 kg TS m y | 80% TS, 69% COD and 76% BOD removal |
Settling tank | 0.16 m m | 60–70% of TSS removal |
Planted drying bed | 300 kg TS m y | 90% BOD and 77% COD removal |
In the Pilani context, a semi-urban, arid tier-III town, an effective dewatering method can be a drying bed. Mechanical dewatering involves the establishment of high-cost equipment along with power motors to dewater the sludge, which cannot be suitable for the Pilani context because of more initial investments. Operation and maintenance costs will also be high due to the high electricity requirement and skillful labor. Settling and thickening tanks require an initial construction cost and more land, which is unsuitable for dense tier-III towns. Pilani is an arid region where the maximum temperature can reach around 45–48 °C, so drying beds can be a viable and sustainable option for dewatering in Pilani because more sunny days can increase the efficiency of drying beds. Also, planted/unplanted drying beds involve direct dumping of FS on the top surface, so electricity and motors are not required for the functioning of drying beds, which indicates less operation and maintenance cost.
In Pilani's local context, composting can be a viable option since it is a cheaper and more efficient method. Agriculture is a significant occupation in the local context of most tier-III Indian towns, so producing manure from FS makes a sustainable FSM model.
The treatment system suggested based on the characterization of FS for treating FS in the local context of Pilani and other tier-III towns can be hybridization of a drying bed, composting, and coagulation, as shown in Fig. 15 . A zero FS discharge model can be achieved in which treated FS can be used as manure and treated leachate can be used for domestic water consumption. Zero waste discharge can make the FSM service chain safe and sustainable.
|
| Suggested line of treatment for FS in this case study. | |
S. no | Parameters | Minimum | Maximum | Lower quartile | Upper quartile | Median | Mean | Standard deviation |
1 | Temperature (°C) | 20.6 | 27.5 | 22.425 | 26 | 24.1 | 24.15 | 1.916 |
2 | pH | 4.64 | 7.93 | 7.352 | 7.737 | 7.54 | 7.316 | 0.702 |
3 | EC (mS cm ) | 1.857 | 6.315 | 3.696 | 4.915 | 4.346 | 4.305 | 1.064 |
4 | Total solids (mg l ) | 3430 | 95 | 18 | 66 | 34 | 42 | 27 |
5 | TSS (mg l ) | 1098 | 90 | 16 | 62 | 30 | 38 | 26 |
6 | TDS (mg l ) | 1773 | 6807 | 3432.5 | 4767 | 4100.5 | 4111.25 | 1154.66 |
7 | COD (mg l ) | 4406 | 160 | 20 | 96 | 44 | 58 | 42 |
8 | BOD (mg l ) | 780 | 16 | 5550 | 12 | 7000 | 8409.886 | 4132.499 |
9 | BOD/COD | 0.0095 | 0.4375 | 0.12857 | 0.225 | 0.14586 | 0.19136 | 0.0889 |
10 | Escherichia coli (CFU ml ) | 1.2 × 10 | 1.6 × 10 | 2 × 10 | 5.5 × 10 | 9.5 × 10 | 3.24 × 10 | 4.75 × 10 |
11 | Klebsiella pneumoniae (CFU ml ) | 4.4 × 10 | 4 × 10 | 2.3 × 10 | 1.5 × 10 | 10 | 1.03 × 10 | 1.51 × 10 |
12 | Serotype enteritidis (CFU ml ) | 7 × 10 | 10 | 8 × 10 | 3 × 10 | 8 × 10 | 2.38 × 10 | 3.29 × 10 |
13 | Total nitrogen (mg l ) | 81.7 | 709.2 | 192.7 | 364.9 | 248.8 | 297.894 | 148.917 |
14 | Total phosphorus (mg l ) | 285 | 4471 | 996.7 | 1957.281 | 1362.43 | 1590.437 | 840.3370 |
15 | CST (s) | 149 | 1256.8 | 248.4 | 661.55 | 442.6 | 503.6531 | 272.0384 |
Study description | COD (mg l ) | BOD (mg l ) | Total solids (mg l ) | Faecal coliforms |
FS characteristics in Ghana | 49 | 7600 | 52 | — |
FS characteristics in Thailand | 39 | | 8240–123 | |
FS characteristics in Ghana | 201 | 56 | | 132 × 10 CFU ml |
FS (septage) characteristics in India | 960–6080 | — | 1000–123 | Total coliform of 10 –10 No L |
Septage characteristics in India | 6656 | 1896 | 17 | — |
FS characteristics in Ghana | 48 | 5280 | 55 | — |
FS characteristics in Burkina Faso | 12 | 2126 | 13 | |
This present case study of Pilani | 4406–160 | 780–16 | 3430–95 | E. coli – 3.24 × 10 CFU ml |
| | | | K. pneumoniae – 1.03 × 10 CFU ml |
S. enteritidis – 2.38 × 10 CFU ml |
5.1. Factors influencing the variations in faecal sludge characteristics
From the ANOVA test, it is also observed that COD and total solids also vary based on the OSS type with p -values of 0.044 and 0.002, respectively, indicating that the OSS type significantly affects the FS characteristics. The OSS type also affects the BOD and total nitrogen, which can be observed from p -values of 0.007 and 0.016, respectively. Surprisingly, the OSS system did not affect pH, possibly due to the same anaerobic conditions observed in Pilani among all OSS. Also, the BOD/COD ratio was not affected by the OSS type, which suggests that, irrespective of the OSS type, as the age of the FS increases, the BOD/COD ratio tends to decrease because of the less biodegradable organic matter due to mineralization. Greywater inclusion into the OSS also affects the FS characteristics, mainly because FS dilution reduces the total solids ( p = 0.011). It is observed that the pH value was also affected due to the inclusion of greywater because of the mixing of acidic kitchen wastewater with the OSS ( p < 0.01). In assessing differences in FS characteristic parameters with independent variables, the FS age, OSS type, and greywater content of FS significantly affected at least some of the FS characteristic parameters, as shown in Table 6 of p -values from the one-way ANOVA test. The statistically significant p -values ( p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
Variables compared | pH | Temperature | TS | COD | BOD | BOD/COD | TN | CST | EC | TP |
Age of FS (1–16 years) | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Type of OSS system (septic tank vs. single-pit) | 0.458 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.007 | 0.844 | 0.016 | 0.624 | 0.699 | 0.963 |
Grey water inclusion (with or without greywater) | <0.001 | 0.406 | 0.011 | 0.223 | 0.045 | 0.517 | 0.033 | 0.064 | 0.554 | 0.097 |
6. Discussions and suggestions
6.1. fs age, 6.2. type of oss containment, 6.3. water input to oss, 6.4. addition of water during emptying, 6.5. other factors, 6.6. socio-economic aspects, 6.7. suggestions specific to the study area, 6.8. challenges associated with recommendations, 6.9. role of faecal sludge management in achieving sdg6.
|
| Contribution of FSM to SDG6: clean water and sanitation. | |
7. Limitations of the study
8. conclusion, disclosures and declarations, ethics approval and consent to participate, availability of data and material, disclosure statement, data availability, author contributions, conflicts of interest, acknowledgements.
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Exploring inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility in the built environment: a case study.
1. Introduction
2. literature review, 3. materials and methods, 4.1. people-centered data, 4.2. people-space perception data, 4.3. people-dynamics perception data, 4.4. feedback on the effectiveness of the idea audit tool, 5. discussion, 6. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Topics | Phase 1—December 2022 | Phase 2—May 2023 | Variation between Phases 1 and 2 |
---|
age | most respondents were aged 30–39 (45.5%) | most respondents were aged 30–39 (45%) | +0.5% of respondents were aged 30–39 |
gender | 54.5% female 45.5% male 0% non-binary 0% no answer | 50% female 45% male 0% non-binary 5% no answer | −4.5% female −0.5% male no variation +5% no answer |
geographic location | all respondents were local | all respondents were local | no variation |
disabilities | 77.3% people with no disabilities 18.2% people with disabilities | 75% people with no disabilities 20% people with disabilities | −2.3% people with no disabilities +1.8% people with disabilities |
average time spent at the office | most respondents spent an average time of 2–3 days in the office (80%) | most respondents spent an average time of 2–3 days in the office (70%) | −10% of respondents spent between 2 and 3 days in the office |
Topic | Themes/ Sub-Themes | Phase 1 December 2022 | Phase 2 May 2023 | Variation (Phase 1 vs. 2) |
---|
physical accessibility | location and amenities | challenges in accessing the facility | 19% respondents agreed with the quality of access to the building | increased quality of access to the building from outside | 80% respondents agreed with the quality of access to the building | +61% of respondents agreed with the quality of access to the building from outside + |
horizontal circulation | good quality | 45% agreed | very positive | 95% agreed | +50% agreed with the quality of horizontal circulation + |
vertical circulation | poorer quality | 0% agreed | very positive—it contributes to ease of movement throughout the facility | 85% agreed | +85% agreed with the quality of vertical circulation + |
accessible interaction | some challenges in the position of furniture to facilitate movements | 40% agreed | improved quality of the position of furniture to facilitate movements | 75% agreed | +35% agreed with the position of furniture to facilitate movements + |
enhancing senses | thermal comfort | good perceived quality of comfort of the indoor temperature | 32% agreed | good improvement in the perceived quality of comfort of the indoor temperature | 40% agreed | +8% agreed or are neutral + |
visual comfort | challenging—the space seems not to offer an optimal | 18% agreed | greatly improved and very satisfactory, creating a pleasant and well-lit atmosphere | 100% agreed | +82% agreed with the amount of natural light entering the office space + |
acoustic comfort | some spaces do not guarantee privacy and comfort | 45% agreed | increased quality of sound absorption | 65% agreed | +20% agreed with the quality of sound absorption in the office space + |
olfactory and taste comfort | positively perceived | 41% agreed | very positive feedback | 100% agreed | +59% agreed with the quality of odor control and reduced smell propagation + |
ergonomics | flexibility and personalization | not positively perceived | 10% agreed | spaces may benefit from further enhancements, but efforts have been made to create a space that prioritizes well-being | 85% agreed | +75% agreed with the degree of flexibility of communal areas to accommodate different needs and activities + |
privacy | not positively perceived; more effort is needed | 0% agreed | improvements were made | 85% agreed | +85% agreed with the quality of privacy + |
spatial esthetics outdoor | the design of outdoor spaces with green areas, plants, flowers, and bushes is to be improved | 9% agreed | elements that contribute to a visually appealing environment, fostering relaxation, encouraging conversation, and mindfulness activities | 95% agreed | +86% agreed with the number of green areas surrounding the office space + |
spatial esthetics indoor | more biophilic design principles are to be embraced | 23% agreed | still a challenge—interest in the topic from the company | 40% agreed and 40% were neutral | +17% agreed or were neutral with the amount of biophilic design embedded in the office space + |
maintenance and management | maintenance | positively rated | 50% agreed | very positively rated | 95% agreed | +45% agreed with the quality of maintenance and routine repairs + |
management | well rated | 86% agreed | positively rated | 90% agreed | +4% agreed with the quality of cleanliness across toilets, kitchens, and common areas and the replacement of missing items + |
Topic | Themes/ Sub-Themes | Phase 1 December 2022 | Phase 2 May 2023 | Variation (Phase 1 vs. 2) |
---|
person-to-person engagement | equity and inclusion | people feel included in the team no matter what their background and culture are | 72% agreed | efforts are made to contribute to a more inclusive and empowering workplace for all | 75% agreed | agreed with the sense of inclusion towards cultural heritage (e.g., language, religion or spirituality, ethnicity, education) |
engagement with diversity | create advocacy groups, the use of good language and terminology, the development of social diversity events, and inclusion workshops | 50% agreed | commitment of the company to foster diversity | 70% agreed | agreed with the quality of diversity training embedded in the working environment |
neurodiversity in space | lack of features such as biophilic design, visual, haptic, and olfactory design characteristics of the space that support people with diverse needs | 53% agreed | recognized importance of incorporating features such as biophilic design, as well as visual, haptic, and olfactory design characteristics | 55% agreed | agreed with the amount of design actions to enable the connection between people and nature to foster a stress-free environment |
Topic | Themes/ Sub-Themes | Phase 1 December 2022 | Phase 2 May 2023 | Variation (Phase 1 vs. 2) |
---|
mental & physical well-being | social resources to increase sense of support and belonging | overall, positively rated—creation of resources to boost the sense of belonging | 72% agreed | very positive ratings | 85% agreed | agreed with the quality of support to foster the sense of belonging and promoting equitable relationships with ethical principles |
physical health and well-being (nutrition and nourishment) | support offered with good nutrition and nourishment options | 68% agreed | commendable commitment to employee well-being | 90% agreed | agreed with the quality of healthy food options provided by the company |
inspirational and motivational | behavior (unconscious bias) | safe place where inspirational and motivational resources to decrease unconscious bias | 71% agreed | environment that encourages personal and professional growth while promoting a positive and inclusive atmosphere | 85% agreed | agreed with the positive promotion of diversity and an inclusive mindset |
people’s empowerment (continuing education) | safe place that fosters continuing education | 49% agreed | improvement of the support provided for continuing education | 60% agreed | agreed with the support provided for continuing education, improvement, and enhancement of communication skills |
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Zallio, M.; Chivǎran, C.; Clarkson, P.J. Exploring Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility in the Built Environment: A Case Study. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093018
Zallio M, Chivǎran C, Clarkson PJ. Exploring Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility in the Built Environment: A Case Study. Buildings . 2024; 14(9):3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093018
Zallio, Matteo, Camelia Chivǎran, and P. John Clarkson. 2024. "Exploring Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility in the Built Environment: A Case Study" Buildings 14, no. 9: 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093018
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Common types of limitations and their ramifications include: Theoretical: limits the scope, depth, or applicability of a study. Methodological: limits the quality, quantity, or diversity of the data. Empirical: limits the representativeness, validity, or reliability of the data. Analytical: limits the accuracy, completeness, or significance of ...
Advantages. 1. In-depth analysis of complex phenomena. Case study design allows researchers to delve deeply into intricate issues and situations. By focusing on a specific instance or event, researchers can uncover nuanced details and layers of understanding that might be missed with other research methods, especially large-scale survey studies.
Limitations in Research. Limitations in research refer to the factors that may affect the results, conclusions, and generalizability of a study.These limitations can arise from various sources, such as the design of the study, the sampling methods used, the measurement tools employed, and the limitations of the data analysis techniques.
At the simplest level, research limitations (also referred to as "the limitations of the study") are the constraints and challenges that will invariably influence your ability to conduct your study and draw reliable conclusions. Research limitations are inevitable. Absolutely no study is perfect and limitations are an inherent part of any ...
Possible Limitations of the Researcher. Access-- if your study depends on having access to people, organizations, data, or documents and, for whatever reason, access is denied or limited in some way, the reasons for this needs to be described.Also, include an explanation why being denied or limited access did not prevent you from following through on your study.
sentence tha. signals what you're about to discu. s. For example:"Our study had some limitations."Then, provide a concise sentence or two identifying each limitation and explaining how the limitation may have affected the quality. of the study. s findings and/or their applicability. For example:"First, owing to the rarity of the ...
Case study research also has methodological limitations. Case study has been criticized for its perceived lack of rigor and/or quality, lack of consensus on design methods, as well as its ...
Step 1. Identify the limitation (s) of the study. This part should comprise around 10%-20% of your discussion of study limitations. The first step is to identify the particular limitation (s) that affected your study. There are many possible limitations of research that can affect your study, but you don't need to write a long review of all ...
Methodology limitations. Not having access to data or reliable information can impact the methods used to facilitate your research. A lack of data or reliability may limit the parameters of your study area and the extent of your exploration. Your sample size may also be affected because you won't have any direction on how big or small it ...
The definitions of case study evolved over a period of time. Case study is defined as "a systematic inquiry into an event or a set of related events which aims to describe and explain the phenomenon of interest" (Bromley, 1990).Stoecker defined a case study as an "intensive research in which interpretations are given based on observable concrete interconnections between actual properties ...
In research, studies can have limitations such as limited scope, researcher subjectivity, and lack of available research tools. Acknowledging the limitations of your study should be seen as a strength. It demonstrates your willingness for transparency, humility, and submission to the scientific method and can bolster the integrity of the study.
Limited by our limitations. Study limitations represent weaknesses within a research design that may influence outcomes and conclusions of the research. Researchers have an obligation to the academic community to present complete and honest limitations of a presented study. Too often, authors use generic descriptions to describe study limitations.
Contextualization: Case study research takes into account the specific context in which the case is situated, which can help to understand how the case is influenced by the social, cultural, and historical factors of its environment. Limitations of Case Study Research. There are several limitations of case study research, including:
If this is the case, though, the limitation should be reiterated at the conclusion of the section. If you determine that your study is seriously flawed due to important limitations, such as, an inability to acquire critical data, consider reframing it as a pilot study intended to lay the groundwork for a more complete research study in the ...
Information about the limitations of your study are generally placed either at the beginning of the discussion section of your paper so the reader knows and understands the limitations before reading the rest of your analysis of the findings, or, the limitations are outlined at the conclusion of the discussion section as an acknowledgement of the need for further study.
This section outlines some of the key strengths and limitations of case study research. Benefits include the following: Rich, detailed data: One of the main strengths of case study research is that it can generate rich, detailed data about the case. This can provide a deep understanding of the case and its context, which can be valuable in ...
Limitations of a dissertation are potential weaknesses in your study that are mostly out of your control, given limited funding, choice of research design, statistical model constraints, or other factors. In addition, a limitation is a restriction on your study that cannot be reasonably dismissed and can affect your design and results.
Case study research involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a single case, such as a person, group, event, organization, or location, to explore causation in order to find underlying principles and gain insight for further research. ... Analyze the case, exploring contributing factors, limitations of the study, and connections to existing ...
A case study is one of the most commonly used methodologies of social research. This article attempts to look into the various dimensions of a case study research strategy, the different epistemological strands which determine the particular case study type and approach adopted in the field, discusses the factors which can enhance the effectiveness of a case study research, and the debate ...
Summary: No study is expected to be flawless. Research is like building blocks and each new study is rooted in a limitation that existed in a previous study. It is important to communicate the limitations to your readers as they provide direction for future research. Hiding the limitations only draws more attention to them and additionally ...
In addition, discussion about case study limitations has led some authors to query whether case study is indeed a methodology (Luck, Jackson, & Usher, 2006; Meyer, 2001; Thomas, 2010; Tight, 2010). Methodological discussion of qualitative case study research is timely, and a review is required to analyse and understand how this methodology is ...
Limitations of Case Studies In order to balance this account, it is necessary to examine, if more briefly, some of the limitations of case study research. There is too much data for easy analysis. All case study researchers are conscious of being swamped in data. For example, our Training Credits study generated 198 taped interviews.
The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. Based on our experiences of conducting several health-related case studies, we reflect on the different types of case study design ...
8.1 Risk of bias (study limitations) Study limitations may bias the estimates of the effect of an intervention on health outcomes. 1 The factors considered for evaluating study limitations or risk of bias (also referred to as internal validity) will depend on the study design. The number of studies is not a determining factor in determining risk of bias, as a single well-conducted study may ...
This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, employing a single case study qualitative approach restricts the generalizability of findings beyond this specific context. To enhance the validity and generalizability of future research, comparative and multi-scalar approaches should be adopted.
Purpose. NIH is mandated by the Public Health Service Act sec. 492B, 42 U.S.C. sec. 289a-2 to ensure the inclusion of women and members of racial and ethnic minority groups in all NIH-funded clinical research in a manner that is appropriate to the scientific question under study. The primary goal of this law is to ensure that research findings can be generalizable to the entire population.
Limitations and future research. Despite the value of using case study methodology to contextualise and provide insight into investigative decision-making during HT investigations, the data collected can be argued to present some limitations. ... Interpretive case study in is research: Nature and method. European Journal of Information Systems ...
A case study defines the situation through data collecting and empirical facts, allowing researchers to highlight the particular issues the victims experience. Therefore, empirical data were gathered for this case study through questionnaire interviews with FSM stakeholders and laboratory characterization in Pilani to learn about the factors ...
Continuous changes in society and the need for sustainable development demand updates in designing better built environments to respond to the variety of user needs. Notwithstanding the growing interest of research and the introduction of guidelines and standards on inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility, there are still several limitations in effectively and efficiently embedding ...