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25 Thesis Statement Examples

25 Thesis Statement Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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thesis statement examples and definition, explained below

A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.

Strong Thesis Statement Examples

school uniforms and dress codes, explained below

1. School Uniforms

“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate

Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons

nature vs nurture examples and definition

2. Nature vs Nurture

“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”

Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay

Read More: Nature vs Nurture Debate

American Dream Examples Definition

3. American Dream

“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”

Best For: Persuasive Essay

Read More: What is the American Dream?

social media pros and cons

4. Social Media

“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”

Best For: Expository Essay

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media

types of globalization, explained below

5. Globalization

“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”

Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons

urbanization example and definition

6. Urbanization

“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”

Read More: Learn about Urbanization

immigration pros and cons, explained below

7. Immigration

“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”

Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons

cultural identity examples and definition, explained below

8. Cultural Identity

“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay

Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity

technology examples and definition explained below

9. Technology

“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”

Best For: Research Paper

capitalism examples and definition

10. Capitalism vs Socialism

“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”

cultural heritage examples and definition

11. Cultural Heritage

“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”

pseudoscience examples and definition, explained below

12. Pseudoscience

“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”

Read More: Examples of Pseudoscience

free will examples and definition, explained below

13. Free Will

“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”

Read More: Do we have Free Will?

gender roles examples and definition, explained below

14. Gender Roles

“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”

Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?

work-life balance examples and definition, explained below

15. Work-Life Ballance

“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”

Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples

universal healthcare pros and cons

16. Universal Healthcare

“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare

raising minimum wage pros and cons

17. Minimum Wage

“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage

homework pros and cons

18. Homework

“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”

Best For: Reflective Essay

Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned

charter schools vs public schools, explained below

19. Charter Schools

“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools

internet pros and cons

20. Effects of the Internet

“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet

affirmative action example and definition, explained below

21. Affirmative Action

“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”

Best For: Essay

Read More: Affirmative Action Pros and Cons

soft skills examples and definition, explained below

22. Soft Skills

“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”

Read More: Soft Skills Examples

moral panic definition examples

23. Moral Panic

“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”

Read More: Moral Panic Examples

freedom of the press example and definition, explained below

24. Freedom of the Press

“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”

Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples

mass media examples definition

25. Mass Media

“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”

Best For: Critical Analysis

Read More: Mass Media Examples

Checklist: How to use your Thesis Statement

✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.

Try These AI Prompts – Thesis Statement Generator!

One way to brainstorm thesis statements is to get AI to brainstorm some for you! Try this AI prompt:

💡 AI PROMPT FOR EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTUCTIONS]. I want you to create an expository thesis statement that doesn’t argue a position, but demonstrates depth of knowledge about the topic.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESIS STATEMENT I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that remain objective.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Mental Health — Mental Health Thesis Statement

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Mental Health Thesis Statement

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Published: Mar 13, 2024

Words: 432 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

1. the importance of mental health awareness and support, 2. the implications of neglecting mental health, 3. strategies for promoting mental health and well-being.

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thesis statement about self care

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Self-Care: Physical and Mental Health Essay

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Introduction

Improving the quality of life and improving their self-management skills.

There is no doubt that self-care remains one of the most important notions connected to the spheres of social work and healthcare. Speaking about self-care, it is necessary to say that the notion includes anything related to physical and mental health that can be controlled by the person. Therefore, the significance of self-care cannot be overstated as it can be called a basis of health condition. Realizing the importance of such activity, many specialists extend their knowledge on the principles of self-care to be ready to consult their clients effectively. Thus, it is necessary to discuss certain attributes of the self-care that can be called the most important to success in the counseling relationships.

To begin with, promoting self-care and giving an advisory opinion concerning it, the specialist has to attract the clients’ attention to the fact that they are unable to achieve a better quality of life without improving their skills at self-management (Pulvirenti, McMillan, & Lawn, 2014). Also, there is a variety of approaches that can be used to improve self-care, and it is essential to introduce the client to all of them. The approaches include the use of different regular exercise programs, diets, the proper and regular use of medicinal drugs or folk remedies, and stopping bad habits. In this connection, it is also necessary to remember that self-care should be performed based on the specific situation of the client, and the specialist needs to know everything that should be taken into consideration during counseling.

As for the concept of supervision and mentoring connected to personal theory development, I suppose that this question seems to be easier than it is. On the one hand, mentoring remains an extremely important measure applied in different spheres as it allows one to encourage people to do necessary things that they would prefer to ignore (Knott & Scragg, 2016, p. 40). On the other hand, some clients would like to feel that they are not urged to do something and the intention to yield advice is their own decision. Nevertheless, it often happens that people lack knowledge of the concepts of self-care and the particular diseases and disorders that they suffer from; in such cases, self-medication about the specialist’s advice is not enough for success. Instead, due to people’s lack of specific education, mentoring needs to be regarded as a necessary step in any work connected to mental and physical health. Developing the personal theory, it is necessary to consider the importance of supervision that cannot be substituted by another practice because many people are just unable to do necessary things regularly if nobody controls them. In such a way, their problems may become even more serious and it means that supervision is critical for success in the majority of cases.

Also, it is necessary to discuss the specific personal qualities that help people to develop their therapeutic-selves. The latter involves people’s ability to define and take measures that will help them to mitigate or even estrange the negative consequences of their problem. To begin with, such development is almost impossible if the person lacks self-confidence. I am sure that this quality is critical because its absence encourages the person to see no opportunities to address the issue. Besides, it is important to develop self-control because an ability to help yourself is closely connected to making yourself do the things that are necessary and avoiding doing the things that seem to be more attractive but may deteriorate the situation.

Knott, C., & Scragg, T. (2016). Reflective practice in social work . London, UK: Learning Matters.

Pulvirenti, M., McMillan, J., & Lawn, S. (2014). Empowerment, patient-centred care and self-management. Health Expectations , 17 (3), 303-310.

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IvyPanda. (2020, November 2). Self-Care: Physical and Mental Health. https://ivypanda.com/essays/self-care-physical-and-mental-health/

"Self-Care: Physical and Mental Health." IvyPanda , 2 Nov. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/self-care-physical-and-mental-health/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Self-Care: Physical and Mental Health'. 2 November.

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  • How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

  • Start with a question
  • Write your initial answer
  • Develop your answer
  • Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

  • Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
  • Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
  • Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

  • Why you hold this position
  • What they’ll learn from your essay
  • The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

  • In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
  • In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

  • It gives your writing direction and focus.
  • It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

  • Ask a question about your topic .
  • Write your initial answer.
  • Develop your answer by including reasons.
  • Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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Examples

Health Thesis Statemen

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thesis statement about self care

Navigating the intricate landscape of health topics requires a well-structured thesis statement to anchor your essay. Whether delving into public health policies or examining medical advancements, crafting a compelling health thesis statement is crucial. This guide delves into exemplary health thesis statement examples, providing insights into their composition. Additionally, it offers practical tips on constructing powerful statements that not only capture the essence of your research but also engage readers from the outset.

What is the Health Thesis Statement? – Definition

A health thesis statement is a concise declaration that outlines the main argument or purpose of an essay or research paper thesis statement focused on health-related topics. It serves as a roadmap for the reader, indicating the central idea that the paper will explore, discuss, or analyze within the realm of health, medicine, wellness, or related fields.

What is an Example of a Medical/Health Thesis Statement?

Example: “The implementation of comprehensive public health campaigns is imperative in curbing the escalating rates of obesity and promoting healthier lifestyle choices among children and adolescents.”

In this example, the final thesis statement succinctly highlights the importance of public health initiatives as a means to address a specific health issue (obesity) and advocate for healthier behaviors among a targeted demographic (children and adolescents).

100 Health Thesis Statement Examples

Health Thesis Statement Examples

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Discover a comprehensive collection of 100 distinct health thesis statement examples across various healthcare realms. From telemedicine’s impact on accessibility to genetic research’s potential for personalized medicine, delve into obesity, mental health, antibiotic resistance, opioid epidemic solutions, and more. Explore these examples that shed light on pressing health concerns, innovative strategies, and crucial policy considerations. You may also be interested to browse through our other  speech thesis statement .

  • Childhood Obesity : “Effective school-based nutrition programs are pivotal in combating childhood obesity, fostering healthy habits, and reducing the risk of long-term health complications.”
  • Mental Health Stigma : “Raising awareness through media campaigns and educational initiatives is paramount in eradicating mental health stigma, promoting early intervention, and improving overall well-being.”
  • Universal Healthcare : “The implementation of universal healthcare systems positively impacts population health, ensuring access to necessary medical services for all citizens.”
  • Elderly Care : “Creating comprehensive elderly care programs that encompass medical, social, and emotional support enhances the quality of life for aging populations.”
  • Cancer Research : “Increased funding and collaboration in cancer research expedite advancements in treatment options and improve survival rates for patients.”
  • Maternal Health : “Elevating maternal health through accessible prenatal care, education, and support systems reduces maternal mortality rates and improves neonatal outcomes.”
  • Vaccination Policies : “Mandatory vaccination policies safeguard public health by curbing preventable diseases and maintaining herd immunity.”
  • Epidemic Preparedness : “Developing robust epidemic preparedness plans and international cooperation mechanisms is crucial for timely responses to emerging health threats.”
  • Access to Medications : “Ensuring equitable access to essential medications, especially in low-income regions, is pivotal for preventing unnecessary deaths and improving overall health outcomes.”
  • Healthy Lifestyle Promotion : “Educational campaigns promoting exercise, balanced nutrition, and stress management play a key role in fostering healthier lifestyles and preventing chronic diseases.”
  • Health Disparities : “Addressing health disparities through community-based interventions and equitable healthcare access contributes to a fairer distribution of health resources.”
  • Elderly Mental Health : “Prioritizing mental health services for the elderly population reduces depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline, enhancing their overall quality of life.”
  • Genetic Counseling : “Accessible genetic counseling services empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health, family planning, and potential genetic risks.”
  • Substance Abuse Treatment : “Expanding availability and affordability of substance abuse treatment facilities and programs is pivotal in combating addiction and reducing its societal impact.”
  • Patient Empowerment : “Empowering patients through health literacy initiatives fosters informed decision-making, improving treatment adherence and overall health outcomes.”
  • Environmental Health : “Implementing stricter environmental regulations reduces exposure to pollutants, protecting public health and mitigating the risk of respiratory illnesses.”
  • Digital Health Records : “The widespread adoption of digital health records streamlines patient information management, enhancing communication among healthcare providers and improving patient care.”
  • Healthy Aging : “Promoting active lifestyles, social engagement, and cognitive stimulation among the elderly population contributes to healthier aging and reduced age-related health issues.”
  • Telehealth Ethics : “Ethical considerations in telehealth services include patient privacy, data security, and maintaining the quality of remote medical consultations.”
  • Public Health Campaigns : “Strategically designed public health campaigns raise awareness about prevalent health issues, motivating individuals to adopt healthier behaviors and seek preventive care.”
  • Nutrition Education : “Integrating nutrition education into school curricula equips students with essential dietary knowledge, reducing the risk of nutrition-related health problems.”
  • Healthcare Infrastructure : “Investments in healthcare infrastructure, including medical facilities and trained personnel, enhance healthcare access and quality, particularly in underserved regions.”
  • Mental Health Support in Schools : “Introducing comprehensive mental health support systems in schools nurtures emotional well-being, reduces academic stress, and promotes healthy student development.”
  • Antibiotic Stewardship : “Implementing antibiotic stewardship programs in healthcare facilities preserves the effectiveness of antibiotics, curbing the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections.”
  • Health Education in Rural Areas : “Expanding health education initiatives in rural communities bridges the information gap, enabling residents to make informed health choices.”
  • Global Health Initiatives : “International collaboration on global health initiatives bolsters disease surveillance, preparedness, and response to protect global populations from health threats.”
  • Access to Clean Water : “Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation facilities improves public health by preventing waterborne diseases and enhancing overall hygiene.”
  • Telemedicine and Mental Health : “Leveraging telemedicine for mental health services increases access to therapy and counseling, particularly for individuals in remote areas.”
  • Chronic Disease Management : “Comprehensive chronic disease management programs enhance patients’ quality of life by providing personalized care plans and consistent medical support.”
  • Healthcare Workforce Diversity : “Promoting diversity within the healthcare workforce enhances cultural competence, patient-provider communication, and overall healthcare quality.”
  • Community Health Centers : “Establishing community health centers in underserved neighborhoods ensures accessible primary care services, reducing health disparities and emergency room utilization.”
  • Youth Health Education : “Incorporating comprehensive health education in schools equips young people with knowledge about reproductive health, substance abuse prevention, and mental well-being.”
  • Dietary Guidelines : “Implementing evidence-based dietary guidelines and promoting healthy eating habits contribute to reducing obesity rates and preventing chronic diseases.”
  • Healthcare Innovation : “Investing in healthcare innovation, such as telemedicine platforms and wearable health technologies, transforms patient care delivery and monitoring.”
  • Pandemic Preparedness : “Effective pandemic preparedness plans involve cross-sector coordination, rapid response strategies, and transparent communication to protect global health security.”
  • Maternal and Child Nutrition : “Prioritizing maternal and child nutrition through government programs and community initiatives leads to healthier pregnancies and better child development.”
  • Health Literacy : “Improving health literacy through accessible health information and education empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their well-being.”
  • Medical Research Funding : “Increased funding for medical research accelerates scientific discoveries, leading to breakthroughs in treatments and advancements in healthcare.”
  • Reproductive Health Services : “Accessible reproductive health services, including family planning and maternal care, improve women’s health outcomes and support family well-being.”
  • Obesity Prevention in Schools : “Introducing physical activity programs and nutritional education in schools prevents childhood obesity, laying the foundation for healthier lifestyles.”
  • Global Vaccine Distribution : “Ensuring equitable global vaccine distribution addresses health disparities, protects vulnerable populations, and fosters international cooperation.”
  • Healthcare Ethics : “Ethical considerations in healthcare decision-making encompass patient autonomy, informed consent, and equitable resource allocation.”
  • Aging-in-Place Initiatives : “Aging-in-place programs that provide home modifications and community support enable elderly individuals to maintain independence and well-being.”
  • E-Health Records Privacy : “Balancing the benefits of electronic health records with patients’ privacy concerns necessitates robust data security measures and patient consent protocols.”
  • Tobacco Control : “Comprehensive tobacco control measures, including high taxation and anti-smoking campaigns, reduce tobacco consumption and related health risks.”
  • Epidemiological Studies : “Conducting rigorous epidemiological studies informs public health policies, identifies risk factors, and guides disease prevention strategies.”
  • Organ Transplant Policies : “Ethical organ transplant policies prioritize equitable organ allocation, ensuring fair access to life-saving treatments.”
  • Workplace Wellness Programs : “Implementing workplace wellness programs promotes employee health, reduces absenteeism, and enhances productivity.”
  • Emergency Medical Services : “Strengthening emergency medical services infrastructure ensures timely responses to medical crises, saving lives and reducing complications.”
  • Healthcare Access for Undocumented Immigrants : “Expanding healthcare access for undocumented immigrants improves overall community health and prevents communicable disease outbreaks.”
  • Primary Care Shortage Solutions : “Addressing primary care shortages through incentives for healthcare professionals and expanded training programs enhances access to basic medical services.”
  • Patient-Centered Care : “Prioritizing patient-centered care emphasizes communication, shared decision-making, and respecting patients’ preferences in medical treatments.”
  • Nutrition Labels Impact : “The effectiveness of clear and informative nutrition labels on packaged foods contributes to healthier dietary choices and reduced obesity rates.”
  • Stress Management Strategies : “Promoting stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and relaxation, improves mental health and reduces the risk of stress-related illnesses.”
  • Access to Reproductive Health Education : “Ensuring access to comprehensive reproductive health education empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive well-being.”
  • Medical Waste Management : “Effective medical waste management practices protect both public health and the environment by preventing contamination and pollution.”
  • Preventive Dental Care : “Prioritizing preventive dental care through community programs and education reduces oral health issues and associated healthcare costs.”
  • Pharmaceutical Pricing Reform : “Addressing pharmaceutical pricing reform enhances medication affordability and ensures access to life-saving treatments for all.”
  • Community Health Worker Role : “Empowering community health workers to provide education, support, and basic medical services improves healthcare access in underserved areas.”
  • Healthcare Technology Adoption : “Adopting innovative healthcare technologies, such as AI-assisted diagnostics, enhances accuracy, efficiency, and patient outcomes in medical practices.”
  • Elderly Falls Prevention : “Implementing falls prevention programs for the elderly population reduces injuries, hospitalizations, and healthcare costs, enhancing their overall well-being.”
  • Healthcare Data Privacy Laws : “Stricter healthcare data privacy laws protect patients’ sensitive information, maintaining their trust and promoting transparent data management practices.”
  • School Health Clinics : “Establishing health clinics in schools provides easy access to medical services for students, promoting early detection and timely treatment of health issues.”
  • Healthcare Cultural Competence : “Cultivating cultural competence among healthcare professionals improves patient-provider communication, enhances trust, and reduces healthcare disparities.”
  • Health Equity in Clinical Trials : “Ensuring health equity in clinical trials by diverse participant representation enhances the generalizability of research findings to different populations.”
  • Digital Mental Health Interventions : “Utilizing digital mental health interventions, such as therapy apps, expands access to mental health services and reduces stigma surrounding seeking help.”
  • Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases : “Exploring the connection between aging and neurodegenerative diseases informs early interventions and treatment strategies to mitigate cognitive decline.”
  • Healthcare Waste Reduction : “Implementing sustainable healthcare waste reduction measures decreases environmental impact and contributes to a greener healthcare industry.”
  • Medical Ethics in End-of-Life Care : “Ethical considerations in end-of-life care decision-making ensure patient autonomy, quality of life, and respectful treatment choices.”
  • Healthcare Interoperability : “Enhancing healthcare data interoperability between different medical systems and providers improves patient care coordination and information sharing.”
  • Healthcare Disparities in Indigenous Communities : “Addressing healthcare disparities in Indigenous communities through culturally sensitive care and community engagement improves health outcomes.”
  • Music Therapy in Healthcare : “Exploring the role of music therapy in healthcare settings reveals its positive effects on reducing pain, anxiety, and enhancing emotional well-being.”
  • Healthcare Waste Management Policies : “Effective healthcare waste management policies regulate the disposal of medical waste, protecting both public health and the environment.”
  • Agricultural Practices and Public Health : “Analyzing the impact of agricultural practices on public health highlights the connections between food production, environmental health, and nutrition.”
  • Online Health Information Reliability : “Promoting the reliability of online health information through credible sources and fact-checking guides empowers individuals to make informed health decisions.”
  • Neonatal Intensive Care : “Advancements in neonatal intensive care technology enhance premature infants’ chances of survival and long-term health.”
  • Fitness Technology : “The integration of fitness technology in daily routines motivates individuals to engage in physical activity, promoting better cardiovascular health.”
  • Climate Change and Health : “Examining the health effects of climate change emphasizes the need for mitigation strategies to protect communities from heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and other climate-related health risks.”
  • Healthcare Cybersecurity : “Robust cybersecurity measures in healthcare systems safeguard patient data and protect against cyberattacks that can compromise medical records.”
  • Healthcare Quality Metrics : “Evaluating healthcare quality through metrics such as patient satisfaction, outcomes, and safety indicators informs continuous improvement efforts in medical facilities.”
  • Maternal Health Disparities : “Addressing maternal health disparities among different racial and socioeconomic groups through accessible prenatal care and support reduces maternal mortality rates.”
  • Disaster Preparedness : “Effective disaster preparedness plans in healthcare facilities ensure timely responses during emergencies, minimizing casualties and maintaining patient care.”
  • Sleep Health : “Promoting sleep health education emphasizes the importance of quality sleep in overall well-being, preventing sleep-related disorders and associated health issues.”
  • Healthcare AI Ethics : “Navigating the ethical implications of using artificial intelligence in healthcare, such as diagnosis algorithms, safeguards patient privacy and accuracy.”
  • Pediatric Nutrition : “Prioritizing pediatric nutrition education encourages healthy eating habits from a young age, reducing the risk of childhood obesity and related health concerns.”
  • Mental Health in First Responders : “Providing mental health support for first responders acknowledges the psychological toll of their work, preventing burnout and trauma-related issues.”
  • Healthcare Workforce Burnout : “Addressing healthcare workforce burnout through organizational support, manageable workloads, and mental health resources improves patient care quality.”
  • Vaccine Hesitancy : “Effective strategies to address vaccine hesitancy involve transparent communication, education, and addressing concerns to maintain vaccination rates and community immunity.”
  • Climate-Resilient Healthcare Facilities : “Designing climate-resilient healthcare facilities prepares medical centers to withstand extreme weather events and ensure continuous patient care.”
  • Nutrition in Aging : “Emphasizing balanced nutrition among the elderly population supports healthy aging, preventing malnutrition-related health complications.”
  • Medication Adherence Strategies : “Implementing medication adherence strategies, such as reminder systems and simplified regimens, improves treatment outcomes and reduces hospitalizations.”
  • Crisis Intervention : “Effective crisis intervention strategies in mental health care prevent escalations, promote de-escalation techniques, and improve patient safety.”
  • Healthcare Waste Recycling : “Promoting healthcare waste recycling initiatives reduces landfill waste, conserves resources, and minimizes the environmental impact of medical facilities.”
  • Healthcare Financial Accessibility : “Strategies to enhance healthcare financial accessibility, such as sliding scale fees and insurance coverage expansion, ensure equitable care for all.”
  • Palliative Care : “Prioritizing palliative care services improves patients’ quality of life by addressing pain management, symptom relief, and emotional support.”
  • Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence : “Exploring the integration of artificial intelligence in diagnostics and treatment planning enhances medical accuracy and reduces human error.”
  • Personalized Medicine : “Advancements in personalized medicine tailor treatments based on individual genetics and characteristics, leading to more precise and effective healthcare.”
  • Patient Advocacy : “Empowering patients through education and advocacy training enables them to navigate the healthcare system and actively participate in their treatment decisions.”
  • Healthcare Waste Reduction : “Promoting the reduction of healthcare waste through sustainable practices and responsible disposal methods minimizes environmental and health risks.”
  • Complementary and Alternative Medicine : “Examining the efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative medicine approaches provides insights into their potential role in enhancing overall health and well-being.”

Thesis Statement Examples for Physical Health

Discover 10 unique good thesis statement examples that delve into physical health, from the impact of fitness technology on exercise motivation to the importance of nutrition education in preventing chronic illnesses. Explore these examples shedding light on the pivotal role of physical well-being in disease prevention and overall quality of life.

  • Fitness Technology’s Influence : “The integration of fitness technology like wearable devices enhances physical health by fostering exercise adherence, tracking progress, and promoting active lifestyles.”
  • Nutrition Education’s Role : “Incorporating comprehensive nutrition education in schools equips students with essential dietary knowledge, reducing the risk of nutrition-related health issues.”
  • Active Lifestyle Promotion : “Public spaces and urban planning strategies that encourage physical activity contribute to community health and well-being, reducing sedentary behavior.”
  • Sports Injuries Prevention : “Strategic implementation of sports injury prevention programs and adequate athlete conditioning minimizes the incidence of sports-related injuries, preserving physical well-being.”
  • Physical Health in Workplace : “Prioritizing ergonomic design and promoting workplace physical activity positively impact employees’ physical health, reducing musculoskeletal issues and stress-related ailments.”
  • Childhood Obesity Mitigation : “School-based interventions, including physical education and health education, play a pivotal role in mitigating childhood obesity and promoting lifelong physical health.”
  • Outdoor Activity and Wellness : “Unstructured outdoor play, especially in natural settings, fosters children’s physical health, cognitive development, and emotional well-being.”
  • Senior Nutrition and Mobility : “Tailored nutrition plans and physical activity interventions for seniors support physical health, mobility, and independence during the aging process.”
  • Health Benefits of Active Commuting : “Promotion of active commuting modes such as walking and cycling improves cardiovascular health, reduces pollution, and enhances overall well-being.”
  • Physical Health’s Longevity Impact : “Sustaining physical health through regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and preventive measures positively influences longevity, ensuring a higher quality of life.”

Thesis Statement Examples for Health Protocols

Explore 10 thesis statement examples that highlight the significance of health protocols, encompassing infection control in medical settings to the ethical guidelines for telemedicine practices. These examples underscore the pivotal role of health protocols in ensuring patient safety, maintaining effective healthcare practices, and preventing the spread of illnesses across various contexts.  You should also take a look at our  thesis statement for report .

  • Infection Control and Patient Safety : “Rigorous infection control protocols in healthcare settings are paramount to patient safety, curbing healthcare-associated infections and maintaining quality care standards.”
  • Evidence-Based Treatment Guidelines : “Adhering to evidence-based treatment guidelines enhances medical decision-making, improves patient outcomes, and promotes standardized, effective healthcare practices.”
  • Ethics in Telemedicine : “Establishing ethical guidelines for telemedicine practices is crucial to ensure patient confidentiality, quality of care, and responsible remote medical consultations.”
  • Emergency Response Preparedness : “Effective emergency response protocols in healthcare facilities ensure timely and coordinated actions, optimizing patient care, and minimizing potential harm.”
  • Clinical Trial Integrity : “Stringent adherence to health protocols in clinical trials preserves data integrity, ensures participant safety, and upholds ethical principles in medical research.”
  • Safety in Daycare Settings : “Implementing robust infection prevention protocols in daycare settings is vital to curb disease transmission, safeguarding the health of children and staff.”
  • Privacy and E-Health : “Upholding stringent patient privacy protocols in electronic health records is paramount for data security, fostering trust, and maintaining confidentiality.”
  • Hand Hygiene and Infection Prevention : “Promoting proper hand hygiene protocols among healthcare providers significantly reduces infection transmission risks, protecting both patients and medical personnel.”
  • Food Safety in Restaurants : “Strict adherence to comprehensive food safety protocols within the restaurant industry is essential to prevent foodborne illnesses and ensure public health.”
  • Pandemic Preparedness and Response : “Developing robust pandemic preparedness protocols, encompassing risk assessment and response strategies, is essential to effectively manage disease outbreaks and protect public health.”

Thesis Statement Examples on Health Benefits

Uncover 10 illuminating thesis statement examples exploring the diverse spectrum of health benefits, from the positive impact of green spaces on mental well-being to the advantages of mindfulness practices in stress reduction. Delve into these examples that underscore the profound influence of health-promoting activities on overall physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

  • Nature’s Impact on Mental Health : “The presence of green spaces in urban environments positively influences mental health by reducing stress, enhancing mood, and fostering relaxation.”
  • Mindfulness for Stress Reduction : “Incorporating mindfulness practices into daily routines promotes mental clarity, reduces stress, and improves overall emotional well-being.”
  • Social Interaction’s Role : “Engaging in regular social interactions and fostering strong social connections contributes to mental well-being, combating feelings of loneliness and isolation.”
  • Physical Activity’s Cognitive Benefits : “Participation in regular physical activity enhances cognitive function, memory retention, and overall brain health, promoting lifelong mental well-being.”
  • Positive Effects of Laughter : “Laughter’s physiological and psychological benefits, including stress reduction and improved mood, have a direct impact on overall mental well-being.”
  • Nutrition’s Impact on Mood : “Balanced nutrition and consumption of mood-enhancing nutrients play a pivotal role in regulating mood and promoting positive mental health.”
  • Creative Expression and Emotional Well-Being : “Engaging in creative activities, such as art and music, provides an outlet for emotional expression and fosters psychological well-being.”
  • Cultural Engagement’s Influence : “Participating in cultural and artistic activities enriches emotional well-being, promoting a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose.”
  • Volunteering and Mental Health : “Volunteering contributes to improved mental well-being by fostering a sense of purpose, social connection, and positive self-esteem.”
  • Emotional Benefits of Pet Ownership : “The companionship of pets provides emotional support, reduces stress, and positively impacts overall mental well-being.”

Thesis Statement Examples on Mental Health

Explore 10 thought-provoking thesis statement examples delving into various facets of mental health, from addressing stigma surrounding mental illnesses to advocating for increased mental health support in schools. These examples shed light on the importance of understanding, promoting, and prioritizing mental health to achieve holistic well-being.

  • Stigma Reduction for Mental Health : “Challenging societal stigma surrounding mental health encourages open dialogue, fostering acceptance, and creating a supportive environment for individuals seeking help.”
  • Mental Health Education in Schools : “Incorporating comprehensive mental health education in school curricula equips students with emotional coping skills, destigmatizes mental health discussions, and supports overall well-being.”
  • Mental Health Awareness Campaigns : “Strategically designed mental health awareness campaigns raise public consciousness, reduce stigma, and promote early intervention and access to support.”
  • Workplace Mental Health Initiatives : “Implementing workplace mental health programs, including stress management and emotional support, enhances employee well-being and job satisfaction.”
  • Digital Mental Health Interventions : “Leveraging digital platforms for mental health interventions, such as therapy apps and online support groups, increases accessibility and reduces barriers to seeking help.”
  • Impact of Social Media on Mental Health : “Examining the influence of social media on mental health highlights both positive and negative effects, guiding responsible usage and promoting well-being.”
  • Mental Health Disparities : “Addressing mental health disparities among different demographics through culturally sensitive care and accessible services is crucial for equitable well-being.”
  • Trauma-Informed Care : “Adopting trauma-informed care approaches in mental health settings acknowledges the impact of past trauma, ensuring respectful and effective treatment.”
  • Positive Psychology Interventions : “Incorporating positive psychology interventions, such as gratitude practices and resilience training, enhances mental well-being and emotional resilience.”
  • Mental Health Support for First Responders : “Recognizing the unique mental health challenges faced by first responders and providing tailored support services is essential for maintaining their well-being.”

Thesis Statement Examples on Covid-19

Explore 10 illuminating thesis statement examples focusing on various aspects of the Covid-19 pandemic, from the impact on mental health to the role of public health measures. Delve into these examples that highlight the interdisciplinary nature of addressing the pandemic’s challenges and implications on global health.

  • Mental Health Crisis Amid Covid-19 : “The Covid-19 pandemic’s psychological toll underscores the urgency of implementing mental health support services and destigmatizing seeking help.”
  • Role of Public Health Measures : “Analyzing the effectiveness of public health measures, including lockdowns and vaccination campaigns, in curbing the spread of Covid-19 highlights their pivotal role in pandemic control.”
  • Equitable Access to Vaccines : “Ensuring equitable access to Covid-19 vaccines globally is vital to achieving widespread immunity, preventing new variants, and ending the pandemic.”
  • Online Education’s Impact : “Exploring the challenges and opportunities of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic provides insights into its effects on students’ academic progress and mental well-being.”
  • Economic Implications and Mental Health : “Investigating the economic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health highlights the need for comprehensive social support systems and mental health resources.”
  • Crisis Communication Strategies : “Evaluating effective crisis communication strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of transparent information dissemination, fostering public trust.”
  • Long-Term Health Effects : “Understanding the potential long-term health effects of Covid-19 on recovered individuals guides healthcare planning and underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring.”
  • Digital Health Solutions : “Leveraging digital health solutions, such as telemedicine and contact tracing apps, plays a pivotal role in tracking and managing Covid-19 transmission.”
  • Resilience Amid Adversity : “Exploring individual and community resilience strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic sheds light on coping mechanisms and adaptive behaviors in times of crisis.”
  • Global Cooperation in Pandemic Response : “Assessing global cooperation and collaboration in pandemic response highlights the significance of international solidarity and coordination in managing global health crises.”

Nursing Thesis Statement Examples

Explore 10 insightful thesis statement examples that delve into the dynamic realm of nursing, from advocating for improved nurse-patient communication to addressing challenges in healthcare staffing. These examples emphasize the critical role of nursing professionals in patient care, healthcare systems, and the continuous pursuit of excellence in the field.

  • Nurse-Patient Communication Enhancement : “Elevating nurse-patient communication through effective communication training programs improves patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and overall healthcare outcomes.”
  • Nursing Leadership Impact : “Empowering nursing leadership in healthcare institutions fosters improved patient care, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the cultivation of a positive work environment.”
  • Challenges in Nursing Shortages : “Addressing nursing shortages through recruitment strategies, retention programs, and educational support enhances patient safety and healthcare system stability.”
  • Evidence-Based Nursing Practices : “Promoting evidence-based nursing practices enhances patient care quality, ensuring that interventions are rooted in current research and best practices.”
  • Nursing Role in Preventive Care : “Harnessing the nursing profession’s expertise in preventive care and patient education reduces disease burden and healthcare costs, emphasizing a proactive approach.”
  • Nursing Advocacy and Patient Rights : “Nurse advocacy for patients’ rights and informed decision-making ensures ethical treatment, patient autonomy, and respectful healthcare experiences.”
  • Nursing Ethics and Dilemmas : “Navigating ethical dilemmas in nursing, such as end-of-life care decisions, highlights the importance of ethical frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration.”
  • Telehealth Nursing Adaptation : “Adapting nursing practices to telehealth platforms requires specialized training and protocols to ensure safe, effective, and patient-centered remote care.”
  • Nurse Educators’ Impact : “Nurse educators play a pivotal role in shaping the future of nursing by providing comprehensive education, fostering critical thinking, and promoting continuous learning.”
  • Mental Health Nursing Expertise : “The specialized skills of mental health nurses in assessment, intervention, and patient support contribute significantly to addressing the growing mental health crisis.”

Thesis Statement Examples for Health and Wellness

Delve into 10 thesis statement examples that explore the interconnectedness of health and wellness, ranging from the integration of holistic well-being practices in healthcare to the significance of self-care in preventing burnout. These examples highlight the importance of fostering balance and proactive health measures for individuals and communities.

  • Holistic Health Integration : “Incorporating holistic health practices, such as mindfulness and nutrition, within conventional healthcare models supports comprehensive well-being and disease prevention.”
  • Self-Care’s Impact on Burnout : “Prioritizing self-care among healthcare professionals reduces burnout, enhances job satisfaction, and ensures high-quality patient care delivery.”
  • Community Wellness Initiatives : “Community wellness programs that address physical, mental, and social well-being contribute to healthier populations and reduced healthcare burdens.”
  • Wellness in Aging Populations : “Tailored wellness programs for the elderly population encompass physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement, promoting healthier aging.”
  • Corporate Wellness Benefits : “Implementing corporate wellness programs enhances employee health, morale, and productivity, translating into lower healthcare costs and higher job satisfaction.”
  • Nutrition’s Role in Wellness : “Prioritizing balanced nutrition through education and accessible food options plays a pivotal role in overall wellness and chronic disease prevention.”
  • Mental and Emotional Well-Being : “Fostering mental and emotional well-being through therapy, support networks, and stress management positively impacts overall health and life satisfaction.”
  • Wellness Tourism’s Rise : “Exploring the growth of wellness tourism underscores the demand for travel experiences that prioritize rejuvenation, relaxation, and holistic well-being.”
  • Digital Health for Wellness : “Leveraging digital health platforms for wellness, such as wellness apps and wearable devices, empowers individuals to monitor and enhance their well-being.”
  • Equitable Access to Wellness : “Promoting equitable access to wellness resources and facilities ensures that all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status, can prioritize their health and well-being.”

What is a good thesis statement about mental health?

A thesis statement about mental health is a concise and clear declaration that encapsulates the main point or argument you’re making in your essay or research paper related to mental health. It serves as a roadmap for your readers, guiding them through the content and focus of your work. Crafting a strong thesis statement about mental health involves careful consideration of the topic and a clear understanding of the points you’ll discuss. Here’s how you can create a good thesis statement about mental health:

  • Choose a Specific Focus : Mental health is a broad topic. Determine the specific aspect of mental health you want to explore, whether it’s the impact of stigma, the importance of access to treatment, the role of mental health in overall well-being, or another angle.
  • Make a Debatable Assertion : A thesis statement should present an argument or perspective that can be debated or discussed. Avoid statements that are overly broad or universally accepted.
  • Be Clear and Concise : Keep your thesis statement concise while conveying your main idea. It’s usually a single sentence that provides insight into the content of your paper.
  • Provide Direction : Your thesis statement should indicate the direction your paper will take. It’s like a roadmap that tells your readers what to expect.
  • Make it Strong : Strong thesis statements are specific, assertive, and supported by evidence. Don’t shy away from taking a clear stance on the topic.
  • Revise and Refine : As you draft your paper, your understanding of the topic might evolve. Your thesis statement may need revision to accurately reflect your arguments.

How do you write a Health Thesis Statement? – Step by Step Guide

Crafting a strong health thesis statement requires a systematic approach. Follow these steps to create an effective health thesis statement:

  • Choose a Health Topic : Select a specific health-related topic that interests you and aligns with your assignment or research objective.
  • Narrow Down the Focus : Refine the topic to a specific aspect. Avoid overly broad statements; instead, zoom in on a particular issue.
  • Identify Your Stance : Determine your perspective on the topic. Are you advocating for a particular solution, analyzing causes and effects, or comparing different viewpoints?
  • Formulate a Debatable Assertion : Develop a clear and arguable statement that captures the essence of your position on the topic.
  • Consider Counterarguments : Anticipate counterarguments and incorporate them into your thesis statement. This adds depth and acknowledges opposing views.
  • Be Concise and Specific : Keep your thesis statement succinct while conveying the main point. Avoid vague language or generalities.
  • Test for Clarity : Share your thesis statement with someone else to ensure it’s clear and understandable to an audience unfamiliar with the topic.
  • Refine and Revise : Your thesis statement is not set in stone. As you research and write, you might find it necessary to revise and refine it to accurately reflect your evolving arguments.

Tips for Writing a Thesis Statement on Health Topics

Writing a thesis statement on health topics requires precision and careful consideration. Here are some tips to help you craft an effective thesis statement:

  • Be Specific : Address a specific aspect of health rather than a broad topic. This allows for a more focused and insightful thesis statement.
  • Take a Stance : Your thesis statement should present a clear perspective or argument. Avoid vague statements that don’t express a stance.
  • Avoid Absolute Statements : Be cautious of using words like “always” or “never.” Instead, use language that acknowledges complexity and nuance.
  • Incorporate Keywords : Include keywords that indicate the subject of your research, such as “nutrition,” “mental health,” “public health,” or other relevant terms.
  • Preview Supporting Points : Your thesis statement can preview the main points or arguments you’ll discuss in your paper, providing readers with a roadmap.
  • Revise as Necessary : Your thesis statement may evolve as you research and write. Don’t hesitate to revise it to accurately reflect your findings.
  • Stay Focused : Ensure that your thesis statement remains directly relevant to your topic throughout your writing.

Remember that your thesis statement is the foundation of your paper. It guides your research and writing process, helping you stay on track and deliver a coherent argument.

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What Is Self-Care and Why Is It Important?

4 Ways to Practice Self-Care

What Is Self-Care?

  • Building a Self-Care Plan

Self-care is the practice of taking care of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of your life to promote health and wellness.

While many people may view self-care as a form of selfish indulgence, the act of caring for oneself is an important part of a person's overall well-being.

Many people do not fully understand what self-care means. Read on to find out more about what self-care is, examples of practicing self-care, and why it’s important for your mental and physical health.

Maskot / Getty Images

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), self-care is being able to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider.

The WHO also mentions that self-care is a broad term and many facets of a person’s life come into play, including:

  • Hygiene (general and personal)
  • Lifestyle factors such as exercise level and leisure activities
  • Environmental factors such as a person’s living conditions or social habits
  • Socioeconomic factors such as a person’s income level or cultural beliefs
  • Self-medication and following treatment plans for current illnesses

The main goal of self-care is to prevent or control disease and preserve overall well-being through consistently taking care of various aspects of your health.

For a person to practice true self-care, they must use personal responsibility and self-reliance in a way that positively impacts their health in the current moment and the future.

Overindulgence in spending

Binge-eating your favorite but unhealthy foods

Participating in activities that provide instant gratification

Going on expensive and lavish vacations

Perfecting oneself by any means necessary

Numbing bad feelings using alcohol or illicit substances

Binge-watching television

Prioritizing one's physical and mental health

Adopting healthy lifestyle habits that can be maintained long-term

Eating a healthy diet

Finding exercise activities that you enjoy and participating in them regularly

Getting an adequate amount of good-quality sleep

Following treatment plans for existing conditions accordingly

Taking time out for yourself to participate in healthy activities you enjoy

What Types of Self-Care Are There?

Various forms of self-care involve different activities or actions. Each form is as important as the other and drives optimal health and well-being.

Physical Health

Taking care of your physical health is a form of self-care that helps improve quality of life and prevent or manage chronic conditions.

Physical self-care will be different for each person, but ways you can practice physical self-care include:

  • Getting the proper amount of exercise
  • Eating regular, well-balanced meals that are mostly whole foods and staying hydrated
  • Engaging in relaxing activities that can help manage stress
  • Getting enough sleep
  • Getting regular medical and dental care

Mental Health

Mental self-care is designed to drive a healthy mind by practicing brain-stimulating activities and healthy mental behaviors. Mental self-care can help you manage stress, lower your risk of illness, and increase your energy.

While no two people are the same, these strategies can help you manage stress and stimulate your mind:

  • Use relaxation programs or apps regularly to incorporate meditation, yoga, muscle relaxation, or breathing exercises. 
  • Practice gratitude by reminding yourself daily of things you are grateful for. Write them down at night or replay them in your mind.
  • Participate in creative activities you enjoy.
  • Read a book or do a puzzle.
  • Play games such as Scrabble, crossword puzzles, or other brain teasers.
  • Try a new hobby.
  • Engage in exercise.
  • Take adult education classes.
  • Seek help from a professional as needed.

Relationships

Having healthy relationships is a form of social self-care all its own. Research has shown that different forms of relationships, whether they be romantic, platonic, or familial, can all benefit overall health and well-being.

On the flip side, not having healthy relationships can be detrimental to health. When people lack platonic relationships, they are more likely to be subject to psychological distress and engage in unhealthy behaviors.  

Ways to foster relationships include:

  • Regularly scheduling get-togethers (coffee, a walk, a meal, going to the movies, or just hanging out) with friends or family members
  • Connecting with community or faith-based groups
  • Volunteering for a local organization
  • Joining a local group, such as a hiking club, knitting group, or other interest group

Not everyone has a spiritual or religious need. However, for some people nurturing their spirit allows them to connect on a deeper level with themselves and to think beyond themselves.

Spiritual self-care practices might include:

  • Hiking or spending time in nature
  • Listening to inspirational music
  • Going to church or attending virtual spiritual activities or groups
  • Talking with a spiritual advisor

Why Is Self-Care Important?

Practicing self-care regularly can bring about both short- and long-term benefits that lead to improved well-being and an improved health status.

In the short term, people who practice self-care can see positive changes such as:

  • Reduced stress levels : Putting your health and needs first along with giving yourself a bit of rest can significantly reduce stress levels.
  • Increasing self-worth : The more you take care of yourself, the better you will feel about who you are as a person. This is because more of your core needs will be met on a regular basis.
  • Feelings of belonging : A short-term benefit of spending time with others will provide feelings of belonging and love, which is good for your overall mental health.

While the short-term benefits of self-care are good, the long-term benefits are what self-care is more focused on. Some long-term benefits include:

  • Managing chronic conditions: By practicing physical and mental self-care strategies, conditions such as depression, diabetes, and heart disease can be more effectively managed.
  • Disease prevention: Implementing self-care practices, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management techniques, reduces the risk of heart attack , stroke , and obesity in the future.
  • Stress reduction: Stress affects all systems in the body. Chronic stress can lead to chronic health conditions. Practicing self-care that reduces chronic stress can help lower the risk of developing health conditions, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal disorders, and more.
  • Healthier relationships: When taking better care of our personal needs, we are better able to engage in healthy relationships partially due to increased self-esteem and self-worth.
  • Improved job satisfaction: A study of nurses found those who implemented intentional self-care practices had significantly higher job satisfaction. The authors suggest implementing self-care practices could improve job satisfaction and teamwork while reducing burnout.
  • Reduced burnout: Authors of a review of multiple studies concluded the solution for burnout is complex, but self-care strategies are one of several components that could be effective.
  • Improved quality of life: When self-care practices help to better manage health conditions, reduce stress, or create a greater sense of belonging, overall well-being and quality of life improve.

How to Practice Self-Care

Building your perfect self-care plan will depend on your personal health and lifestyle. To create a plan to encourage better health and well-being:

  • Determine your overall level of health: Once you know your starting point health-wise, you can begin adding or subtracting certain activities or stressors in your life to focus on improving your health.
  • Identify your stressors: Make a list of things that cause you stress in all aspects of your life. The next step is to do your best to avoid certain stressors. If they are unavoidable, teach yourself coping techniques that can help lessen your stress reaction to certain situations.
  • Identify your coping strategies: Everyone develops strategies to cope with health issues, stress, and other life problems. Make a list of your coping strategies and see which ones are healthy and which ones aren’t. The unhealthy ones that don't serve you well can be swapped out for healthier coping mechanisms.

After completing these three steps, you can begin to formulate a plan that you can commit to.

Self-Care Strategies for People With Chronic Disease

If you have a chronic disease, your self-care plan may look a little different than that of someone who does not. This is only because you will have to incorporate certain activities that will benefit you. For example, if you have diabetes , ensure that coping strategies and activities you utilize as self-care help you manage your condition while you follow your treatment plan.

Self-care is the practice of taking care of the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of your life to promote health and wellness. It is a lifestyle that enables you to set aside time for your health to ensure your overall well-being now and for years to come.

If you do adopt the right techniques to care for yourself, you will be able to reap the benefits, such as better physical and mental health, the prevention or better management of disease, and better personal and workplace relationships.

World Health Organization. What do we mean by self-care?

National Institute of Mental Health. Caring for your mental health .

Holt-Lunstad J. Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors: The Power of Social Connection in Prevention . Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021 May 6;15(5):567-573. doi: 10.1177/15598276211009454

Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Wilson SJ. Lovesick: How Couples' Relationships Influence Health. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2017 May 8;13:421-443. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045111

David D, Dalton J, Magny-Normilus C, Brain MM, Linster T, Lee SJ. The Quality of Family Relationships, Diabetes Self-Care, and Health Outcomes in Older Adults. Diabetes Spectr. 2019 May;32(2):132-138. doi:10.2337/ds18-0039

Amati V, Meggiolaro S, Rivellini G, Zaccarin S. Social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends. Genus. 2018;74(1):7. doi:10.1186/s41118-018-0032-z

Riegel B, Moser DK, Buck HG, et al. American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Self-Care for the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Aug 31;6(9):e006997. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.006997

American Psychological Association. Stress effects on the body .

Monroe C, Loresto F, Horton-Deutsch S, et al. The value of intentional self-care practices: The effects of mindfulness on improving job satisfaction, teamwork, and workplace environments . Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2021 Apr;35(2):189-194. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.10.003

Adnan NBB, Dafny HA, Baldwin C, Jakimowitz S, et al. What are the solutions for well-being and burn-out for healthcare professionals? An umbrella realist review of learnings of individual-focused interventions for critical care . BMJ Open. 2022 Sep 8;12(9):e060973. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060973

California State University Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling. How to Create an Individualized Self-Care Plan.

By Angelica Bottaro Bottaro has a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and an Advanced Diploma in Journalism. She is based in Canada.

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How to encourage student self-care

Psychology graduate students do better when they prioritize caring for themselves, but too few do. Here’s how faculty can change that

Vol. 51, No. 5 Print version: page 64

student enjoying a hot beverage

Between taking classes, teaching classes, working at clinical placements, handling research assistantships, writing theses or dissertations, and juggling family responsibilities, psychology graduate students are under a mound of pressure. And the COVID-19 pandemic has only increased that stress for most (see June Monitor ).

Yet graduate programs don’t usually teach their students how to make time for self-care, despite evidence that self-care behaviors make for happier, healthier trainees. A meta-analysis of 17 studies led by Joshua K. Swift, PhD, a clinical psychologist at Idaho State University, found that self-care behaviors were linked with increased self-compassion and life satisfaction and decreased psychological distress among grad students in professional psychology ( Training and Education in Professional Psychology , Vol. 10, No. 4, 2016 ). And a survey of 358 psychology doctoral students led by Evan Zahniser, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in neuropsychology at the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, found that higher levels of self-care were associated with better self-reported progress in respondents’ graduate programs ( Training and Educational in Professional Psychology , Vol. 11, No. 4, 2017 ).

Fortunately, encouraging self-care need not be a stressful project. Faculty and recent graduate students say that simple changes can make a big impact. Here is their advice for encouraging students to take care of themselves:

Know the stressors and barriers. Financial stressors and time pressures repeatedly top the list of challenges that psychology graduate students face. In a 2012 APA survey , 68% of respondents reported that academic pressures were a significant challenge, and 64% cited finances or debt among their significant stressors. These stressors also stand in the way of stress relief, the research found, with 47% of respondents saying that money was a barrier to self-care and more than 70% blaming lack of time.

“Increasingly, there is this pressure to really excel and stand out in all of the different aspects of one’s professional identity,” Zahniser says. Trying to fit self-care into the schedule can be very challenging.

First-generation students and those whose sexual, racial or ethnic identities are marginalized may face struggles unique from those of their peers, says Nicholas Grant, PhD, a clinical psychologist in the U.S. Navy and the president-elect of GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBTQ Equality. These students may lack family support or face discrimination and have feelings of not fitting into the dominant culture of a grad program.

Program culture can be a barrier to self-care, too. Karen Saules, PhD, a professor of psychology at Eastern Michigan University, remembers the wake-up call she got when her students voiced concerns over whether it was safe for them to admit they’d had fun over the weekend or gone on a vacation over a school break. “We began to get worried that there was this climate that it’s not OK to have work-life balance,” Saules says.

Check in. The first step toward combating that kind of environment is to make self-care a welcome topic of conversation. Self-care is built into the ethical codes of mental health organizations—including APA’s—but students and trainees don’t get explicit instruction on what self-care is or how to do it, says Arianne Miller, PhD, an assistant professor of counseling and school psychology at San Diego State University.

Miller brings up the topic with students with this question: “When was the last time you felt good in mind, body and spirit?” (Most, she says, report that this last happened before graduate school.) Carolyn Allard, PhD, an associate professor of clinical psychology at Alliant International University and president of APA Div. 56 (Trauma), makes sure to ask her students about their moods and physical wellness, looking for red flags that they need to take more time for themselves. Anxiety, tension, headaches, lack of empathy for others and irritability are all signs that someone’s mental health might be slipping, she says.

Any acknowledgment that graduate school is challenging can combat the stigma of stress, says Melanie Arenson, a graduate student in psychology at the University of Maryland.

“The cultural piece ends up trickling down to create a systemic kind of space to have those conversations,” Arenson says. “It puts it on faculty members’ radar, so faculty members may be more likely to check in with their students.”

Incorporate self-care in class. One danger of emphasizing self-care is that it can become one more task on a seemingly endless to-do list. To avoid that, incorporate self-care into coursework that students are already doing, suggests Robyn Gobin, PhD, an assistant professor of clinical psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “During class time, they’re invested in learning, they’re invested in getting good grades,” Gobin says. “So, I make it part of their grade.”

Gobin asks her students to fill out a self-care assessment and identify areas where they can improve their self-care. Miller incorporates self-care lessons into her clinical classes when discussing self-reflection. She also encourages self-care through extra-credit assignments such as asking students to reflect on their own self-care practices.

Encourage small steps. Another key strategy is to encourage students to start small. “If you Google self-care, it’s like a picture of Oprah in a bathtub with bubbles and champagne,” Miller says. “But self-care is just very basic, small things: Going to bed a little bit earlier. Going to the dentist. Spending time with friends. Experiencing joy and having fun.”

Encourage students not to make the perfect the enemy of the good. Graduate students are usually high achievers who want to excel at whatever they’re doing, even self-care. It’s impor­tant to encourage students not to be perfectionists about taking care of themselves, she says: “My logic is that 15 minutes is better than zero minutes.”

Gobin encourages her students to pick one domain, such as social, physical or mental, and work on self-care in just that one area for a semester. “That makes it much more manageable, identifying one act of self-care they can consistently pursue,” she says.

Part of helping students identify small steps they can make involves identifying how self-care fits into their values systems, Grant says. Focusing on what a student most wants to get out of self-care—an energy boost? A mental break?—can help them identify activities that will get them what they need.

Sponsor a wellness committee. After Saules and her colleagues noticed that their program’s graduate students were afraid to admit to enjoying weekends, they launched a graduate student wellness committee to work on changing the culture.

The committee is student run, usually by first-year students, who typically have more time than more senior students, and meets twice a month for an hour, Saules says. The group plans inexpensive camaraderie-building activities, such as hiking or kayaking, and arranges a weekend writing retreat for students to stay for around $15 a night. The committee sends care packages to students on internship (faculty pays postage) and tracks students’ milestones, such as passing qualifying exams, and acknowledges that progress with a note. The group also arranges lunchtime seminars where faculty or older students lead discussions on such topics as writing a thesis or the pros and cons of having children during graduate school versus after.

Model self-care. The most important way to encourage self-care is to take care of yourself—and let your students know you’re doing it.

When Allard asks her students to self-reflect and check in about self-care, she’ll join the discussion alongside them. When Grant talks to students, he talks about his running and how he fits it into his schedule.

It’s also crucial to model boundaries for students, Gobin says. Let them know that you don’t check email late at night or on weekends, for example, and encourage them to take those breaks from work as well. If working at odd hours is productive for you, communicate to students that they don’t need to respond to your emails as they arrive, but rather at a time they are working.

“The kind of culture where people are encouraged to set some boundaries is important, whatever those boundaries are,” Zahniser says.

Of course, faculty are under a great deal of pressure, too, and they may feel that their own self-care practice leaves something to be desired. That doesn’t make it any less important to make the effort and share strategies with students, Miller says.

“Modeling the imperfection is just as important,” she says, “if not more important.”

Further reading

Evidence for a Mental Health Crisis in Graduate Education Evans, T.M., et al., Nature Biotechnology , 2018

The Self-Care Prescription Gobin, R., Althea Press, 2019

Recommended Reading

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  • v.8(4); 2021 Oct 10

Self-care: A concept analysis

Associated data.

There is extensive literature from various disciplines on self-care , an important aspect of nursing intervention via evaluation and education, but its meaning remains unprecise due to the difficulty integrating the diverse definitions developed over time across disciplines. Therefore, it is vital to clarify the meaning of self-care and formulate the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences to self-care.

Walker and Avant’s concept analysis approach was used to analyze the concept of self-care. A search of the literature was completed using the databases CINAHL, PubMed, and EBSCOhost for years 1975–2020; literature search included peer-review articles, full-text publications, and available in English. A total of 31 articles were reviewed, and saturation was reached.

An extensive review of the literature revealed salient characteristics that reflected the most frequently used terms associated with the concept. Guided by Walker and Avant’s method, three defining attributes emerged as common themes: awareness, self-control, and self-reliance.

Conclusions

A clarified definition was identified: the ability to care for oneself through awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to achieve, maintain, or promote optimal health and well-being.

What is known?

  • • The concept of self-care remains unprecise due to the difficulty integrating the diverse definitions developed over time across disciplines.
  • • Never has the concept of self-care been more relevant than in the context of an escalation of chronic and communicable diseases, with a massive impact on healthcare systems worldwide.
  • • It is crucial to formulate the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of self-care in order to provide clinicians, researchers, and patients with the ability to communicate clearly with one another and establish well-defined lines of responsibility.

What is new?

  • • This analysis identified a clarified definition of self-care: The ability to care for oneself through awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to achieve, maintain, or promote optimal health and well-being.
  • • The complexity of self-care, within the context of increasing chronic and communicable diseases, is evidenced by its dynamic ability to transcend multiple disciplines.
  • • Current and future definitions of self-care would benefit by being multifaceted and addressing a holistic view of the chronic disease patient within a global health context.

1. Introduction

“Since the beginning of humankind, people have taken action to ensure personal safety and have developed strategies to address illness and other health challenges.” [ 1 ] Rituals performed by primitive cultures, consumption of special foods to promote health, and knowledge sharing from generation to generation are reflective of self-care strategies [ 2 , 3 ]. Despite this realization, self-care was not clearly defined until the late 20th century, when the ability to provide care for oneself gained recognition and started to take precedence as chronic disease increased.

Over time, multiple and often imprecise definitions of self-care resulted in various descriptions across several disciplines. The elusive and complex phenomenon of self-care is reflective of the confusion around the integration of the terms: symptom management, self-efficacy, self-management, and self-monitoring [ 4 , 5 ]. The concept of self-care has also been related to broader notions of autonomy, responsibility, and self-direction [ 5 ]. For this reason, an in-depth analysis of the current knowledge regarding the concept of self-care is required.

McCormack [ 1 ] noted self-care is not a new idea [ 6 ]. Rather, applications of self-care have been present in communities before the healthcare system was formally established; and in some cases, people only rely on self-care due to the lack of healthcare access [ 7 ]. Despite the belief self-care is inherently human, its utilization became less valued during the scientific era [ 8 ]. Notably, with the proliferation of nursing and medical schools, people sought care primarily in the acute setting. As technological advances strengthened the knowledge and authority of health care providers, self-care further diminished [ 8 ]. Not until the latter half of the 20th century did a notable shift in disease patterns from acute to chronic disease facilitate the expansion and necessity of self-care [ 1 , 9 ]. At this time, not only was chronic disease management exploding, but support groups, particularly the inception of Alcoholic Anonymous in 1935, strove to define the gaps in their care. This gap echoed the inevitable need for self-care [ 1 ].

As previously inferred, the origin of the concept of self-care evolved within various social movements, including women’s and wellness movements. These movements created a societal context that fostered the development of the concept [ 10 ]. In addition, self-care intervention also gained attention because of the increased focus of improving the intrinsic capacity of older people to manage their chronic diseases [ 7 ]. Society embraced autonomy, sparked the inception of support groups, and motivated self participation in health care [ 11 ]. The acceptance and awareness of a new facet to healthcare continued to gain momentum as the population and chronic diseases increased [ 4 , 5 , 12 ].

Never has the concept of self-care been more relevant than in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This epidemic outbreak has had a massive impact on healthcare systems worldwide, including on primary care settings [ 13 ]. In many countries, as the pandemic spread, health care services became overloaded, non-urgent services were drastically reduced [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] ], and staff responsible for self-management support of chronic patients was put on hold [ 20 ]. In order to remain connected to patients, primary care was restructured from in-person to virtual care using Telehealth [ 21 , 22 ]. This profound transformation of healthcare delivery has evidenced the importance of patients’ self-care behaviors to decrease the risk of contagion and remain healthy [ 23 ]; as well as healthcare professionals’ education and support of patients amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic [ 24 ].

The objective of this concept analysis is to synthesize the extensive literature obtained from various disciplines to formulate the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences to self-care. Clarity is needed to differentiate between the numerous characteristics that are present and used. It is essential the concept of self-care is defined in order to provide clinicians, researchers, and patients with the ability to communicate clearly with one another and to establish well-defined lines of responsibility [ 25 , 26 ].

2. Selection and aims of the concept analysis

Researchers should select a complex concept that plays a significant role in nursing [ 27 ]. Therefore, the concept of self-care was selected since it is considered a focal point of nursing practice as an intervention nurses provide via evaluation and education to enable patients to restore health, independent living, and well-being [ 5 ].

Considering the various unprecise descriptions of self-care across disciplines, clarity is needed to provide clinicians, researchers, and patients with the ability to communicate clearly with one another and establish well-defined lines of responsibility [ 25 , 26 ]. Thus, the researchers performed an in-depth analysis of the current knowledge regarding the concept of self-care.

3.1. The concept analysis approach

The Walker and Avant’s method of analysis was used to examine the concept of self-care [ 15 ]. These iterative steps include as follows: 1) selecting a concept; 2) determining the aims of the analysis; 3) identifying all possible uses of the concept in nursing; 4) defining concept attributes; 5) constructing a model case; 6) constructing borderline, related and contrary cases; 7) identifying antecedents and consequences of the concept; and 8) defining empirical referents of the model. Careful examination of the implications of this concept provides an understanding of the phenomena. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guideline has been utilized to improve transparency [ 28 ].

3.2. Data sources

A comprehensive and broad search for the term self-care was entered in three online databases (National Library of Medicine PubMed, CINAHL, and EBSCOhost). This search included peer-review articles published between January 1975 and October 2020. To further refine the search process and capture pertinent literature, the terms, self-efficacy, self-control, and resilience, were included in the search; the search generated 535 hits. Inclusion criteria included English, full-text publications, and academic journals. Exclusion criteria included non-English language articles, limited text publications, non-academic journals, and articles that did not address the key terms self-efficacy, self-control, or resilience. Utilizing the exclusion criteria narrowed the search, and a final total of 31 articles were reviewed to identify self-care attribute common themes. The reference lists of all identified papers were searched for relevant cited articles, and saturation was reached.

Utilizing the Walker and Avant process, all 31 articles were read in their entirety, and a data extraction table was constructed to include the reference and attributes ( Table 1 ). Representation from multiple disciplines, including nursing, medicine, psychiatry, pharmacy, social work, and business, was demonstrated in the review. Articles were retrieved from various countries, including Canada, China, England, South Korea, and the United States. An Excel spreadsheet was created to document the key terms that were included in each of the final 31 articles, including self-care, self-efficacy, self-control, and resilience. This concept analysis was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval; the research did not involve human subjects.

Table 1

Self-care attributes.

ReferenceSelf- controlAwarenessSelf-reliance
McCormack 2003 [ ]XX
Richard & Shea 2011 [ ]XXX
Wilkinson & Whitehead 2009 [ ]XXX
Hunt 2016 [ ]XXX
Hanna & Decker 2010 [ ]XXX
Hasanpour-Dehkordi 2016 [ ]XX
Gantz 1990 [ ]XXX
Denyes et al., 2001 [ ]XXX
Hartweg & Pickens 2016 [ ]X
Bayliss et al., 2003 [ ]X
Cook-Cottone 2016 [ ]XXX
Weltermann et al., 2015 [ ]XX
Costa et al., 2017 [ ]XX
Erickson et al., 2012 [ ]X
Riegel et al., 2016 [ ]XX
Halm 2017 [ ]X
Chang et al., 2017 [ ]X
Cameron et al., 2010 [ ]X
Ludman et al., 2013 [ ]XX
McCaleb & Cull 2000 [ ]XX
Devarajooh & Chinna 2017 [ ]XX
Grafton et al., 2017 [ ]XXX
Vellone et al., 2015 [ ]XXX
Chen et al., 2014 [ ]X
Storni 2015 [ ]XXX
Callaghan 2005 [ ]XX
Kim et al., 2015 [ ]XX
Ercolano et al., 2016 [ ]XXX
Udlis 2011 [ ]XX
Eller et al., 2005 [ ]XXX
Nelson et al., 2014 [ ]XXX

Note: Articles included within the analysis of the concept of self-care.

4.1. Identifying all possible uses of the concept in nursing

Reflective of the diverse wealth of literature, the concept of self-care can be implemented in a variety of settings, including nursing and nursing theory, medicine, psychology, business, and lifestyle. Throughout these disciplines, a myriad of interpretations of the concept is delineated from the rich variety of perspectives; consequently, the information is fragmented. Despite this array of information, Dictionary.com [ 54 ] and the American Heritage Science Dictionary [ 55 ] define self-care as the care of oneself without medical or other professional consultation, assistance, or oversight. The WHO compounded this definition: including the individual, family, and community, who in turn, promotes, prevents, maintains health, and copes with illness and disability [ 56 ]. In addition, the WHO identified fundamental principles of self-care, which include autonomy, self-efficacy, empowerment, community involvement, and community empowerment [ 57 ].

Within modern medicine, this definition is most commonly reflected in preventative health and chronic disease management. Gantz further defines this perspective with a discussion of the two parallel paradigms of self-care: a health care model that consists of the health care delivery systems and the lay model based in self-help groups, family practices, supplemental therapies, and the media [ 29 ]. Four levels of self-care performance have emerged: responsible, formally guided, independent, and abandoned [ 4 ]. Thus, the multidimensional concept of self-care reflects a fluid component to the overall care of a person.

According to Denyes and colleagues, the trailblazer of self-care in nursing theory, Dorothea Orem, defined self-care as the learned and deliberately performed action utilized to regulate development and functioning [ 30 ]; her Self-Care Deficit Theory (SCDT) exemplified this [ 12 ]. Within this theory, the self was not only the agent of action, but also the object of action. Orem discussed self-care as a developmental process suggestive of health, life, and well-being [ 12 , 31 ]. This dynamic process reflected the reciprocity between humans and their environment, and it has transcended nursing since Orems initial analysis in 1956. SCDT has significantly influenced nursing knowledge and has provided a conceptual framework to guide practice [ 1 ]. Orem’s framework also suggests that every person has the capacity to become a self-care agent and practice self-care activities, and nurses can help the patients achieve their self-care goals [ 58 ].

Others have expanded Orem’s description of self-care. Chambers argued the self-care continuum flows from individual responsibility to self-management of illness to shared care with a provider [ 59 ]. Within nursing practice, self-care emerges as an intervention nurses provide via evaluation and education to enable patients to restore health, independent living, and well-being. As nurses practice ethically, persons with chronic disease will be more effectively managed with the utilization of self-care [ 5 ].

Similarly, medical providers incorporate self-care when encouraging patient communication regarding relevant observations and symptoms. This assists the provider with therapeutic and diagnostic decision making [ 32 , 57 ]. The direct communication lays the foundation for the patient to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. The literature supports self-care functions as one of the primary forms of care for chronic disease patients when they are expected to make day-to-day decisions about self-management and administration [ 60 ].

Within the discipline of psychology, practitioners incorporate self-care into their practice when determining what precipitates a behavior or emotional process. Self-care in this context is evaluated as health belief, clarification of values, decision making skills, and the component of self [ 29 ]. In addition, Barnett and colleagues attest self-care is also necessary for health care providers themselves [ 61 ]. Not only will this care decrease burnout, distress, and impaired professional competence, but it also creates a supportive and healthy professional climate [ 61 ]. Self-care activities practiced by health care providers have helped to reduce occupational stress and have shown an increase in resilience, which is a crucial ability a person develops to recover from challenges and stress faced in the workplace [ 57 ]. This self-care manifests via a myriad of measures from physical exercise to psychological therapy and is incorporated by all persons.

In addition to the health-related disciplines, self-care transcends all avenues, including leadership, business, and lifestyle. It thrives as a relevant business from the standpoint of reducing health care costs, as well as product line enhancement [ 29 ]. Furthermore, national executives and leaders have integrated self-care as a part of their employee development workplace regimen [ 62 , 63 ]. Self-care application in the context of daily life includes activities such as exercise, meditation, yoga, complementary and alternative therapies.

4.2. Defining concept attributes

Walker and Avant suggest the “heart of the concept analysis” is the process of defining the attributes [ 27 ]. An extensive review of the literature revealed salient characteristics reflecting the most frequently used terms associated with the concept [ 27 ]. These terms include awareness, self-control, self-reliance, health literacy, self-efficacy, social support, resources, cognitive level, and readiness. Notably, three defining attributes emerged as common themes: awareness, self-control, and self-reliance ( Table 1 ).

4.2.1. Awareness

Cook-Cottone and colleagues suggest that when development and health is normal, individuals do not consider health concerns [ 33 ]. Instead, an awareness is eminent for the person to attend to their needs. This awareness coupled with knowledge and skill adds to the empowerment of the individual to motivate their own behavior and quality of life [ 34 , 35 , 64 ]. Self-monitoring depends on awareness, measurement, and interpretation of the symptoms [ 65 ]. Symptom recognition and evaluation then triggers self-care [ 36 , 37 ].

4.2.2. Self-control

According to Denyes and colleagues, self-care is a product of a person acting as a unitary being and engaging in regulation and control of their self and emotions [ 12 , 30 , 33 ]. Cook-Cottone and colleagues support this contention that regulation and control of the self are essential to achieve cognitive approaches to prevention, regulation, and self-care [ 33 , 38 , 64 ]. Furthermore, the WHO argues that control and prevention of a disease reflect self-care practices [ 34 , 56 ]. This self-control is reinforced with awareness and self-reliance.

4.2.3. Self-reliance

In order to successfully perform self-care, the individual must maintain self-reliance. The concept of self-reliance is deeply embedded in our thinking of chronic disease management and is reflected in medication administration and adherence to health care plans [ 66 ]. Self-reliance directly influences the inclusion of the patient and their family into self-care, and it mirrors the person’s resilience and perseverance [ 39 , 67 ].

4.3. Constructing cases

Constructed cases illustrate the concept by incorporating the attributes, antecedents, and consequences. A model case includes all the defining attributes, a related case represents a connection to the concept, and a contrary case is a clear example of when the concept is absent [ 27 ].

4.3.1. Model case

Last week while hiking Mount Whitney with his wife, Carl, a 45-year-old male, slipped on a slick rock and sustained a 4-cm superficial wound to his right leg. He attended to the wound by cleaning it daily with soap and water and providing adequate dressing changes. The wound healed completely within one week, and Carl was able to resume hiking with his wife.

The above case is an effective representation of a model case because Carl has demonstrated the defining attributes of awareness, self-control, and self-reliance. When he became aware of the injury, he was in control and had enough self-reliance to provide adequate care for himself and appropriately attended to his wound. His self-care was supported by his previously present self-efficacy, cognition, self-agency, adequate resources, and a supportive cultural and social network.

4.3.2. Related case

Ned, a homeless 54-year-old male with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus, sustained a wound to his right leg when he slipped in a canyon. He has not been able to take his medications as prescribed for two months due to the fact that his belongings, including his medications, were stolen from him. Though Ned was aware of the injury, he did not treat the wound, and his entire leg became swollen, red, and hot. Two weeks after the initial injury, his friend called 911 because Ned appeared to become febrile with an altered mental state. Ned was transported to the emergency department (ED).

This is a related case because although Ned lived independently and was aware, he did not have the defining attributes of self-control and self-reliance. Thus, he did not provide self-care to his wound. This lack of reliance and control resulted in a poor outcome.

4.3.3. Contrary case

David, a 79-year-old male, sustained a mechanical fall in his home bathroom when he was exiting the shower. He was found by his wife unconscious on the bathroom floor with a laceration to his forehead and to his right leg. He was transported to the ED via ambulance. Upon arrival to the ED, David quickly decompensated and inevitably needed to be intubated. Computed tomography (CT) of his head revealed an extensive subdural hematoma. He was admitted to the ICU and received full care from the medical and nursing staff who attended to all his needs.

In this contrary case, David does not have the defining attributes of awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to self-care for his wounds. This deficit is secondary to his impaired cognitive level, ineffective self-agency, lack of self-efficacy, and critical medical state. Though this may be a sudden change in person and situation, David is presently unable to provide self-care.

4.4. Identifying antecedents and consequences of the concept

The iterative process of concept analysis defines antecedents as incidents that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept [ 27 ]. An individual’s ability to carry out self-care is directly related to his or her knowledge, motivation, skill, and confidence which in turn has been influenced by the physical, psychological, social, and cognitive context [ 35 , [40] , [41] , [42] ]. Thus, the antecedents derived from the literature were categorized into patient-related and system-related ( Fig. 1 ).

Fig. 1

Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of self-care.

4.4.1. Patient-related antecedents

Patient-related antecedents include self-efficacy, cognition, a triggering event, and self-care agency [ [43] , [44] , [45] ]. A strong body of evidence supports a direct correlation between self-efficacy and self-care [ 41 , 44 , 45 , 68 ]. This relationship reinforces the connection between confidence and self-care maintenance and management [ 44 ]. Similarily, cognition is essential for effective self-care [ 40 ]. Though a patient’s knowledge and expertise are critical to implementing and understanding chronic self-care, Chen and colleagues demonstrate that self-efficacy is more closely interconnected to self-care than health literacy [ 46 , 47 ]. Self-agency is a broad concept that encompasses foundational capabilities, self-care operation, resources, and power components [ 30 , 47 , 48 ]. Thus, it progresses along the physical and cognitive continuum. Self-agency is built upon the developmental levels of a person and their needs and desires to practice self-care [ 65 ].

4.4.2. System-related antecedents

System-related antecedents include cultural factors, social support, and access to adequate resources [ 4 , 32 , 49 ]. According to Benbow and Deacon, people should be provided with instructions, supplies, and all the necessary resources that enable them to perform self-care [ 69 ]. This establishes a supportive cultural and social network and facilitates access to self-care via a system-related foundation [ 32 ]. Kim and colleagues contend social support is comprised of three categories: social connectedness, perceived support, and actual social support [ 49 ].

4.4.3. Consequences

Walker and Avant argue that consequences result secondary to the occurrence of a concept [ 27 ]. These consequences reflect both psychological and physical goals [ 50 ]. The literature depicts several consequences resulting from self-care, including the achievement of desired outcomes, decreased risk for complications, symptom control, decreased health services utilization, and increased patient satisfaction [ 4 , 6 , 51 , 70 ]; thus, enhanced coping, improved sense of control, deepening sense of meaning, well-being, and quality of life are optimal consequences of self-care.

Potential negative outcomes may arise when a person does not desire to ask for help or delays help due to their beliefs that they can provide adequate self-care. This may be secondary to low health literacy, decreased cognition, and/or a mental health history. Self-care can also potentially result in self-harm if the person does not have the appropriate means to provide care or if they have received inappropriate information from sources such as the internet [ 1 ]. Self-care interventions play an important role in situations where people have no access to health promoting interventions or have some distrust in the health care system. This is why it is crucial to promote high quality self-care, so people can receive appropriate information regarding the self-care intervention, as well as supporting people in acquiring the skills and resources needed to practice self-care [ 7 ]. Furthermore, self-care is thought of as an opportunity by most patients and health care providers, but to others it may be considered to be a threat.

4.5. Defining empirical referents of the model

The measurement of self-care involves the utilization of diverse empirical referents. Though several instruments exist, a lack of a single comprehensive measure creates a gap in knowledge. In particular, one single measure does not address the person’s spiritual health, psychiatric well-being, race, ethnicity, in addition to the already established criteria. Instead, most assessments focus on cognition, self-efficacy, and self-agency [ 41 , 43 , 52 ]. It would behoove an evaluator to assess the patient’s perspective of the positive or negative involvement of the medical provider. As such, an integrative model is needed.

Empirical referents within the nursing realm most frequently utilize instruments that measure self-care agency and self-care practice [ 48 , 71 , 72 ]. Specific pediatric instruments are also available [ 42 , 73 , 74 ]. Another example includes the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) scale, which measures self-care behaviors focusing on health promotion and preventative measures [ 75 ]. Becker and colleagues developed the Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices (SRAHP) scale to measure self-care and self-efficacy through the evaluation of a person’s performance in health-promoting behaviors [ 76 ]. Additionally, the Exercise of Self-Care Agency (ESCA) evaluates the person’s ability to care for oneself [ 77 ].

Even more standardized measures exist within the discipline of psychology, including the Self-care Behavior Inventory, Perception of Competence Scale, Flourishing Measure, Contributor to Distress Measure, and Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey [ [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] ]. Similar to the beforementioned instruments, these instruments assess self-determination, confidence, capability, competence, and engagement. Despite a plethora of instruments to measure self-care, a comprehensive and integrative instrument is not available.

5. Operational definition

The results of the literature search outlined the concept and its defining attributes. Consequently, self-care is further defined as the ability to care for oneself through awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to achieve, maintain, or promote optimal health and well-being. Three attributes were identified: awareness, self-control, and self-reliance. Self-efficacy, self-agency, a triggering event, access to adequate resources, and both cultural and social support preceded as the antecedents.

6. Discussion

As a major driver in the development of self-care knowledge, the growing costs of health care can be interpreted as an indication for need [ 83 ]. Nelson and colleagues predict self-care will evolve into the principal source of care. As chronic disease proliferates, the need for people to take more responsibility for being the principal provider of their own care will surge [ 53 ]. The pendulum, in turn, sways from the expensive, specialized care towards high-value self-care [ 53 ]. This will also transcend into the medical provider’s understanding of patient education as it is incorporated into their academic curriculum. Self-care interventions allow the individual the opportunity of making informed decisions about their health by having more choices of care which are more accessible and affordable [ 7 ]. Eventually, the driving force of shared decision-making, coproduction, and competent self-management will echo self-care methodology reinforced within patient education and instructions [ [84] , [85] , [86] ].

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vital role self-care interventions play in lessening the effects of disease and saving lives. Personal self-care behaviors such as wearing masks and social distancing, and healthcare systems transformations, for instance, the prioritization of self-care interventions with different patients have been an asset during lockdown periods [ 87 ]. The expansion of self-care is not exclusive to the current pandemic, but has been the focal point of healthcare systems worldwide, as evidenced by the development and expansion of self-care programs and policies regarding a variety of chronic and infectious diseases [ 88 , 89 ] and mental health [ 90 ]. Cultural health beliefs and values heavily influence lifestyle choices and health-promoting practices [ 91 ]; fatalism, collectivism, familism, gender roles and cultural norms have been known to play a critical role in dietary and medication adherence, and the use of alternative medicine [ 91 , 92 ]. Significant differences have been found in patients’ self-care regarding receiving an annual flue-shot, adhering to a low-sodium diet, or weighting themselves regularly by country and continent [ 88 ]. Thus, the relevance of a culture- and country-specific approach to understand self-care, and design effective, targeted interventions.

The synthesis of this information highlights the intricacy involved with self-care within the context of chronic disease, and it exemplifies its dynamic ability to transcend multiple disciplines. The findings suggest a multifaceted definition of self-care addressing a holistic view of the chronic disease patient within the present literature.

7. Conclusion

The analysis of self-care identified a clarified definition: the ability to care for oneself through awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to achieve, maintain, or promote optimal health and well-being. Chronic disease patients ultimately spend more time managing their conditions and providing self-care than they spend with their providers. Legitimizing this realization as an equal aspect of medical care within the context of chronic disease reinforces the importance of disseminating this information to both professional and lay audiences [ 1 ]. Self-care is an active decision-making process that enables people to effectively engage in their care.

This work was supported in part by the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation.

Ethical considerations

This concept analysis was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval; research did not involve human subjects.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Nicole Martínez: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Cynthia D. Connelly: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Alexa Pérez: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Patricia Calero: Methodology, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

A special thank you to Dr. Eileen Fry-Bowers, PhD, JD, RN, CPNP, FAAN for her research guidance and support in this study.

Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Nursing Association.

Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.08.007 .

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article:

Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice

The importance of self-care in graduate school

diaz

If you have made it to graduate school, you realize that the further you progress on your educational journey, the more the workload intensifies. As work becomes more time-consuming, you begin to engage in poorer habits to ensure deadlines are made and program requirements are met. Many of us have spent endless nights of working past our bedtime and overworking our brains and bodies. Although research tells us that self-care is important and that we must take care of ourselves to take care of others, we struggle to put in the time needed for ourselves in order to excel in school. The works of Carolyn Licht (2012), Marsha Linehan (1993), and Kristin Neff (2011a, 2011b, & 2013) all support that taking time for self-compassion, mindfulness and self-care increase productivity and positivity. Using their suggestions and recommendations, below are ways to help us all become better students, therapists, friends and colleagues by being more efficient in our studies and jobs.

  • Breaks are okay . Many of us work more than 12 hours a day trying to cram in school, work and home life. Taking time to eat the right foods, get sleep and exercise often moves off our to-do lists. This can leave us without energy, overweight and burned out. In turn, our work quality declines. You can increase self-care by taking short 1-minute mindfulness breaks throughout the day. During these times, focus on mindfulness exercises and living in the moment. Taking the time to do this helps clear, calm and refresh your mind. If you have trouble remembering, there are many apps and calendar reminders that can help you. One app that works great is called “Stop, Breathe, Think.” It will remind you to take a break and offer meditations to help increase mindfulness.
  • Set limits and goals for self-care . Schedule self-care times. If you like to exercise, put it into your calendar and make a commitment to yourself. Take a day off once a week to focus only on you. Keep track of your goals; bullet journaling is a great way to relax and keep track of your goals. Make sure you spend no less than an hour a day on you.
  • Remember your values . Although your imposter syndrome regularly kicks in, remember that the real you made it this far. Your values, whatever they may be, will be regularly challenged. Make sure to take the time to prioritize what is important to you. If helping others is important to you, make sure you are including this in your week. Staying true to ourselves can help keep us grounded in prioritizing tasks.
  • Acknowledge you are not alone . You are one of the few earning a higher degree. These can be very challenging, yet very fulfilling years. There will be many bumps along the way, and many things may not work out exactly how you planned. Although everyone’s graduate school experience is different, remember that you are not alone.

The journey to self-care is not easy. As Neff has said, it is important to treat ourselves the way that we would treat our best friend. Be mindful of how you are feeling and behaving. Forgive yourself and allow time to process what you need. Remind yourself to take breaks, set limits, focus on your goals, spend some time engaging in activities that make you feel good, revisit your values, and remember that you are not alone in this chaotic world that is called graduate school.

Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self compassion in clinical practice. Journal of clinical psychology, 69 , 856-867

Godfrey, C. M. (2011). Self-care: A clarification of meaning and examination of supportive strategies.

Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioural therapy treatment for borderline personality disorde r. New York, NY: Guilford.

Licht, C. A. (2012). Self-care in graduate school: Finding your optimal balance. In P. J. Giordano, S. F. Davis & C. A. Licht (Eds.), Your graduate training in psychology: Effective strategies for success; your graduate training in psychology: Effective strategies for success (pp. 101-113). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452240527.n11

Neff, K. D. (2011a). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and personality psychology compass, 5 (1), 1-12.

Neff, K. (2011b). Self-compassion: The proven power of being kind to yourself . New York, NY: William Morrow.

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