how to write a link in an essay

Find a Teacher
Currency ( RUB )
Site Language
50 linking words to use in academic writing

Fiona Oates

Academic Skills
Reading, writing and referencing
Writing effectively

Connecting ideas

How to connect ideas at the sentence and paragraph level in academic writing.

What is cohesion?

Cohesion refers to the way we use vocabulary and grammatical structures to make connections between the ideas within a text. It provides flow and sequence to your work and helps make your paragraphs clear for the reader.

Cohesive devices are words and expressions that show relationships between parts of text and ideas, such as cause and effect, time, addition, or comparison and contrast.

Watch the video to learn how to make your ideas link together and your narrative flow.

How can I create cohesion?

Let’s look at types of cohesive devices.

Linking words

Academic writing usually deals with complex ideas. To enable the reader to follow your thoughts, they need to be clearly and smoothly linked. To join ideas and sentences, we use a number of connecting words and phrases. For example:

Additionally, and, also, apart from this, as well (as), in addition, moreover, further, furthermore.

If, in that case, provided that, unless.

Correspondingly, equally, for the same reason, in a similar manner, in comparison, in the same way, on the one hand, similarly.

Alternatively, although, but, conversely, despite, even so, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, on the contrary, contrary to, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, rather, still, though, yet, whereas, while.

Again, in fact, interestingly, indeed, it should be noted (that), more important(ly), most importantly, to repeat, (un)fortunately, unquestionably.

A further instance of this is..., an example of this is…, for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows.

In other words, more simply, namely, simply put, to put it differently / another way, such as, that is.

A / the consequence of, because, due to, for, the effect of …, since, the result of …

Accordingly, as a result/consequence, consequently, for this reason, hence, so, therefore, thus.

Admittedly, although, clearly though, even though, however, indeed, obviously.

As a rule, for the most part, generally, in general, in most cases, normally, on the whole, usually.

First, second, third (etc), next, before, earlier, finally, following, given the above, later, meanwhile, subsequently, then, to conclude, while.

A note about presentation and style

Check a usage guide for exact rules for punctuation. Many introductory phrases have a comma after them. For example, 'therefore,' and 'in addition,'.

Referring backwards

To avoid repeating words and phrases many times, we use cohesive devices to make references to other parts of a text, such as:

Pronouns: it, he, she, his, her, they, their
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Articles: a, the
Adverbs: previously, subsequently

The Australian prime minister has called an early election. The date was selected to coincide with the start of the Olympic Games. This decision was based on the views of his ministerial advisors, who predicted that voter confidence in the government’s policies would be strong at this time . As previously mentioned , decisions on the timing of elections are based on predictions of voter confidence in the existing government.

In the example above:

The date - refers back to the election date
This decision - refers to the prime minister calling an early election
His - refers to the Australian prime minister
this time - refers to the start of the Olympic Games
As previously mentioned - refers to all of the earlier information about the selection of election dates

Looking forward

We often use words and phrases to highlight new information for the reader. This helps make a smooth transition from one point to another. Such phrases include: the following, as follows, below, next, subsequently .

The following dates have been proposed for the forthcoming election: September 8, September 15 and 3 October.

The next issue to be discussed is the influence of the media on voter confidence in the government.

Connecting paragraphs

Apart from using the linking words / phrases above, showing the link between paragraphs could involve writing ‘hand-holding’ sentences. These are sentences that link back to the ideas of the previous paragraph. For instance, when outlining the positive and negative issues about a topic you could use the following:

Example (from beginning of previous paragraph):

One of the main advantages of X is…

When you are ready to move your discussion to the negative issues, you could write one of the following as a paragraph opener:

Having considered the positive effects of X, negative issues may now need to be taken into account…
Despite the positive effects outlined above, negative issues also need to be considered...

It is always important to make paragraphs part of a coherent whole text; they must not remain isolated units.

Checking for paragraph links in your own work

When you are editing your next written assignment, ask yourself the following questions as you read through your work (Gillett, Hammond, & Martala, 2009):

Does the start of my paragraph give my reader enough information about what the paragraph will be about?
Does my paragraph add to or elaborate on a point made previously and, if so, have I made this explicit with an appropriate linking word / phrase?
Does my paragraph introduce a completely new point or a different viewpoint to before and, if so, have I explicitly shown this with a suitable connective?
Have I used similar connectives repeatedly? If yes, try to vary them using the above list.

Strategies to improve cohesion

Select a piece of writing, preferably from a textbook or journal article, from your area of study.
Choose a paragraph and underline or highlight all the different forms of cohesion used, such as using linking words, referring backwards, looking forwards or adding synonyms.
Which forms are the most common?
Choose a couple that you think are effective and practice using them in your own writing.
Try to use a variety of ways to show the relationship between your ideas.

Looking for one-on-one advice?

Get tailored advice from an Academic Skills Adviser by booking an Individual appointment, or get quick feedback from one of our Academic Writing Mentors via email through our Writing advice service.

Go to Student appointments

Linking Words – Full List, Examples

| Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

Worried that your essay lacks structure and coherence? Perhaps you should use linking words, transition words, or connectors to give it a boost.

Linking words join separate sentences to improve writing flow. You can also find them mid-sentence to connect clauses.

Read on as I show you the definition and types of linking words in English. I also list examples of linking words under every category, and I whipped up a helpful worksheet to test your skills.

What Are Linking Words?

Linking words, transition words, or connecting words in the English language help connect ideas and sentences when speaking or writing.

Linking words and phrases are connectors or transitional phrases. They are also part of formal language, so you’ll find them in academic writing, opinion writing, critical essays, dialectic essays , journalism, and business documents.

Some linking verbs link clauses within a sentence, such as although, in case, and whatever. That means you can find them in the middle of sentences from time to time. Others link two complete sentences, such as besides, as a result, and however.

List of Transition Words

Now that you know the meaning of transition words, let’s look at the usage of transition words in sentences and clauses. Don’t worry, I’ll break it all down for you!

Below, I’ve got a list of linking words and phrases to serve as alternative choices for connecting ideas in writing. Note that there are several types of transition words which we will discuss later.

Agreement/Addition/Similarity

Linking words may help the reader understand additional comments or ideas in a statement. They may also express agreement or similarities. These words are also called additive transition words, commonly found in expository essays and narrative essays.

In the first place
As a matter of fact
In like manner
In addition
Not only, but also
Coupled with
In the same way
In the same manner
First, second, third
Not to mention
In the light of
By the same token
Additionally
Correspondingly
Furthermore
Comparatively
At the same time
Together with
Identically

Here are some examples of additive linking words in a sentence.

The group found that a constructivist approach leads to higher test scores. Moreover, essay examinations show higher levels of learning.
The resort has tennis courts. Furthermore, it has an Olympic pool.

Negative Ideas

Some linking words come in pairs to join negative ideas.

Not, neither
Neither, nor

Here are sentence examples of linking words showing negative ideas.

I haven’t seen Lory, neither have I talked to her friend.
I neither drink nor smoke.

Opposition/Limitation/Contradiction

Whereas some linking words show an extra idea, these transition phrases and words express contrasting ideas in writing.

Although this may be true
In contrast
(and) still
Notwithstanding
Different from
Of course…, but
On the other hand
On the contrary
Be that as it may
Nonetheless
Even so/though
Nevertheless
In spite of

Here are some sentences with linking words of opposition.

The short story can be analyzed using a functionalist lens. However, its historical theme is better understood with a critical perspective.
As much as I want to go, I must take care of my sister.

Some linking words show relationships between ideas by accepting an idea with reservation instead of showing complete opposition. Here are some examples.

All the same
Regardless of this
Up to a point

Here are some sentence examples.

Many citizens opposed this unfair policy, which the president nevertheless enacted.
I like him even if we have different views in life.

Cause/Condition/Purpose

You may also use linking words in your writing piece to show conditions and purpose for a logical flow of ideas. Words like reason get the reader ready to understand why. These words are commonly found in hypothesis essays.

In the event that
Granted (that)
Provided that
On (the) condition (that)
For the purpose of
With this intention
With this in mind
In the hope that
Inasmuch as
To the end that
For fear that
In order to
Seeing/being that
The researchers used this method so that the results would be valid, reliable, and aligned with the objectives.
I will not be attending the seminar due to a high fever.

Examples/Support/Emphasis

You can also use transition words in your piece of writing that show examples or support of an idea.

In other words
To put it differently
For one thing
In particular
As an illustration
In this case
For example
For instance
For this reason
To put it another way
To demonstrate
That is to say
With attention to
By all means
To emphasize
To enumerate
Particularly
Significantly
Specifically
Surprisingly
Important to realize
Another key point
On the negative side
First thing to remember
Must be remembered
To point out
Point often overlooked
She visited several cities, namely Portland, Jacksonville, Charleston, and Hartford.
Transition words improve writing flow. For instance, we use further to add extra ideas related to the previous statement.

Effect/Consequence/Result

You might also spot transitional devices for essays that show consequences, results, and effects.

As a result
In that case
Under those circumstances
Accordingly
Consequently

Consider the examples below.

We watered the plant for seven days. In effect, it grew three inches taller.
Because she didn’t study for the test, Anna failed and had to retake it.

Conclusion/Summary/Restatement

These words and phrases show transitions between sentences to show conclusions. You’ll find these words in essay conclusions of different essay types.

In simple language
In explanation
In lay terms
In a nutshell
As can be seen
In simple terms
Generally speaking
All things considered
As shown above
In the final analysis
In the long run
In either case
Given these points
As has been noted
In any event
On the whole
By and large
For the most part
In conclusion
To summarize

Note that in lay terms and in explanation are formal alternative choices to “ in a nutshell.”

Here are some examples.

Matter is a material that occupies space and has mass. In simple language, it is any physical substance.
I don’t want to climb the corporate ladder. After all, money isn’t everything.

Time/Chronology/Sequence

Linking words’ other role in writing is to show sequence or chronology. Under the time category, these phrases add a meaning of time. You can find these words in an essay introduction when the writer explains how the paper is structured.

In due time
From time to time
At the present time
Sooner or later
Up to the present time
To begin with
Straightaway
In the meantime
In a moment
Without delay
All of a sudden
At this instant
First, second
By the time
Immediately
Occasionally
I watched the movie on television. Eventually, I fell asleep.
First, fill the pan with water. Then, bring it to a boil.

Space/Location/Place

The following transition words are famous adverbial expressions that limit or modify space. Some of these words and phrases are also transition words of time.

In the middle of
To the left/right
In front of
On this side
In the distance
In the foreground
In the background
In the center of
Adjacent to
Opposite to

Below are sentence examples using transition words of space.

My house is located behind the building.
To the left of the supermarket is a flower shop.

Common Mistakes With Transition Words

Transition words help you create a flow of arguments for readers to understand what you’re saying. But misused transition words and phrases will make your writing unclear. Avoid these mistakes to give your readers a better experience.

Starting a Sentence With So, And, and Also

Both so and and are coordinating conjunctions, which means they can start independent clauses that stand on their own. But it’s not recommended to use these words and also as sentence starters in formal writing. For example:

Incorrect: Also, there are unauthorized charges on my credit card account.
Correct: Furthermore, there are unauthorized charges on my credit card account.

Combination of Transition Words And/Or

When writing an essay, avoid English transition words and/or because it makes your paper look messy. Instead, consider whether you need both connectors or only one of them. If you need them both, try this alternative.

Incorrect: boat and/or plane.
Correct: boat, plane, or both.

Using As Well As as Alternative to And

As well as has a different meaning from the transition word and. And means you’re listing something of equal importance. Meanwhile, as well as is for additional, less essential information. Here’s an example.

Incorrect: In this paper, I discuss my movie analysis as well as provide recommendations for improvement.
Correct: In this paper, I discuss my movie analysis and provide recommendations for improvement.

Archaic Words

Your writing may not make any sense to readers if you overuse archaic transition words like therewith .

For example, hereby means as a result. We can replace it with more modern and explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement is connected to the previous statement.

Linking Words Summary

A linking word is a term that connects different ideas in your text, whether they are contrasting, supporting, or adding. They can improve your writing and help it flow better, I promise!

Regardless of the style of writing, every piece of writing contains linking words to show perfect transitions. I hope my guide on the definition and list of transitions helps you use these words and phrases correctly. Memorize each category, and don’t overuse them in essays.

Grammarist is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you.

Resources, information and exercises for international students and teachers of English and Mandarin Chinese.

Making links between paragraphs

It is important to provide links in your writing. When writing your sentences, try to link up one sentence with another. In the same way, when writing your paragraphs, try to link up one paragraph with another. This can take two forms: ending a paragraph with a sentence that leads forward to the next paragraph or starting the new paragraph in a way that links back to the previous paragraph.

Look at the passages above (Beauty, A basic truth, Marangu) and find the sentences that provide links with any subsequent paragraphs. When you’ve done that, look at the notes below.

In these paragraphs, the last line of each paragraph leads into the following paragraph.

However, for me, beauty does not reside in music alone. (And my next paragraph will develop this idea and explain what else exemplifies beauty for me.)

However, despite the prevalence of these attitudes, change is on the way. (And in my next paragraph I will outline about these changes.)

It brings back some striking memories. (And in my next paragraph, I will describe some of about these memories.)

One further way of making links between paragraphs is to repeat certain key words and phrases, or near equivalents, in closely related paragraphs. This ensures a strong feeling of continuity from one idea to the next. In the example below, the key words and phrases have been circled and then linked with lines to show the connections that exist between one paragraph and the preceding and following paragraphs. Notice how the writer provides the reader with links, making it easier to follow the train of the argument.

The doctors of the law, those who developed and preserved the consensus of the community, were the nearest equivalent to a teaching authority in Sunni Islam, and it was essential for them to make sure that the understanding of fiqh and of its bases was fully transmitted from one generation to another.

From an early time there seems to have been a formal procedure for the transmission of religious learning. In mosques, and especially in the large congregational ones, circles of students would group themselves around a teacher sitting against a pillar and expounding a subject through reading and commentating upon a book. From at least the eleventh century, however , there grew up a kind of institution devoted largely to legal learning, the madrasa : its origin is often ascribed to Nizam al-Mulk, the wazir of the first Saljuq ruler of Baghdad, but in fact goes back to an earlier time. The madrasa was a school, often although not always attached to a mosque; it included a place of residence for students. It was established as a waqf by an individual donor; this gave it an endowment and ensured its permanence, since property of which the income was devoted to a pious or charitable purpose could not be alienated.

Some institutions were established for the teaching of the Koran or Hadith, but the main purpose of most of them was the study and teaching of fiqh. To take an example : the Tankiziyya madrasa in Jerusalem, endowed during the Mamluk period, had four halls, opening off a central courtyard, one each for the teaching of Hadith, Hanafi law and Sufism, while the fourth was a mosque.

Signposting

‘Signposts’ are found in good academic essays and they will also help the reader to understand the writing more easily. They help to link what has already been said with what is about to be discussed.

Some of the words that we have already considered can be used as signposts. For example consequently, however, similarly, moreover, in contrast and so on. Look at the example above; the signpost words are shown in bold. In addition to these words, we can also use expressions like these:

This programme …
Despite these difficulties …
These suggestions …
However, in the modern world …
In the next section, …

In each case we are making reference to a point already mentioned, or we are indicating that we about to consider something new. For example, our signposts can look backwards at a point already raised:

This suggestion …
These ideas …
This brief outline suggests …
Such proposals …

Similarly, our signposts can look forwards towards issues that will be raised in the next section or in the near future:

In this section, I will …
My next chapter will consider why …
A recent study suggests …
One important recent finding indicates that …
Some signposts look in both directions at the same time!
Despite these reports, other writers have proposed …
In spite of these findings, teachers believe …
This view has been rejected by some authors who claim that …
In contrast, a recent article …

Look at these passages and underline any ‘signposts’. Do they look forwards, backwards or in both directions?

Despite this difficulty, many theories have been proposed to explain these results, but the evidence has proved to be elusive. However, this does not mean that the theories can be discounted. The following chapter will explore the evidence in more detail.

In the last chapter, we examined the link between foreign direct investment and social development. In this chapter, I would like to explore the differences between this form of investment and local investment. The first section will consider the factors that encourage and discourage local investment. These factors will then be analysed in the light of recent developments in China.

Are these theories supported by data? The evidence, unfortunately, is inconclusive. Despite exhaustive studies, no positive identification has ever been made. This has proved to be the most difficult problem of all. However, quite recently, a new method of collecting the data has been proposed. This method relies on sub-sectional analysis, which has not been adopted before. This form of analysis has some interesting features. Firstly, …

Notes on the Task

Despite this difficulty [this looks backwards] many theories have been proposed to explain these results, [this looks backwards] but the evidence has proved to be elusive.

However, this does not mean… – this looks backwards.

…that the theories can be discounted.

The following chapter will explore the evidence in more detail. – this looks forwards.

In the last chapter, we examined [this looks backwards] the link between foreign direct investment and social development. In this chapter, I would like to explore [this looks forwards] the differences between this form of investment and local investment. The first section will consider [ this looks forwards] the factors that encourage and discourage local investment. These factors will then be analysed [this looks forwards] in the light of recent developments in China.

Are these theories supported by data ? [this looks backwards] The evidence, unfortunately, is inconclusive. Despite exhaustive studies, no positive identification has ever been made. This has proved [this points backwards] to be the most difficult problem of all. However, quite recently, a new method of collecting the data has been proposed. This method [this looks backwards] relies on sub-sectional analysis which has not been adopted before. This form of analysis has some interesting features. [this looks forwards] Firstly, …

Academic Advisory Board

Meet the board.

Social responsibility
Meet the team
Join the team

How to structure paragraphs using the PEEL method

Sophia Gardner

Sep 1, 2023

You may have heard of the acronym PEEL for essays, but what exactly does it mean? And how can it help you? We’re here to explain it all, plus give you some tips on how to nail your next essay.

There’s certainly an art to writing essays. If you haven’t written one for a while, or if you would like to hone your academic writing skills, the PEEL paragraph method is an easy way to get your point across in a clear and concise way, that is easily digestible to the reader.

So, what exactly is PEEL ?

The PEEL paragraph method is a technique used in writing to help structure paragraphs in a way that presents a single clear and focused argument, which links back to the essay topic or thesis statement.

It’s good practice to dedicate each paragraph to one aspect of your argument, and the PEEL structure simplifies this for you.

It allows you to create a paragraph that is easy and accessible for others to understand. Remember, when you’re writing something, it’s not just you who is reading it - you need to consider the reader and how they are going to be digesting this new information.

What does PEEL stand for?

P = Point: start your paragraph with a clear topic sentence that establishes what your paragraph is going to be about. Your point should support your essay argument or thesis statement.

E = Evidence/Example: here you should use a piece of evidence or an example that helps to reaffirm your initial point and develop the argument.

E = Explain: next you need to explain exactly how your evidence/example supports your point, giving further information to ensure that your reader understands its relevance.

L = Link: to finish the paragraph off, you need to link the point you’ve just made back to your essay question, topic, or thesis.

Download a free PEEL paragraph planner below. 👇

Studiosity English specialist Ellen, says says students often underestimate the importance of a well-structured paragraph.

PEEL in practice

Here’s an example of what you might include in a PEEL structured paragraph:

Topic: Should infants be given iPads? Thesis/argument: Infants should not be given iPads.

Point : Infants should not be given iPads, because studies show children under two can face developmental delays if they are exposed to too much screen time.

Evidence/Example: A recent paediatric study showed that infants who are exposed to too much screen time may experience delays in speech development.

Explanation: The reason infants are facing these delays is because screen time is replacing other key developmental activities.

Link: The evidence suggests that infants who have a lot of screen time experience negative consequences in their speech development, and therefore they should not be exposed to iPads at such a young age.

Once you’ve written your PEEL paragraph, do a checklist to ensure you have covered off all four elements of the PEEL structure. Your point should be a clear introduction to the argument you are making in this paragraph; your example or evidence should be strong and relevant (ask yourself, have you chosen the best example?); your explanation should be demonstrate why your evidence is important and how it conveys meaning; and your link should summarise the point you’ve just made and link back to the broader essay argument or topic.

Keep your paragraphs clear, focused, and not too long. If you find your paragraphs are getting lengthy, take a look at how you could split them into multiple paragraphs, and ensure you’re creating a new paragraph for each new idea you introduce to the essay.

Finally, it’s important to always proofread your paragraph. Read it once, twice, and then read it again. Check your paragraph for spelling, grammar, language and sentence flow. A good way to do this is to read it aloud to yourself, and if it sounds clunky or unclear, consider rewriting it.

That’s it! We hope this helps explain the PEEL method and how it can help you with your next essay. 😊

You might also like: Proofreading vs editing: what's the difference? How to get easy marks in an exam 5 study hacks that actually work

Topics: English , Writing , Grammar

About Studiosity

Asking for feedback on your work is an essential part of learning. So when you want to better understand a concept or check you're on the right track, we're here for you.

Find out if you have free access through your institution here .

ABN 41 114 279 668

Student zone, assignment calculator, calendars and organisers, study survival guides, free practice tests, student faqs, download our mobile app, student sign in, success stories.

Student Reviews & Testimonials

Specialist Sign In

Meet our specialists

Meet the team, media and research, student reviews.

Contact • FAQ • Privacy • Accessibility • Acceptable Use • Terms of Use AI-for-Learning Polic y • Academic Integrity Policy

Supporting writers since 1790

Essay Guide

Our comprehensive guide to the stages of the essay development process. Back to Student Resources

Display Menu

Writing essays
Essay writing
Being a writer
Thinking critically, thinking clearly
Speaking vs. Writing
Why are you writing?
How much is that degree in the window?
Academic writing
Academic writing: key features
Personal or impersonal?
What tutors want – 1
What tutors want – 2
Be prepared to be flexible
Understanding what they want – again
Basic definitions
Different varieties of essay, different kinds of writing
Look, it’s my favourite word!
Close encounters of the word kind
Starting to answer the question: brainstorming
Starting to answer the question: after the storm
Other ways of getting started
How not to read
You, the reader
Choosing your reading
How to read: SQ3R
How to read: other techniques
Reading around the subject
Taking notes
What planning and structure mean and why you need them
Introductions: what they do
Main bodies: what they do
Conclusions: what they do

Paragraphs – what should they look like?

In the section on sentences, I suggested that you can also learn a lot about the length of sentences simply by being aware of what you are doing when you are writing. You can do the same with paragraphs. Have a look at your most recent essay. Do your paragraphs have wildly differing lengths – sometimes a few lines, sometimes nearly a whole page? Or are they all about the same length? If you answered ‘yes’ to the second question then you are well on your way to writing good, clear essays.

A good average length for a paragraph is somewhere between 150 – 250 or between a third and two thirds of a double-spaced A4 page. Have a look at paragraphs in books and journals to get a better sense of good paragraph length. A paragraph that is longer than this suggested length gets harder and harder to follow. A paragraph that is shorter looks scrappy, more like a note than part of a coherent, developing argument.

This does not mean that all paragraphs should be exactly the same length but it’s a good rule to follow when you first start writing essays.

Paragraphs – what should be in them?

Each paragraph should represent a new stage in the argument and structure of your essay. A good way to think about the content of paragraphs is the ‘Rubin method’ which says that paragraphs should contain a subject or topic and a series of statements that make clear what the writer thinks is important or pertinent about the subject or topic.

Some people find it useful to think about each paragraph of the essay as a separate component which gets linked with all the others later. Other people find it easy to move from one paragraph to the next.

Some things paragraphs can do

Divide writing into easily manageable sections.
Signal a change of direction in an argument: “However, when we apply Professor X’s model to the recent performance of Marks & Spencer we can see…”
Signal the introduction of a new idea.
Be containers for separate points in your argument.
Summarise what’s been said so far before moving on to the next stage of an argument.

Paragraph links

Now you’ve written clear sentences and arranged them into clear paragraphs you need to make your essay flow smoothly. You make this happen by linking everything together. Here’s an example from a book about Chinese business practices:

…By using family titles to name their colleagues, Chinese employees shape their business relations in terms of the well-known conventions and roles of the family and social structure. Interaction between employers and employees also finds a basis in family-centered codes of behaviour.

Our example shows the end of one paragraph and the beginning of another. The author’s main point is the way that family relations are the basis for all Chinese social relations, including those in the workplace. The end of the first paragraph sums up the way that Chinese workers interact. The beginning of the second paragraph starts by talking about the way that Chinese employers and their workers interact.

Read the example carefully and you will see that the beginning of the second paragraph mirrors and repeats words from the end of the first one. The words ‘employees’ and ‘family’ appear in both paragraphs. The word ‘interaction’ mirrors the word ‘relations’. The phrases ‘shape their business relations in terms of’ and ‘finds a basis in’ say similar things. The author keeps his main point – all relations are modelled on family relations – in front of the reader and then works through different examples of it.

When you read, see if you can spot when an author is linking things together in this way – it will help your own writing.

Link words and phrases

Here are some link words and phrases that often appear at the beginning of a paragraph:

Look at these phrases carefully: they all introduce a new beginning while referring to what has gone before. Remember: link words and phrases work in both directions, backwards and forwards.

Of course, you can also use link words and phrases in the middle of a paragraph to start a new sentence. However, make sure you don’t over-use words such as ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’, ‘additionally’, ‘nonetheless’ and ‘similarly’ to start either new paragraphs or new sentences.

Another way to understand how link words and phrases work is to take a passage from a book and remove all words that seem to be superfluous to the argument.

Here is an example from Linda Hutcheon’s book A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction . Hutcheon is criticising an article by another critic Terry Eagleton. Here is the passage as it appears in the book:

In fact, much of what is offered here is repeated in other theorizing on postmodernism. Like many before him (both defenders and detractors), Eagleton separates theory and practice, choosing to argue primarily in abstract theoretical terms and almost seeming to avoid mention of exactly what kind of aesthetic practice is actually being talked about. This strategy, however clever and certainly convenient, leads only to endless confusion.

Now here’s the same passage with everything superfluous removed:

Much offered here is repeated in other theorizing on postmodernism. Like many, both defenders and detractors, Eagleton separates theory and practice, choosing to argue in abstract theoretical terms and almost seeming to avoid mention of what aesthetic practice is being talked about. This strategy, clever and convenient, leads to endless confusion.

Read the two passages aloud and listen to how different they sound. In Linda Hutcheon’s original paragraph, we get a sense of a real person talking to us and trying to persuade us of her point of view. In my edited version, over a third of the passage has disappeared and the passage now reads like a collection of notes. It sounds like a robot talking. The sense of a real person talking to us has disappeared. Crucially, it’s now unclear what Hutcheon is saying about Terry Eagleton’s article. Does she agree or disagree? Does she find it helpful or unhelpful. In the edited version, the conclusion is still that Eagleton’s methodology “leads to endless confusion” but it is unclear whether Hutcheon approves, disapproves or is just giving an objective description.

Take a section from a book or journal article and try the experiment for yourself. It will help you in two ways. First, it will help you to recognise link words and phrases. Second, it will help you to understand how writers ensure that their writing has a particular effect on the reader. Understanding that will, in turn, help you achieve the effects you want in your own writing.

Useful Linking Words and Phrases to Use in Your Essays

By: Author Sophia

Posted on Last updated: October 26, 2023

Sharing is caring!

Linking words and phrases are used to show relationships between ideas. They can be used to join two or more sentences or clauses.

We can use linking words to give a result , add information , summarize , give illustrations , emphasize a point , sequence information , compare or to contrast idea .

Useful Linking Words and Phrases

In this article, you will learn about the most common linking words and phrases:

Giving a Result

Usage : To provide the result of what has been stated or has occurred

Linking W ords :

As a result
As a consequence
Consequently
For this reason
His wife left him. As a result , he became very depressed.
She has lived in France, and as a consequence she speaks French fluently.
We do not have enough money. T herefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.
We do not own the building. Thus , it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.
There has been a great deal of rain and consequently the reservoirs are full.
The customer was displeased with her meal, hence the chef prepared a replacement.
For this reason , they are not a good choice for exterior use.
Due to a broken wing, this bird can’t fly.

Adding Information

Usage : To add to what has been previously stated

Linking Words:

Additionally / an additional
Furthermore
As well as that
In addition
In addition to this
Apart from this
Additionally , the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours.
He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore , he had not even contacted her.
We are unable to repair this watch. Also , this is the fourth time this has happened.
I love wearing earrings. I design and make them too .
We went to the park today. As well as that , we did some shopping.
Along with parties and parliaments, elections have lost their charm.
I can’t afford to go to the concert. Besides , I don’t really like classical music.
You haven’t paid the rent yet. In addition , you owe me money.
The report is badly presented. Moreover , it contains inaccuracies.
John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this , his relationship to his parents got worse.
Apart from this paragraph, the report contains a number of sensible initiatives.

Summarizing

Usage : To sump up what has been previously stated

Linking words :

In conclusion
To summarize
To conclude
In conclusion , walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.
To summarize , this is a clever approach to a common problem.
The food was good and we loved the music. Altogether it was a great evening.
His novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short , old-fashioned.
To sum up , there are three main ways of tackling the problem…
In summary , this was a disappointing performance.
Briefly , our team is now one of the best in the world.
To conclude , I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.

Giving Examples

Usage : To provide examples

Linking words:

For example/ For instance
In this case
Proof of this
There are many interesting places to visit in the city, for example / for instance , the botanical garden or the art museum.
I prefer to wear casual clothes, such as jeans and a sweatshirt.
Including Christmas Day and Boxing Day, I’ve got a week off work.
We need to concentrate on our target audience, namely women aged between 20 and 30.
I think I would have made a difference in this case .
This building are a living proof of this existence, so we must preserve it.
I also make other jewellery like rings and bracelets.

Emphasizing a Point

Usage : To put forward a point or idea more forcefully

Undoubtedly
Particularly / in particular
Importantly
Without a doubt
It should be noted
Unquestionably
Undoubtedly , the story itself is one of the main attractions.
I don’t mind at all. Indeed , I would be delighted to help.
Obviously , we don’t want to spend too much money.
I love silver earrings, in particular ones from Mexico
The car is quite small, especially if you have children.
Clearly , this will cost a lot more than we realized.
More importantly , can he be trusted?
He’s an absolutely brilliant cook.
I definitely remember sending the letter.
We still believe we can win this series without a doubt .
I’m neve r surprised at what I do.
It should be noted that if you have something to note, then note it
Unquestionably , teaching has been a paramount part of his career.
Above all , this forest is designed for wear and tear.
This is positively the worst thing that I can even imagine.

Sequencing Ideas

Usage : To indicate the order of what is being said

First/ firstly (Second/ secondly, Third/ thirdly, Finally)
At this time
Subsequently
Lastly and most importantly
Last but not least
First and foremost
Firstly , I prefer the train because I can see the landscape.
At this time , the young man leapt into the air and flew off towards sunset.
They arrived on Monday evening and we got there the following day.
I had visited them three days previously .
Your name is before mine on the list.
Subsequently , new guidelines were issued to all employees.
Above all , keep in touch.
Lastly, and most importantly , you should be optimistic.
Last but not least , I find I seriously cannot relate to women.
We will continue to focus on our players first and foremost .

Comparing Ideas

Usage: To show how things are similar

Compare / compare(d) to(with)
By the same token
In the same way
Correspondingly
Similarly , the basketball and hockey games draw nearly full attendance.
Equally , not all customers are honest.
Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.
She’s just as smart as her sister.
Working with housecats is just like working with lions or tigers.
Some people say I have a running style similar to him.
Having a power is not the same as using the power.
He gets the ball off quickly compared to two years ago.
Teenagers should be more respectful; by the same token , parents should be more understanding.
Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the same way/similarly/likewise ,his son adores funny stories.
Correspondingly , the roles each of them played were soon different.

Contrasting Ideas

Usage : To show how things are different

Nevertheless
On the other hand
Nonetheless
Despite / in spite of
In contrast (to)
Alternatively
Differing from
Contrary to
Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install.
There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless , it is important that we try.
Laptops are convenient; O n the other hand , they can be expensive.
The problems are not serious. Nonetheless , we shall need to tackle them soon.
Despite/ In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.
In contrast to the diligent bee, the butterfly flies hither and yon with no apparent purpose.
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively , you can organize your own transport.
Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/conversely , Southern Europe had poor weather.
Even so , many old friends were shocked at the announcement.
Differing from his white colleagues, he preferred instructing his scholars to the ambition of acquiring personal renown.
The situation in Ireland is quite contrary to this principle.

Linking Words for Essays | Images

Below is a handy list of words that are both useful and appropriate to academic language:

Other linking words to give an example or an illustration:

In this case,
In another case
Take the case of
To illustrate
As an
Illustration
To take another example
That is
As shown by
As illustrated by
As expressed by

Recent Posts
Plural of Process in the English Grammar - October 3, 2023
Best Kahoot Names: Get Creative with These Fun Ideas! - October 2, 2023
List of Homophones for English Learners - September 30, 2023

Linking Words and Phrases: Reasons and Results
Useful Words and Phrases to Use as Sentence Starters to Write Better Essays
Popular Linking Words and Transitional Phrases in English
Transition Words You Need to Know to Master English Writing

Sunday 26th of November 2023

Must say extremely helpful . Stranded as I was nd I found this .theeeee best 10 /10

Momovi Burain

Thursday 10th of November 2022

Very very educational

Sunday 16th of October 2022

what the dog doing

Tuesday 23rd of August 2022

good website with good information

Friday 21st of January 2022

dijah said it is goooooooooooooooooood

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.

The Ultimate List of Linking Words for Your Essay

Let’s face it: You can’t write an essay (or any other writing piece) without linking words.

Also known as connecting words or transition words, they serve to make your writing flow and help those reading your work follow the flow of your thoughts, ideas , and arguments .

This post is your guide to linking words and their role in writing. Not only will you learn the types of these words, examples, and reasons to use them, but you’ll also get a massive list of transition words and phrases as well as linking words PDF to download and use whenever necessary.

Table of Contents:

What are Linking Words?

Why use transition words in essays, linking words examples, addition/agreement/similarity, contrast/contradiction/limitation/opposition, comparison/concession/condition, clarification, cause/effect/result, emphasis/example, generalization, illustration, location/place/space, reason/reference, time/sequence, summary/conclusion/restatement.

The Ultimate List of Linking Words: Download

Linking words are lexical items (words and phrases) we use to connect ideas in writing and get a reader to the next sentence or paragraph.

They aren’t about essay writing only:

Whether you write a fiction book, marketing content , academic works, autobiography , or poems, you’ll need to connect ideas. That’s what transition words do:

They link your thoughts and arguments into a chain to show how they relate to each other. Also known as transition words, these phrases often start a sentence or a paragraph. However, you’ll also use them in the middle of sentences to bring ideas together.

The most common places for linking words in essays are:

the start of a paragraph
the start of a sentence introducing a new idea or extending an argument
the beginning of a concluding statement

Essay linking words is an integral part of academic writing. Put it simply, you can’t write a paper without using them; otherwise, your writing won’t make any sense for readers.

Transition words for essay serve to:

connect ideas in writing
create a flow of thoughts and arguments for readers to understand what you want to say
guide readers from one idea to another, demonstrating how they relate to each other
hook readers and encourage them to read the next sentence or paragraph
add more information
support or contrast a point
show the result, conclude, demonstrate an effect of this or that point

Using essay maker and connecting words, each sentence and paragraph must pass readers on to the next one. These connecting words serve as an instrument to guide readers from one thought or point to the next.

Linking words examples are many, and it’s clear why: every piece of writing contains tons of connecting and transition words. Let’s take an essay sample from Bid4Papers writers to see the example of linking words in academic writing:

This one was an essay introduction .

Now, why not take a step further and look for essay linking words in essay conclusions ?

Types and List of Linking Words to Use in Essays

Below you’ll find the ultimate list of transition words for essays by categories. Choose the role you need a word to play (reason, contrast, emphasis, restatement, etc.) and consider the corresponding table of transitions.

If you need the whole transition words list in one place, jump to the next category of this post to find the downloadable linking words pdf.

And now, for connecting words categories:

These words serve to add info to what you’ve previously stated, demonstrate the commonality between arguments, and support your thoughts.

in the first place

again

moreover

in like manner

also

of course

in the same fashion/way

identically

correspondingly

not to mention

additionally

just as… so too

apart from this

last

not only … but also

as well as

in addition

then

likewise

first, second, third

uniquely

similarly

to say nothing of

too

along with

further

moreover

as a matter of fact

and

together with

coupled with

equally

comparatively

in the light of

furthermore

by the same token

besides

coupled with

not to mention

Linking words for contrast is your instrument to show how things are different and provide counterarguments. They work best in persuasive and critical essays.

however

nevertheless

nonetheless

in contrast/in comparison

while

whereas

conversely

differing from

even so

although this may be true

otherwise

albeit

besides

be that as it may

still

although / even though

though

on the other hand

on the contrary

alternatively

in opposition

instead

nor

different from

at the same time

even though

then again

regardless

but

yet

despite / in spite of

as opposed to

contrarily

contrary to

rather

though

unlike

of course …, but

albeit

above all

in reality

after all

These lexical items will help you if you need to provide conditions to your statements, show how things are different/similar, or accept a point with reservation.

similarly

likewise

also

compare(d) to / with

not only…but also

alike

equally

in a similar manner

in common

still another

although this may be true

on the condition that

only if

admittedly

all the same

even though

however

despite

just as

just like

as with

both

by the same token

in like manner

in the same way

because of

even if

given that

since

then

unless

although

and still

and yet

nevertheless

nonetheless

similar to

same as

compare

correspondingly

either

equal

most important

resembles

similarly

granted that

in that case

when

whenever

while

be that as it may

even if

even so

up to a point

These words will help you with personal or narrative essays: They are linking words in opinion writing that indicates you’re going to explore ideas in more detail.

Expository essays will win with these words too.

I mean

in explanation

in lay terms

to clearly define

to explain

in other words

in simple terms

simply put

to put it clearly

to put it in another way

simply stated

that is to say

to break it down

to simplify

to make plain

Cause and effect connecting words do what their name says exactly: demonstrating a cause of some point and providing the result of what has been done or started.

in case

granted (that) … then

for the purpose of

when

so that

in the hope that

while

due to

in view of

while

lest

hence

provided that

as/so long as

unless

with this intention

whenever

so as to

to the end that

for fear that

because of

as a result

as a consequence (of)

for this reason

thereupon

given that

on (the) condition (that)

only/even if

with this in mind

since

owing to

inasmuch as

in order to

as seeing / being that

therefore

thus

consequently

forthwith

then

These words are for putting forward your point more forcefully, providing examples.

undoubtedly

indeed

obviously

for instance

that is (i.e.)

such as

chiefly

clearly

definitely

it should be noted

naturally

never

to repeat

on the negative side

significantly

on the positives side

to enumerate

another key point

first thing to remember

to emphasize

to put it another way

truly

generally

admittedly

in fact

including

namely

specifically

especially

even

importantly

obviously

of course

particularly / in particular

truly

with this in mind

point often overlooked

frequently

to explain

by all means

surely

in this case

to demonstrate

for this reason

particularly / in particular

especially

for example

to illustrate

above all

absolutely

in detail

in truth

indeed

positively

surprisingly

to clarify

with attention

without a doubt

specifically

most compelling evidence

expressively

that is to say

with attention to

certainly

for one thing

as an illustration

to be sure

Perfect transition words for hypothesis essays , generalization lexical items serve to make a general statement you’ll then specify and prove in detail.

as a rule

broadly speaking

commonly

mostly

normally

often

for the most part

generally speaking

in general/ generally

predominately

regularly

typically

in most cases

mainly

more often than not

on the whole

overall

These words and phrases are for you to provide examples in essays.

as an example of

for example/ for instance

for one thing

namely

on this occasion

illustrated by

in another case

in the case of

proof of this

specifically

such as

in this case

in this situation

including

to demonstrate

to clarify

to simplify

Use these words to provide order and reference or clarify spatial relationships between your points or ideas.

in the middle

here

further

on this side

where

wherever

in the foreground

near

alongside

down

beneath

adjacent to

underneath

around

to the left/right

there

beyond

in the distance

from

around

in the background

above

beside

opposite to

under

surrounding

at the rear

in front of

nearby

here and there

over

before

in the center of

below

among

behind

between

across

on top/on bottom

adjacent

These transitional words will help you demonstrate relationships between ideas and provide reasons for what and why has started or occurred.

because of

for the purpose of

given that

seeing that

so that

with this in mind

as applied to

as far as

concerning

the fact that

granted that

in fact

in order to

with this intention

with this purpose

for

considering

in connection to

in terms

with regards to

in view of

owing to

provided that

because

since

regarding

speaking about/of

with respect to

examples of these might be:

Use these words in your essay when you need to indicate the time and order of what you say.

at the present time

after

henceforth

at the same time

until

meanwhile

in due time

then

first, second

as long as

forthwith

in the meantime

by the time

in the first place

formerly

instantly

quickly

from time to time

later

whenever

up to the present time

till

further

until now

before

in time

when

straight away

in a moment

whenever

all of a sudden

now

suddenly

presently

finally

sooner or later

last

eventually

to begin with

since

during

as soon as

hence

prior to

once

without delay

about

at this instant

now that

immediately

shortly

occasionally

another

Restatement words will help you express an alternative to what you previously stated. They work for all essay types, including rhetorical precis and dialectic essays .

Use summary and conclusion transitional phrases to sum up your points and come up with the final paragraph of your writing.

as can be seen

after all

overall

all things considered

in conclusion

by and large

given these points

in essence

in any event

for the most part

altogether

as noted

therefore

generally speaking

in fact

ordinarily

as shown above

in short

to sum up

as has been noted

to summarize

in either case

in the end

as you can see

to conclude

in the final analysis

in summary

usually

in the long run

in brief

on the whole

in a word

on balance

all in all

in the final analysis

finally

given these points

ultimately

The Ultimate List of Connecting Words: Download

And now, for the most interesting and practical part:

Below you can find the linking words worksheet that gathers all the most commonly used transitional words in essays. Feel free to download this linking words PDF and refer to it every time you write an essay and experience writer’s block:

Do you need more guides and worksheets like this to assist you with academic writing? Please share your ideas in the comments, and our writers will be happy to help!

Harvard Referencing Style: A Comprehensive Guide
What Is the Difference between Primary and Secondary Sources
Common Types of Plagiarism with Examples

Our Writing Guides

Have your assignments done by seasoned writers. 24/7
Contact us:
+1 (213) 221-0069
[email protected]

Linking Words for Essay Writing: Useful Paragraph Phrases

Importance of Linking Words in Essay Writing

An essay is an important piece of writing when a student is seeking college admission. It needs to have a clear flow so that the readability is perfect. Rightly so, the sentences you construct need to flow and lead to each other seamlessly.

Linking or transition words come in handy to make your essay have comprehensible sentences. The words act as the ideal connectors and bridges that eliminate sentence isolation.

Factually, both writing and speaking need linking words that will help the audience form a clear relationship between ideas. Listeners and readers are able to comprehend responses when the right linking words are in place.

What are Linking Words in Essay Writing?

Linking words are the uniformity basis of an essay. When these words are in an essay, they showcase a connection between sentences. As usual, a typical essay consists of different sections and paragraphs.

If there are no transition words, the sentences will appear incoherent and messy. The use of linking words clearly show the relationship existing between all sections and paragraphs in an essay.

When writing your essay, make use of linking words as a bridge between the concepts you are writing and ideas in your essay. The readers will enjoy a cohesive piece of essay with texts that are flowing smoothly.

The assessment team has a lot of essays to read and you can make their work easy by using your linking words appropriately. If this is not the case, your professor will have to go through a lot of stress in trying to understand your essay.

Basically, if you want to impress your readers and consequently improve your scores, practice the best linking words skills.

People Also Read: A Guide for Buying a College Essay: Without Being Caught

Reasons for Using Linking Words in Essay Writing

Only proper usage of linking words will help you come up with a compelling essay. After toiling to conduct research for your essay, improper structure of sentences will make your efforts go to waste.

Good students endeavor and strive to create an appealing and expressive essay. A thorough use of the right linking words will make your presentation and persuasion of ideas flow perfectly.

Linking words are very crucial in any type of essay . If you do not want your texts to appear clucky, transition words ought to be in place.

Here are more reasons why you need linking words in your essay:

1. Flow of Order and Sequence

An essay needs flow of texts, ideas and thoughts otherwise it will lose its quality. Therefore, writers need to make huge efforts and use the right linking words that will bring a sequence of order in the essay.

Such words include next, then, firstly, secondly, afterwards, finally and afterwards. Other transition words to use include concurrently, at the same time, earlier, first of all, following this and for now.

A good sequence order in your essay is also enhanced when you use words such as lastly, in the end, in the beginning or once upon a time.

2. Showcasing Comparison

There are essays that will require the writer to show comparison. Linking words play an important role in contrast and argumentative essays .

If you need to bring out comparison clearly, consider the use of words such as similarly, equally, comparable, in the same time and likewise.

Apart from same as, other words or phrases to use include just like, just as and comparably.

3. Contrasting

Transition words are the best when you want to bring out contrast in a sentence. In most of the cases, place then at the beginning or in the middle of your sentence to create the right contrast.

However, despite this, yet, whereas and alternatively are some of the words you can use.

4. Illustration of Examples

There are places in your essay where you will have to give examples. Obviously, most essays will need illustration of evidence with the use of linking words.

Giving examples without these words will make your text to sound blunt.

Linking words such as for instance, in the case of, and for instance will make it easy to introduce your examples.

5. Including Additions

You will also need to use linking words when putting additions in your essays. These words will ensure that you have added a txt with the correct meaning to your essay.

Furthermore, also, secondly, in addition and moreover are some of the linking words to use.

6. Introduction of Cause and Effects

Cause and effects in an essay can help the writer draw a sensible conclusion. In essence, it helps to bring about good connection of the essay when a conclusion is being added. Therefore, the relationship between cause and effect is better shown using the right linking words.

Owing to, thus, since, as a result of and because are some of the transition words you can use. Other words to use include stems from, leads to, results from, for this reason etc.

7. For Conclusion Purposes

Starting an impressive essay can only be better if the conclusion is attractive. It is good to bring about the conclusion using appropriate linking words that are not common.

You can conclude your essay using words such as finally, in conclusion, summarizing, in summary and briefly.

As a writer, you need to bear in mind that adjusting and positioning these words is a must if you are to impress your readers.

People Also Read: SAT Essay Cancellation: Before College Registration Process

Dos of Using Linking Words

Adjust and position your linking words properly otherwise the reader will not be impressed.
Do mix up the linking words you use. Using one word several times can be very annoying to the reader. Since the transition phrases are many, mix them up in your essay to avoid repetition.
Be accurate in using these words when connecting your ideas in an essay. Know the difference between these phrases to understand the meaning correctly.
You can use these words when you want to accentuate a point. In other words, use them to stress something important in your writing.

30 Examples of Linking Words for Essay Writing

On the flipside
On the contrary
By and large
As a consequence of
In conclusion
Following this
At this point of time
In the same way
As an example
In other words
To put it differently
Under the circumstances
That is to say
With this intention
Subsequently
In order to
Of less importance
What’s more
Furthermore
Alternatively
In spite of
To illustrate
To demonstrate
In the middle of
For the avoidance of doubt

People Also Read: How to write an Informal Essay: All you need to know

Wrapping Up on Linking words on Essay Writing

You can’t overlook the significance of linking words in essay writing. Transition words are important in bringing ideas together so that they appear as a whole in your essay.

All in all, an essay that flows well must incorporate the right transition words to link arguments and actions. The readers will be able to connect an event that took place because of a consequence of a different action.

Essays need to have a flow of ideas with each one building on the other. Yet still, organization of thoughts in essay writing is valuable and this is where linking words play a critical role.

To sum it up, the more your thoughts are in good organization, the smoother your essay will flow. When you use linking words appropriately, your piece will have a logical structure that is appealing to the reader.

When not handling complex essays and academic writing tasks, Josh is busy advising students on how to pass assignments. In spare time, he loves playing football or walking with his dog around the park.

Titles for Essay about Yourself

Good Titles for Essays about yourself: 31 Personal Essay Topics

How to Write a Diagnostic Essay

How to Write a Diagnostic Essay: Meaning and Topics Example

How Scantron Detects Cheating

Scantron Cheating: How it Detects Cheating and Tricks Students Use

A Writer's Handbook

Introduction
Purpose & Audience
Opening Sentences
Linking Sentences

Linking Sentences in the Introduction

Finished Introduction
Topic Sentences
Development
Conclusion Sentences
Conclusion Paragraphs for Essays
Essay Writing Organization: The Outline
Annotating Readings
General Writing Idea Development
Rhetorical and Visual Analysis Idea Development
Character Analysis Idea Development
Theme Analysis Idea Development
Theory Analysis
Using the Library
Using Sources for Illustration or Support
Using Research for Essays
Writing About Research
MLA Handbook Summary for Citations
Final Thoughts on Essays
Literary Element Index
Appendix of Example Papers

Because your first sentence (or sentences) of the opener should be very general, and the thesis at the end of the paragraph will be very specific, you will need several sentences to link to each other, getting more specific as the sentences get closer to the thesis. These are just some ways of thinking about linking sentences:

Introduction - Type One

Use a surprising or startling statement to start the paragraph
Explain how that startling idea relates to the general topic of your paper
Introduce background or any necessary information about the issue or subject

Introduction - Type Two

Use a short story (2-3 sentences) to exemplify the notion you are looking at
Explain this story in the context of the issue or subject
Introduce background or any necessary information of the issue or subject

Introduction - Type Three

Use a relevant quote to start the paragraph
Explain what the quote means
Explain the quote toward the issue or subject

Introduction - Type Four

Use a question to start the paragraph
Answer that question somehow
Explain that answer into the topic of your issue or subject

Linking Sentences [Example]

Jane’s hair is thinning; her eyes have dark circles beneath them; she rarely eats; she even hardly talks to any of her friends or family members: Jane is an “addict.” (opening sentence – an anecdote starter)

Her addiction started when she was twenty years old; at first no one noticed, but her problem grew. ( link – continued anecdote)

It grew so much that today, even after many of her friends have confronted her with it, she still cannot get over it. ( link )

She is not having to “ get over ” an addiction to drugs, alcohol, or even gambling; her problem is almost worse. ( link )

It is worse because her addiction is to something she must do to live: her addiction is to her work. ( link )

While work for some people is just a job done away from home, Jane’s work is something that has consumed her life and ruined many of her relationships and even her health. ( link )

<< Previous: Opening Sentences
Next: Thesis >>
Last Updated: Jan 3, 2023 9:01 AM
URL: https://library.jeffersonstate.edu/AWH

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

How to link paragraphs in essays and articles?

All I can find online is cohesion and coherence for paragraphs. But in a essay how can I link all the paragraphs. Any good methods for the university level. It would be great if I can find an annotated example essay for understanding this.

creative-writing
technical-writing
academic-writing

What field? I found the my papers for Political Science linked better than Economics, which linked better than Biomedical Science. – J Crosby Commented Oct 15, 2019 at 17:11
Hi Oncidium, welcome to writing.se! Take the tour and visit the help center for more information. – linksassin ♦ Commented Oct 16, 2019 at 4:37

In academic and persuasive writing, what you're referring to are often called segues or transitions . They are not used solely to link paragraphs, but any shift in ideas, even within a single paragraph. This is a pretty helpful summary of what transitions are and how they're typically used.

How I've used transitions in the past is reserving the last sentence of each content paragraph for setting up my next bit of evidence or argument. The ideas in your paragraphs do not have to be closely related for this to work, you can use the contrast of the ideas as your segue, or use a third concept to bridge the gap between them, so long as that third thing is previously established in your paper and previously linked to one of the two ideas you're trying to connect in your transition.

Lastly, coherence can be derived simply by organizing the paper so that arguments "flow" more naturally, with earlier ideas laying the foundation for later ones. This is something you can work out while writing, but it's often easier to do after finishing a rough draft.

Your Answer

Reminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Writing Stack Exchange. Learn more

Sign up or log in

Post as a guest.

Required, but never shown

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged creative-writing technique technical-writing academic-writing structure or ask your own question .

Featured on Meta
We've made changes to our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy - July 2024
Announcing a change to the data-dump process

Hot Network Questions

Why is transfer of heat very slow as compared to transfer of sound in solids?
Portraying synesthesia in prose
isomorphism and surjection of sheaves of rings
Lengths of closed geodesics and geodesic segments
What is the “history“ of mindfulness
Does the notion of "moral progress" presuppose the existence of an objective moral standard?
Glowing eyes facilitate control over other beings
embedding into hilbert cube.
parallelStream with collect method()
What does ボール運び mean, exactly? Is it only used in basketball?
Can a possessive adjective (tuum) be used as a predicate accusative?
Can multi-threading improve performance of an IO-bound process?
How to extract pipe remnant from ground sleeve?
Why do repeating 8's show up more often in these decimals of square roots?
Are there any non-conjugation "extendible automorphisms" in the category of finite groups?
Buddhist explanation of self-worth/self-esteem?
What changed in TeXForm in V 14.1?
A complex analysis exercise
Split column into lines using awk
Power harness on interconnected smoke detector
Foundations and contradictions of Scholze's work: the category of presentable infinity categories contains itself
What acceleration features did 2D PC video cards have? Comparing to video game consoles
Why isn't spin-statistics applied in quantum computing?
When Beatrix stops placing dominoes on a 5x5 board, what is the largest possible number of squares that may still be uncovered?

How to Write a Well-Structured PEEL Paragraph for Your English Essays

Opened notebook with blank pages and highlighters - Featured image for PEEL Paragraph

Are you writing an English essay and feeling a little confused about how to structure your body paragraphs? Maybe you’ve heard about the PEEL paragraph structure but you’re unsure about how to use it.

If that’s the case, you’ve clicked on the right article!

We’ll unpack what the PEEL paragraph is and walk you through how to write one, using ‘Persepolis’ — a graphic novel by Marjane Satrapi , so that you can ace your next English essay!

What are you waiting for? Let’s dive in!

What is a PEEL paragraph? Step 1: Identify Your Point Step 2: Incorporate Your Example Step 3: Explain How Your Example Supports Your Point Step 4: Finish Off With Your Link Constructing the PEEL Paragraph

What is a PEEL Paragraph?

PEEL is a mnemonic (a pattern or word that can help us remember an idea or concept) used to organise your writing and ensure that you’re focussing on a single clear argument in each paragraph.

This mnemonic stands for: Point, Example, Explain, Link.

Something to keep in mind is that PEEL is a quite generic structure and as your writing gets more advanced, it’ll start to look more like PEEEEEEL! This is because you’ll be including a lot of examples and explanations to build a strong, convincing argument.

Why should you use PEEL Paragraphs?

Each of these components of PEEL (Point, Example, Explain and Link) are super important when writing body paragraphs for English essays!

If you’re missing any one of these, it’ll be harder to get your point across, which means you won’t be able to achieve a high mark in your essay.

Are you trying to lift your marks for English? If so, fixing your essay structure is a great place to start! We have English tutors in the Hills District and all across Sydney who can provide a personalised improvement plan for you! We also have tutors in Queensland and Victoria (+ anywhere remotely!)

Using the PEEL structure will make sure that you’re covering each of these components , which will make your argument more convincing and help you achieve that top mark!

Download your own copy of our PEEL paragraph template here!

Step 1: Identify Your Point

Your paragraph should start with a sentence that establishes the point you’re trying to make and answers the essay question by using key words from the question.

The Point, or topic sentence , should be clear and succinct because this is what the marker is going to read first. If they don’t understand the Point, it weakens the rest of your argument.

For example, if you’re responding to the question, “How does ‘Persepolis’ explore Marji’s conflicted identity throughout her childhood in post-Revolution Iran?” your Point could be:

In ‘Persepolis’, Marjane Satrapi interrogates her conflicted identity during her childhood in post-Revolution Iran through her use of graphic novel form and features to reflect on her personal experiences.

In this sentence, “through her use of the graphic novel form and features” directly answers the “How” part of the question. The incorporation of keywords like “conflicted identity” and “post-Revolution Iran” also clearly respond to the essay question.

The sentence essentially tells the marker what this paragraph is about and what point it’s trying to make.

Keep in mind that even though the PEEL structure only has four key components, you don’t have to restrict yourself to four sentences!

If your Point is getting too long and wordy, it might be a good idea to split it into two sentences so that it flows better.

It’s not too late to get individual support on your writing. Our Sydney English Tutors will tailor 1-1 sessions that suit your specific needs. Sessions can be held in your own home or online.

Step 2: Incorporate Your Example

Example is where you bring in evidence from your text to support your Point. Depending on your text, the Example can be a quote , image, scene from a film, or more.

The key to finding good examples is to make sure that there are plenty of techniques to unpack! It’s also really important to find quotes that are unique and uncommon so that you stand out from other students.

Backing up your argument with examples that haven’t been used by everyone else adds a lot of depth and strength to your Point!

When you’re including the Example in your body paragraph, make sure you contextualise it .

A little sentence or even just a few words about the broader plot and context behind the quote can go a long way! It shows that you’re engaging with the text on a deeper level.

For example, going back to our ‘Persepolis’ example, a good Example to support the Point would be:

Satrapi reflects on her personal experiences growing up while the Islamic Regime consolidated its power as she narrates, “I really didn’t know what to think about the veil. Deep down I was very religious but as a family we were very modern and avant-garde.”

One thing to note here is that ‘Persepolis’ is a graphic novel memoir, so even though the example shows a quote, make sure to discuss and analyse both the quote and the visual!

Also, notice how the Example also adds a sentence about how “Marjane Satrapi reflects on her personal experiences growing up while the Islamic Regime gained and consolidated power.” This situates the example within the text as a whole and also within its historical context.

Step 3: Explain How Your Example Supports Your Point

Now that you have your Example, you need to Explain how it supports the Point.

This is where your analysis really shines! You’ll flesh out your key points, introduce different techniques and go into greater detail about the deeper meanings of the text and your Example.

When you’re trying to Explain, it can be easy to just slip into recounting the plot but it’s super important to steer clear of recounting! You can avoid doing this by always bringing your discussion back to the Point.

Going back to our ‘Persepolis’ example, here’s what your Explanation would be like if you’re only retelling/recounting:

Her narration uses juxtaposition and symbolism to demonstrate how Marji is caught between the oppressive and extremist religious ideas of the regime and her family’s modern and avant-garde ideas, which shows how her identity is conflicted as she grows up in post-Revolution Iran.

Here, as we Explain the Example, we’re mostly retelling what’s already been said in the quote, but with a brief mention of techniques and the Point.

Instead, you want to make sure you flesh out the relationship between the Example, the techniques it uses, and the effect/significance of this. This would look more like:

Satrapi’s narration creates a juxtaposition between modernism and the religious fundamentalism of the Islamic Republic, which is elucidated by the visual juxtaposition between industrial images such as screws and cogs that represent modernity and traditional religious patterns that symbolise religion. The protagonist Marji is centred between the two juxtaposing backgrounds with only half of her hair covered by a veil. This visual juxtaposition paired with Satrapi’s narration reveals how Marji’s identity and sense of self are conflicted as a result of her experiences during the new Islamic Regime.

Step 4: Finish Off With Your Link

The final step is to just wrap it all up! Your Link should sum up what you’ve discussed in your body paragraph and tie it up so that it’s cohesive and clearly organised.

But the Link shouldn’t just repeat your Point! It should also link back to the essay question and directly respond to it.

Using our ‘Persepolis’ example, here’s what the Link could look like:

Satrapi hence uses the form and features of graphic novels such as juxtaposition to highlight her conflicted identity and reflect on the challenges of growing up in the tumultuous social and political context of post-Revolution Iran.

We’ve taken a look at the four steps of writing PEEL paragraphs and now it’s time to put it all together!

Constructing the PEEL Paragraph

When you’re writing your body paragraph, do a little checklist to see if you’ve included all four components of PEEL. Feel free to go more in-depth with your Example and Explanation so that it looks more like a PEEEEEEL paragraph!

Here’s what your final PEEL Paragraph might look like:

Each component of PEEL has been highlighted for your convenience, Point (yellow), Example (green), Explanation (purple), Link (blue).

So there you have it! We’ve looked at the four easy steps that will help you write a PEEL paragraph. Now it’s time for you to ace your next English essay.

If you’d prefer to use a different paragraph structure, then you should check out how the STEEL paragraph structure , TEEL paragraph structure or the PETAL paragraph structure works!

On the hunt for other English resources?

Check out some of our other articles and guides below:

How to Elevate Your Essays in English Using the ‘Thesis + 3’ Technique
The Top 3 Tips For Improving Your English Writing Skills
A Step-by-Step Guide to Analysing English Texts (Textual Analysis Examples Included!)
HSC State Ranker’s #1 Strategy for Acing Unseen Essay Questions in HSC English

Heads up! NSW English has changed its syllabus – we’ve shared the major updates you need to know about!

Looking for some extra help with the PEEL paragraph structure?

We have an incredible team of english tutors and mentors.

We can help you master your English text and ace your upcoming English assessments with personalised lessons conducted one-on-one in your home, online or at one of our state of the art campuses in Hornsby or the Hills!

We’ve supported over 8,000 students over the last 11 years , and on average our students score mark improvements of over 20%!

To find out more and get started with an inspirational English tutor and mentor, get in touch today or give us a ring on 1300 267 888!

Maitreyi Kulkarni is a Content Writer at Art of Smart Education and is currently studying a Bachelor of Media and Communications (Public Relations and Social Media) at Macquarie University. She loves writing just about anything from articles to poetry, and has also had one of her articles published with the ABC. When she’s not writing up a storm, she can be found reading, bingeing sitcoms, or playing the guitar.

Topics: 📚 Study , ✏️ English

How to write a petal paragraph for your english essay, how to write a kickass band 6 hsc english essay, how to write a teel paragraph for your english essay, 45,861 students have a head start....

Get exclusive study content & advice from our team of experts delivered weekly to your inbox!

Looking for English Support?

Discover how we can help you!

We provide services in

PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
EDIT Edit this Article
EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Happiness Hub Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
Browse Articles
Learn Something New
Quizzes Hot
Happiness Hub
This Or That Game
Train Your Brain
Explore More
Support wikiHow
About wikiHow
Log in / Sign up
Education and Communications
English Grammar
Writing Paragraphs

How to Write TEEL Paragraphs

Last Updated: June 9, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Alexander Ruiz, M.Ed. and by wikiHow staff writer, Megaera Lorenz, PhD . Alexander Ruiz is an Educational Consultant and the Educational Director of Link Educational Institute, a tutoring business based in Claremont, California that provides customizable educational plans, subject and test prep tutoring, and college application consulting. With over a decade and a half of experience in the education industry, Alexander coaches students to increase their self-awareness and emotional intelligence while achieving skills and the goal of achieving skills and higher education. He holds a BA in Psychology from Florida International University and an MA in Education from Georgia Southern University. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 212,301 times.

If you’ve ever written an essay for school, you may have heard of a TEEL paragraph. These are paragraphs that follow a defined and logical structure, helping you present your information in a clear, well-organized manner. To write a TEEL paragraph, you’ll need to include a T opic sentence, an E xplanation, an E xample or E vidence to support the topic, and a L inking sentence to put it all in context.

Learning the TEEL Structure

Keep your topic sentence clear and concise so that the reader can tell exactly what the paragraph is about. For example, your topic sentence might be “A zebra is a type of mammal.”
You may have seen a variant on the TEEL structure called a PEEL paragraph. In a PEEL paragraph, the P stands for “Point,” i.e., the main point of the paragraph. [2] X Research source

For example, your explanation might state, “A mammal is a warm-blooded animal with hair or fur. Female mammals secrete milk to feed their offspring, and typically give birth to live young as opposed to laying eggs.”
Think about what kind of explanation or additional detail would benefit the reader. For example, are there terms in the topic sentence you need to define?

Step 3 Back it up with an example or evidence (E).

For instance, in your paragraph about zebras, you could follow up your explanation by saying, “Like all mammals, zebras are warm-blooded. They also have a coat of striped black and white fur. The females give birth to live foals, which they feed with milk from a pair of teats located between their back legs.”
You might have several examples or pieces of evidence to choose from. Try to pick the example or evidence that is most relevant and best supports your argument. [5] X Research source

Variation: Sometimes it’s helpful to include a “Comment” in your TEE(C)L paragraph after the Example/Evidence. For instance, this may be useful if you need to critique the evidence or provide an explanation to show how it supports your argument.

Step 4 Wrap up with a link (L) to your main argument.

For example, you might sum up your paragraph on the zebra by saying, “Therefore, the zebra meets all the major criteria for being classified as a mammal.”

Perfecting Your TEEL Paragraph

Step 1 Brainstorm what you’d like to put in the paragraph before you start writing.

“What exactly am I trying to say with this paragraph?”
“What’s the best evidence I have to support my point?”
“How does the information in this paragraph connect to the question I’m trying to answer or the main point I’m trying to make?”

Step 2 Write your paragraph in the third person.

There are some exceptions to this rule. For example, if you’re writing a personal essay for a college application, you might use the TEEL structure along with the first person.

For example, don’t write something like, “I’m pretty sure zebras aren’t reptiles, because they don’t have scales.”
Instead, you might write, “Unlike all known species of reptiles, zebras do not have scales. This evidence suggests that zebras are probably not reptiles.”

Step 4 Check the formatting of any quotes or citations.

For example: According to Dr. Pritchard’s 1974 dissertation on zebras, “The zebra is undoubtedly a mammal” (p. 62).
You can also use an indirect quote, where you rephrase or summarize what someone else said in your own words. If you do this, you must still indicate where the information came from.
If you need to leave a word or phrase out of a quote, indicate that something is missing with ellipses (…). For example, “The zebra is related to other equine mammals, including…the horse.”
If you have to change or add a word, use brackets. For example: According to her diary, “[Veronica] thought that zebras were insects.”

You might find it helpful to read your paragraph out loud since your ears sometimes pick up on problems that your eyes miss.

Community Q&A

Expert Interview

Thanks for reading our article! If you'd like to learn more about writing TEEL paragraphs, check out our in-depth interview with Alexander Ruiz, M.Ed. .

↑ https://emedia.rmit.edu.au/learninglab/content/paragraph-structure
↑ https://www.matrix.edu.au/ultimate-peel-paragraph-checklist/
↑ https://galston-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/learning-at-our-school/what-is-t-e-e-l--.html
↑ https://learn.stleonards.vic.edu.au/yr7eng/files/2012/07/Year-7-English-TEEL-Paragraph-Writing-Guide-Wonder.pdf

About This Article

Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Did this article help you?

Apr 18, 2018

Maria Judith Masters

Nov 30, 2019

Simon Scooner

Mar 25, 2022

Mango Grape

Jul 4, 2020

Featured Articles

How to Start and Keep a Text Conversation Going

Watch Articles

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Do Not Sell or Share My Info
Not Selling Info

Get all the best how-tos!

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

How should I include a list of links in my thesis?

In my thesis, I would like to refer to a set of links. These are tools/calculators/etc. related to my subject, included to show that there is an interest in society at large in this topic.

I'm wondering what the best way would be to include them. Options include:

all (15+) in the running text is cumbersome;
a table with only one column looks just plain weird;
as references [1,3-5,76] breaks the flow of reading, and mixes them up with formal, cited literature sources. I would not suggest that these links are quality sources of anything, their simple existence is the point;
as an appendix diminishes their impact.
writing-style
citation-style

1 Welcome to Academia. I edited the title and tags of your question. Please feel free to edit it or roll it back to a previous version. – enthu Commented Feb 20, 2015 at 9:17
2 I noticed, this title is definitely better. Thanks :) – Jakob Buis Commented Feb 20, 2015 at 9:21

4 Answers 4

Personally, I am in favour of adding them as references in the bibliography section.

With that said, I am from a CS subfield that is very close to the "real world" in a way that related work is almost always a motley mixture of peer-reviewed publications, books, newspaper articles, technical standard documents (such as those by W3C), and actual innovative software or websites (whose concepts were never formally published in a scientific venue), i.e. sources with a continuously varying degree of reliability. Consequently, trying to find a well-defined rule about what to add as a footnote and what to add as a bibliography reference is certain to give you headaches (and uncertain to lead to a useful and consistent result).

However, I can see a few (maybe a bit subjective) general advantages of using bibliography items rather than footnotes for links (in no particular order):

Bibliography items tend to more or less have a fixed format. Frequently, meta-information such as year of publication or author can be provided for web resources just as it can for anything else. When using a footnote, authors may be tempted to just provide the link and skip the meta-information that would be naturally included in a bibliography item, thereby foregoing both any due attribution and any information required to possibly locate the resource again, should the link die.
I have seen styleguides that generally forbid the use of footnotes (e.g. "Please do not use footnotes at all!" ), but I have yet to see a styleguide that generally forbids the use of a bibliography. By not using any footnotes, your manuscript is one step closer to being agnostic of the final formatting used (and thus matches with the ideal of separating content from layout).
The footnote can be added several times in the document. However, this means a waste of space, and it may also confuse readers who expect some new information when reading a new footnote for the first time, or who might wonder whether they are looking at a copy-and-paste error where a previously unmentioned link should be provided. Personally, I consider this "solution" downright bad style.
The same footnote can be pointed to several times. While this may be slightly cumbersome in some typesetting software, it is definitely feasible. However, it significantly increases the effort for finding the footnote (it might be on any page in the document), and the need to switch to another page than the one the reader is currently on kind of defeats the purpose of footnotes, anyway.
As a reader, I find keeping track of references, figure numbers, and table numbers that I still want to look into after finishing or while reading the current paragraph or section hard enough. There is no reason to add yet another independent list for footnote numbers.
Also as a reader, I have a certain expectation what amount of information I will find when following a pointer to additional information. For bibliography references, it is clear that the pointer points to an entire external document. For footnotes, I conversely prefer it to be clear that the pointer points to no more than one or two sentences worth of additional information (for which I do not need to search for and/or open another document).

You could include them as an itemized list. Something like:

There is a lot of intest in topic XYZ, as can be seen from the following example websites:

http://(somepersonalwebsite).xyz
http://(department).(institution).xyz/(applicable-tool)/

It is basically a variation on the table with 1 column, but it looks less "weird".

1 The first link is not a deep link, the other link is 404, which shows the issue of citable URLs. – koppor Commented Jan 8, 2021 at 9:25

I am personally more in favor of using footnotes for that purpose; I used this approach extensively in my theses.

You can use a web link for one of two purposes: to point to the website of something you mentioned, or as a reference to support a statement you make. In the latter case, a citation to a formal reference is preferred (with title, link, authorship date, and the date you last checked the link):

Text: McDonald’s toys are A, B, and C [42].
Reference: [42] “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19, 2008, xttp://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

But you are asking for the former case, for which I'd opt for something in the lines of:

Text: Social network websites like Facebook¹, Twitter² of LinkedIn³ are... .
Bottom of the page: ¹ http://www.facebook.com ² http://www.twitter.com ³ http://www.linkedin.com

1 The problem is that this is a "poor" thing. Web is not static and you ought to include the retrieval date to your reference. – yo' Commented Feb 20, 2015 at 14:43
3 That is absolutely true for the case where you cite a web link as a reference. When the web link is just additional information, I'd waive that formality (I guess it's kind of implicit that "this was Facebook's URL as of the date this document was written"). – d_l_b Commented Feb 23, 2015 at 11:41

I did it like bibliography using a url shortener, this way the link is usable for those who read it in paper or electronic format and will avoid many issues with the bibliography format.

One thing you should consider is to include the lasta access data to the link (they can remove it).

Just in case, you can consider adding and annex where display the URLs unshortened whit their match, so if anyone can't access any of them can try to search by ieself in the web.

4 But I do not think using url shortening services to be a good idea. Have you seen this question? Is it OK to present a URL using a link shortening service? – enthu Commented Feb 20, 2015 at 13:48
2 Well, as I said I added both. Shortened in bibliography and unshortened as appendix – Rafa Soler Commented Mar 31, 2015 at 20:40

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged thesis writing-style citation-style ..

Featured on Meta
We've made changes to our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy - July 2024
Announcing a change to the data-dump process

Hot Network Questions

Thomson's lamp: a useless paradox?
parallelStream with collect method()
How to play mono (or very unbalanced stereo) through both ears?
Why is "today" separated into "To day
Trimming direction on climb out and descent to maintain an airspeed
Are there any non-conjugation "extendible automorphisms" in the category of finite groups?
Is it correct to say: "To solve an addiction"?
Can multi-threading improve performance of an IO-bound process?
Do strawberry seeds have different DNA within the same fruit?
Jurisdiction: Can police officers open mail addressed to a stranger?
Washed my passport by mistake, can that cause a problem?
How many sets of subsets of an n element set are there such that any two elements are not disjoint?
Is math (only) a language?
Does a single-photon spreads while propagating?
Compilation containing a story about a metal cube, one about astronauts who visit a world and ascend gradually, and one of a world with telepathy
If energy can be converted into matter and interact with it, would this imply that matter and energy are the same "ontological substance"?
Why is the E in 'collega' long?
Power harness on interconnected smoke detector
Singed Random Numbers
Why doesn't Oppenheimer like the word "bomb" being used to describe the bomb?
Why have SIGPIPE when EPIPE exists?
Does a router lookup in routing table twice for each packet?
How can I copy Chrome extension IDs or names from Chrome's Task Manager?
Why are the Founders in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine considered so powerful?

In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Donald Trump

My Uncle Donald Trump Told Me Disabled Americans Like My Son ‘Should Just Die’

W hen my uncle was elected President , I recognized what a highly privileged position I would be in. I would have some access to the White House. And as long as that was true, I wanted to make sure I used that access for something positive. I was eager to champion something my wife, Lisa, and I were deeply passionate about, something we lived every day: the challenges for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families.

Our son William, our third child, was born on June 30, 1999. Within 24 hours, he went from seemingly healthy to fighting for his life in the NICU. Raising him was different from the start. William was diagnosed at three months with infantile spasms, a rare seizure disorder which in William's case altered his development physically and cognitively. We had so many questions: What would the future hold for someone like William? How far could he go? How much could he learn? Would he ever have the chance to do the things that other children do?

We just didn’t know. It took 15 years before his medical team could accurately pinpoint the cause of his condition: a KCNQ2 mutation, a genetic misfire that the doctors called a potassium channel deletion.

In our journey with William, Lisa and I had become close to some truly inspiring parents and dedicated advocates who were doing amazing work to improve the day-to-day reality for families like ours. It’s a huge lift for caregivers, not to mention the constant need to mitigate expenses . There are so many different demands and challenges. But there are things that the government can do—some things that can only be done by the government, both federal and state. We wanted to bring knowledgeable people to the White House, to see if we could make a difference.

Lisa reached out to my cousin Ivanka, who was working in the White House as an advisor to the President. Ivanka got right back to her and said she’d be happy to help. She provided a contact for Ben Carson , the retired neurosurgeon who was secretary of housing and urban development. We brought several talented advocates with us for a meeting with Carson and members of his senior staff in April 2017. “Look,” I said as we got started, “I’m the least important person in the room.” I wanted the focus to be on the others, who knew a lot more than I did. They immediately started floating ideas, which was exactly why we were there. Our collective voice was being heard. It was a start.

Fred Trump III and Donald in the Oval Office, 2018

In January 2020, just before COVID hit, Lisa, myself, and a team of advocates met with Chris Neeley, who headed the President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities, a much-needed federal advisory committee that promotes policies and initiatives that support independent and lifelong inclusion . We discussed the need for all medical schools to include courses that focus on people with intellectual and developmental disabilities . We emphasized how crucial it was for hospitals and other acute-care facilities to help patients transition from pediatric to adult services. We emphasized the importance of collecting sufficient data to explain medically complex disorders. This was not about more government spending. It was about smarter investing and greater efficiency.

We spent the next few months making calls and talking with officials and gathering our own recommendations, giving special attention to the critical need for housing support for people with disabilities. We were back in Washington in May.

By this time, COVID was raging. We were all masked up and COVID tested on the way into the White House Cabinet Room. Once we got inside, we sat down with Alex Azar , the administration’s secretary of health and human services, and Brett Giroir, the assistant secretary for health, both of whom served on the White House Coronavirus Task Force. The promising agency motto stated: HHS: Enhancing the Health and Well-Being of All Americans.

Sharp, direct, and to the point, Azar exhibited my kind of efficiency with no time to waste. His first question was, “OK, why are you here?”

I made a brief introduction. Our group included a leading doctor and several highly qualified advocates. What followed was a great discussion. Something clicked with Giroir—an idea for a program everyone could agree on that would cut through the bureaucracy and control costs and also yield better and more efficient medical outcomes.

Excellent. We were making progress.

“Really appreciate your coming in,” Azar finally said, more warmly than he had sounded at the start. “I know we’re going to see the President.”

The meeting I had assumed would be a quick handshake hello with Donald had turned into a 45-minute discussion in the Oval Office with all of us—Azar, Giroir, the advocates, and me. I never expected to be there so long. Donald seemed engaged, especially when several people in our group spoke about the heart-wrenching and expensive efforts they’d made to care for their profoundly disabled family members, who were constantly in and out of the hospital and living with complex arrays of challenges .

Donald was still Donald, of course. He bounced from subject to subject—disability to the stock market and back to disability. But promisingly, Donald seemed genuinely curious regarding the depth of medical needs across the U.S. and the individual challenges these families faced. He told the secretary and the assistant secretary to stay in touch with our group and to be supportive.

After I left the office, I was standing with the others near the side entrance to the West Wing when Donald’s assistant caught up with me. “Your uncle would like to see you,” she said.

Azar was still in the Oval Office when I walked back in. “Hey, pal,” Donald said. “How’s everything going?”

“Good,” I said. “I appreciate your meeting with us.”

“Sure, happy to do it.”

He sounded interested and even concerned. I thought he had been touched by what the doctor and advocates in the meeting had just shared about their journey with their patients and their own family members. But I was wrong.

“Those people . . . ” Donald said, trailing off. “The shape they’re in, all the expenses, maybe those kinds of people should just die.”

I truly did not know what to say. He was talking about expenses. We were talking about human lives. For Donald, I think it really was about the expenses, even though we were there to talk about efficiencies, smarter investments, and human dignity.

I turned and walked away.

When William was 9 years old, Lisa and I met with Donald and a medical fund was created for William's care by the Trump Family, a fund that was crucial to our ability to support him.

In the summer of 2018, William was in the hospital for almost three weeks with a serious case of life-threatening pneumonia. He was 19 and very sick. It was incredibly frightening for Lisa and me—and for his brother and sister too. It was always hard to know if moments like these could compromise his health to the point that we would lose him. These are the times that you reach for all the strength you have.

Fred Trump III, William, and Lisa in the NICU

William came home with oxygen and a feeding tube. After more than two weeks on a ventilator, he needed to learn how to eat all over again. We were too often in these setback situations, but you move forward the best you can.

It’s times like these when family support is most needed and appreciated. At every opportunity, we let my aunts and uncles know how grateful we were for the medical fund for William’s care and recovery. We sent pictures and updates, as we had in the past. We got no personal responses, which was the norm. It was the dedicated support and genuine love of caregivers that helped us the most.

Uncle Robert died in 2020 , and the medical fund for William continued. It was enormously helpful with our home-care costs and medical expenses, and we were always grateful to my father’s siblings for contributing. But even before Robert’s death, their interest had seemed to begin waning. My cousin Eric, who was the administrator, called me to say the fund was running low. Donald was the only one contributing consistently. Eric said he’d been getting some resistance from Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Ann Marie, Robert’s widow. I really didn’t look forward to these calls.

“Why don’t you call Donald?” Eric said. “Talk to him about it.”

I thanked Eric for the heads-up and promised I would.

Soon thereafter, I was up at Briarcliff Manor, home of the Trump National Golf Club in Westchester, N.Y. Donald happened to be there.

He was talking with a group of people. I didn’t want to interrupt. I just said hi on my way through the clubhouse. I called him later that afternoon, and he answered.

I got him up to speed on what Eric had told me. I said I’d heard the fund for William was running low, and unfortunately, the expenses certainly were not easing up as our son got older. In fact, with inflation and other pressures, the needs were greater than they’d been. “We’re getting some blowback from Maryanne and Elizabeth and Ann Marie. We may need your help with this. Eric wanted me to give you a call.”

Donald took a second as if he was thinking about the whole situation.

“I don’t know,” he finally said, letting out a sigh. “He doesn’t recognize you. Maybe you should just let him die and move down to Florida.”

Wait! What did he just say? That my son doesn’t recognize me? That I should just let him die?

Did he really just say that? That I should let my son die . . . so I could move down to Florida?

I’m usually pretty good at getting my head around things that other people say, even when I don’t agree with them. But this was a tough one. This was my son.

Maybe I shouldn’t have been surprised to hear Donald say that. It wasn’t far off from what he’d said that day in the Oval Office after our meeting with the advocates. Only that time, it was other people’s children who should die. This time, it was my son.

I didn’t want to argue with him. I knew there was no point in that, not at the same time I was calling for his help. I tried to keep my cool.

“No, Donald,” I said. “He does recognize me.”

Donald’s comment was appalling. It hurt to hear him say that. But it also explained why Lisa and I felt so strongly about advocating for our son and why we wanted to help other people understand what it was like to raise a child like William. A lot of people just don’t know.

People with these disabilities are perceived as less than in so many ways. That attitude is everywhere, even at the highest levels of policy and politics.

William deserves a life just like anyone else, and to that end, I knew I had to advocate for him in every way possible. I might never change Donald’s mind or change the mind of anyone who lacked love and compassion for those whose voices couldn’t be heard and whose lives were fully dependent on others. But I knew what I could do. I could offer my voice, my experience, and my strength to push forward for those who needed it.

The barriers are everywhere , even in communities that are generally supportive, like ours. There are still doorways that can’t accommodate wheelchairs. It is still hard to find meaningful day programs that foster independence with learning, socialization, and assistive technology. The whole narrative still needs to change.

I knew that acceptance and tolerance would only come with public education and awareness. Donald might never understand this, but at least he had been open to our advocating through the White House. That was something. If we couldn’t change his feelings about William, that was his loss. He would never feel the love and connection that William offered us daily.

(Editor’s note: TIME reached out to former President Trump for a response to the description of events in this piece and did not receive a reply.)

Copyright © 2024 by Frederick Crist Trump III. From the forthcoming book ALL IN THE FAMILY: The Trumps and How We Got This Way by Fred Trump, to be published by Gallery Books, an Imprint of Simon & Schuster, LLC. Printed by permission.

More Must-Reads from TIME

The Rise of a New Kind of Parenting Guru
The 50 Best Romance Novels to Read Right Now
Mark Kelly and the History of Astronauts Making the Jump to Politics
The Young Women Challenging Iran’s Regime
How to Be More Spontaneous As a Busy Adult
Can Food Really Change Your Hormones?
Column: Why Watching Simone Biles Makes Me Cry
Get Our Paris Olympics Newsletter in Your Inbox

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

Knowledge Base
Citing sources
How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

Published on March 5, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite a page from a website, you need a short in-text citation and a corresponding reference stating the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the page, the website name, and the URL.

This information is presented differently in different citation styles. APA , MLA , and Chicago are the most commonly used styles.

Use the interactive example generator below to explore APA and MLA website citations.

Note that the format is slightly different for citing YouTube and other online video platforms, or for citing an image .

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Citing a website in mla style, citing a website in apa style, citing a website in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.

An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL.

The in-text citation usually just lists the author’s name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to locate the specific passage. Don’t use paragraph numbers unless they’re specifically numbered on the page.

MLA format	Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” , Day Month Year, URL.
	Brice, Makini. “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday.” , 4 March 2021, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U.
	(Brice)

The same format is used for blog posts and online articles from newspapers and magazines.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to generate your website citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Citing a whole website.

When you cite an entire website rather than a specific page, include the author if one can be identified for the whole site (e.g. for a single-authored blog). Otherwise, just start with the site name.

List the copyright date displayed on the site; if there isn’t one, provide an access date after the URL.

MLA format	Author last name, First name. . Year or Year range, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.
	. www.scribbr.com. Accessed 4 March 2021.
	( )

Webpages with no author or date

When no author is listed, cite the organization as author only if it differs from the website name.

If the organization name is also the website name, start the Works Cited entry with the title instead, and use a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation.

When no publication date is listed, leave it out and include an access date at the end instead.

MLA format	Organization Name. “Page Title.” , URL. Accessed Day Month Year.
	“Citing Sources in Academic Writing.” . www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/. Accessed 4 March 2021.
	(“Citing Sources”)

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

An APA reference for a webpage lists the author’s last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.

The in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the year. If it’s a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number and/or section title).

APA format	Author last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). . Website Name. URL
	Brice, M. (2021, March 4). . Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U
	(Brice, 2021, para. 6)

Note that a general reference to an entire website doesn’t require a citation in APA Style; just include the URL in parentheses after you mention the site.

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to create your webpage citations. Search for a URL to retrieve the details.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Blog posts and online articles.

Blog posts follow a slightly different format: the title of the post is not italicized, and the name of the blog is.

The same format is used for online newspaper and magazine articles—but not for articles from news sites like Reuters and BBC News (see the previous example).

APA format	Author last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. . URL
	McKenna, J. (2021, March 3). Assisted reproduction science could be a lifeline for koalas. . https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/
	(McKenna, 2021)

When a page has no author specified, list the name of the organization that created it instead (and omit it later if it’s the same as the website name).

When it doesn’t list a date of publication, use “n.d.” in place of the date. You can also include an access date if the page seems likely to change over time.

APA format	Organization Name. (n.d.). . Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL
	Scribbr. (n.d.). . Retrieved March 4, 2021, from https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/
	(Scribbr, n.d.)

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, footnotes are used to cite sources. They refer to a bibliography at the end that lists all your sources in full.

A Chicago bibliography entry for a website lists the author’s name, the page title (in quotation marks), the website name, the publication date, and the URL.

Chicago format	Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.
	Brice, Makini. “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday.” Reuters. March 4, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U.
	1. Makini Brice, “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday,” Reuters, March 4, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U. 2. Brice, “Coronavirus Package.”

Chicago format

Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.

Brice, Makini. “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday.” Reuters. March 4, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U.

1. Makini Brice, “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday,” Reuters, March 4, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U.

2. Brice, “Coronavirus Package.”

Chicago also has an alternative author-date citation style . Examples of website citations in this style can be found here .

For blog posts and online articles from newspapers, the name of the publication is italicized. For a blog post, you should also add the word “blog” in parentheses, unless it’s already part of the blog’s name.

Chicago format	Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” (blog). Month Day, Year. URL.
	McKenna, Jarrod. “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas.” . March 3, 2021. https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/.
	1. Jarrod McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas,” , March 3, 2021, https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/. 2. McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction.”

Chicago format

Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” (blog). Month Day, Year. URL.

McKenna, Jarrod. “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas.” . March 3, 2021. https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/.

1. Jarrod McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas,” , March 3, 2021, https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/.

2. McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction.”

When a web source doesn’t list an author , you can usually begin your bibliography entry and short note with the name of the organization responsible. Don’t repeat it later if it’s also the name of the website. A full note should begin with the title instead.

When no publication or revision date is shown, include an access date instead in your bibliography entry.

Chicago format	Organization Name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
	Scribbr. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing.” Accessed March 4, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/.
	1. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing,” Scribbr, accessed March 4, 2021, https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/. 2. Scribbr, “Citing Sources.”

Chicago format

Organization Name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Scribbr. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing.” Accessed March 4, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/.

1. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing,” Scribbr, accessed March 4, 2021, https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/.

2. Scribbr, “Citing Sources.”

The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.

In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.

If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:

In APA and Chicago, omit the website or publisher name later in the reference.
In MLA, omit the author element at the start of the reference, and cite the source title instead.

If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 30, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-website/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, how to cite an image | photographs, figures, diagrams, how to cite a lecture | apa, mla & chicago examples, how to cite a youtube video | mla, apa & chicago, what is your plagiarism score.

Olympics events to watch today, including swimming, track and field finals

Share this —

Watch Full Episodes
Read With Jenna
Inspirational
Relationships
TODAY Table
Newsletters
Start TODAY
Shop TODAY Awards
Citi Concert Series
Listen All Day

Follow today

More Brands

On The Show
TODAY Plaza

Kamala Harris’ family, stepdaughter defend her over ‘childless cat ladies’ comments

Members of Kamala Harris’ family are weighing in on Sen. JD Vance’s previous comments about “childless cat ladies" running the U.S. government.

On Thursday, film producer Kerstin Emhoff, the ex-wife of Harris’ husband, Doug Emhoff , responded to Vance's remarks.

“These are baseless attacks,” Kerstin Emhoff told CNN . “For over 10 years, since Cole and Ella were teenagers, Kamala has been a co-parent with Doug and I. She is loving, nurturing, fiercely protective, and always present. I love our blended family and am grateful to have her in it.”

Harris is a stepmother to her husband’s two children from his previous marriage to Kerstin Emhoff: Cole, 29, and Ella, 25 .

Kerstin Emhoff’s recent Instagram story was a re-post of an Instagram story originally shared by her daughter, Ella.

“How can you be ‘childless’ when you have cutie pie kids like cole and I,” Ella wrote in her Instagram story. “@kemoff say it louder for the people in the back.”

“I love my three parents,” she also wrote.

The family’s response came after comments Vance made in 2021 resurfaced after he was named the Republican vice presidential nominee earlier this month.

In a July 2021 interview with Tucker Carlson on Fox News, Vance shared his view that the country is being run by “a bunch of childless cat ladies who are miserable at their own lives and the choices that they’ve made, and so they want to make the rest of the country miserable, too.”

The Ohio senator specifically named Harris, Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, using them as examples to argue that “the entire future of the Democrats is controlled by people without children.”

In September 2021, Buttigieg announced he and his husband had welcomed twins, Penelope Rose and Joseph August.

Harris has been open about her close bond with her stepchildren over the years, calling them her “endless source of love and pure joy” in a 2019 essay for Elle .

She has also opened up about her solid relationship with her husband’s first wife.

“To know Cole and Ella is to know that their mother Kerstin is an incredible mother,” she wrote in her Elle essay. “Kerstin and I hit it off ourselves and are dear friends. She and I became a duo of cheerleaders in the bleachers at Ella’s swim meets and basketball games, often to Ella’s embarrassment. We sometimes joke that our modern family is almost a little too functional.”

Vance’s “cat ladies” remark inspired plenty of reactions on social media, including a response from Florida Rep. Anna Eskamani.

“As a childless cat lady I have a huge stake in America and am not miserable but thanks for your concern, Vance,” she wrote on X .

Many social media users also shared photos of Taylor Swift posing with one of her cats on her Time Person of the Year cover.

“hell hath no fury like a certain childless cat lady who has yet to endorse a presidential candidate,” one person wrote on X .

Lindsay Lowe has been a regular contributor to TODAY.com since 2016, covering pop culture, style, home and other lifestyle topics. She is also working on her first novel, a domestic drama set in rural Regency England.

Sha’Carri Richardson takes second in women’s 100-meter as Julien Alfred wins first ever gold for Saint Lucia

Paris olympics.

Katie Ledecky wins ninth gold medal, breaks record for most golds by US female swimmer

Alex Walsh disqualified in women's 200-meter IM after dominating semifinals

How many medals does Team USA have at the Paris Olympics? See the count

US gymnast Stephen Nedoroscik, aka ‘pommel horse guy,’ wins bronze in event final

Pop culture.

US Olympian Maggie Steffens shares tribute to late sister-in-law Lulu Conner

Jade Carey wins bronze on vault for Team USA after battling illness earlier in Games

Children of spies only discovered they were Russian on the plane to Moscow, Kremlin says

Simone Biles medals: How many Olympic wins does she have?

Trinity Rodman scores as US women’s soccer team beats Japan 1-0 after extra time to reach Olympic semifinal

Share full article

Kamala Harris, seen outside the White House.

Opinion Guest Essay

Hillary Clinton: How Kamala Harris Can Win and Make History

Credit... Andrew Harnik/Getty Images

Supported by

By Hillary Rodham Clinton

Mrs. Clinton was the Democratic nominee for president in 2016.

July 23, 2024

History has its eye on us. President Biden’s decision to end his campaign was as pure an act of patriotism as I have seen in my lifetime. It should also be a call to action to the rest of us to continue his fight for the soul of our nation. The next 15 weeks will be like nothing this country has ever experienced politically, but have no doubt: This is a race Democrats can and must win.

Mr. Biden has done a hard and rare thing. Serving as president was a lifelong dream. And when he finally got there, he was exceptionally good at it. To give that up, to accept that finishing the job meant passing the baton, took real moral clarity. The country mattered more. As one who shared that dream and has had to make peace with letting it go, I know this wasn’t easy. But it was the right thing to do.

Elections are about the future. That’s why I am excited about Vice President Kamala Harris. She represents a fresh start for American politics. She can offer a hopeful, unifying vision. She is talented, experienced and ready to be president. And I know she can defeat Donald Trump.

There is now an even sharper, clearer choice in this election. On one side is a convicted criminal who cares only about himself and is trying to turn back the clock on our rights and our country. On the other is a savvy former prosecutor and successful vice president who embodies our faith that America’s best days are still ahead. It’s old grievances versus new solutions.

Ms. Harris’s record and character will be distorted and disparaged by a flood of disinformation and the kind of ugly prejudice we’re already hearing from MAGA mouthpieces. She and the campaign will have to cut through the noise, and all of us as voters must be thoughtful about what we read, believe and share.

I know a thing or two about how hard it can be for strong women candidates to fight through the sexism and double standards of American politics. I’ve been called a witch, a “nasty woman” and much worse. I was even burned in effigy. As a candidate, I sometimes shied away from talking about making history. I wasn’t sure voters were ready for that. And I wasn’t running to break a barrier; I was running because I thought I was the most qualified to do the job. While it still pains me that I couldn’t break that highest, hardest glass ceiling, I’m proud that my two presidential campaigns made it seem normal to have a woman at the top of the ticket.

We are having trouble retrieving the article content.

Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access.

Already a subscriber? Log in .

Want all of The Times? Subscribe .

IMAGES

The Ultimate List of Linking Words for Your Essay
Linking Words for Essay Writing
Linking Devices In Essay Writing
How to link your IELTS essay paragraphs together
Linking Words For Writing English Essay
Linking Words for Writing Essay

VIDEO

Write link to get a link👇🏻
write "Link" in comment i send to yo link #shortsviral #viral #viralshort
Write link in comment section for product link
read and write files with python part 1| পাইথন দিয়ে ফাইন রিড ও রাইট করা
Essay Writing for IISMA Application
How to Write Link List Algorithm

COMMENTS

How to Write a Linking Sentence for Your Essay Paragraphs
Step 3: Linking to a new section. Using linking words within a paragraph is easy to get the hang of once you know your intent but linking to a new section can be a little tricker. Linking to a new section of your essay means that you will need to summarise your previous paragraph and either build or depart from that idea to fit with the main ...
50 linking words to use in academic writing
50 linking words to use in academic writing. academic writing. linkers. essay writing. thesis. ESL. English. It's very common for students to use long words they don't understand very well in their essays and theses because they have a certain idea of what academic writing should be.
Connecting ideas
To join ideas and sentences, we use a number of connecting words and phrases. For example: Addition To add an idea. Additionally, and, also, apart from this, as well (as), in addition, moreover, further, furthermore. Condition to provide a condition. If, in that case, provided that, unless. For comparison To show how things are similar.
Linking Words for Essays: How to Link Those Paragraphs and Sentences
What you write about is only part of what makes up a great essay. Without good flow, your writers will end up lost or bored, so be sure your writing flows. The best way to be sure your writing flows is by linking up your paragraphs and sentences properly. Take a class on college writing essentials for information that goes beyond just linking ...
Linking Words
Linking words and phrases are connectors or transitional phrases. They are also part of formal language, so you'll find them in academic writing, opinion writing, critical essays, dialectic essays, journalism, and business documents. Some linking verbs link clauses within a sentence, such as although, in case, and whatever.
Making links between paragraphs
When writing your sentences, try to link up one sentence with another. In the same way, when writing your paragraphs, try to link up one paragraph with another. This can take two forms: ending a paragraph with a sentence that leads forward to the next paragraph or starting the new paragraph in a way that links back to the previous paragraph.
How to structure paragraphs using the PEEL method
P = Point: start your paragraph with a clear topic sentence that establishes what your paragraph is going to be about. Your point should support your essay argument or thesis statement. E = Evidence/Example: here you should use a piece of evidence or an example that helps to reaffirm your initial point and develop the argument. E = Explain ...
Paragraphs and links
Of course, you can also use link words and phrases in the middle of a paragraph to start a new sentence. However, make sure you don't over-use words such as 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'additionally', 'nonetheless' and 'similarly' to start either new paragraphs or new sentences. Link-less. Another way to understand how link ...
How to make links within an essay
This video is from https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/english-for-study 'A Beginner's Guide to Writing in English for University Study' is a free online cou...
Useful Linking Words and Phrases to Use in Your Essays
Usage: To indicate the order of what is being said. Related Useful Words and Phrases to Use as Sentence Starters to Write Better Essays. Linking words: First/ firstly (Second/ secondly, Third/ thirdly, Finally) At this time. Following. Previously. Before. Subsequently.
The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay
Come up with a thesis. Create an essay outline. Write the introduction. Write the main body, organized into paragraphs. Write the conclusion. Evaluate the overall organization. Revise the content of each paragraph. Proofread your essay or use a Grammar Checker for language errors. Use a plagiarism checker.
The Ultimate List of Linking Words for Your Essay
Essay linking words is an integral part of academic writing. Put it simply, you can't write a paper without using them; otherwise, your writing won't make any sense for readers. Transition words for essay serve to: connect ideas in writing; create a flow of thoughts and arguments for readers to understand what you want to say
Linking Words for Essay Writing: Useful Paragraph Phrases
Linking words play an important role in contrast and argumentative essays. If you need to bring out comparison clearly, consider the use of words such as similarly, equally, comparable, in the same time and likewise. Apart from same as, other words or phrases to use include just like, just as and comparably. 3.
A Writer's Handbook
Conclusion Paragraphs for Essays; Essay Writing Organization: The Outline; Annotating Readings; Development Ideas for General, Rhetorical, and Literary Writing. ... you will need several sentences to link to each other, getting more specific as the sentences get closer to the thesis. These are just some ways of thinking about linking sentences: ...
How to Integrate Sources
Integrating sources means incorporating another scholar's ideas or words into your work. It can be done by: Quoting. Paraphrasing. Summarizing. By integrating sources properly, you can ensure a consistent voice in your writing and ensure your text remains readable and coherent. You can use signal phrases to give credit to outside sources and ...
creative writing
0. All I can find online is cohesion and coherence for paragraphs. But in a essay how can I link all the paragraphs. Any good methods for the university level. It would be great if I can find an annotated example essay for understanding this. creative-writing. technique. technical-writing. academic-writing.
PEEL Paragraph Structure
Step 1: Identify Your Point. Your paragraph should start with a sentence that establishes the point you're trying to make and answers the essay question by using key words from the question. The Point, or topic sentence, should be clear and succinct because this is what the marker is going to read first.
How to Cite Sources
To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually.
How to Write TEEL Paragraphs: 9 Steps (with Pictures)
1. Start with a topic sentence (T). The T in TEEL stands for "Topic.". The topic sentence introduces the main idea of your paragraph or summarizes the argument you are trying to make. The topic sentence usually comes first in the paragraph. [1]
writing style
3. I did it like bibliography using a url shortener, this way the link is usable for those who read it in paper or electronic format and will avoid many issues with the bibliography format. One thing you should consider is to include the lasta access data to the link (they can remove it).
Linking Texts & Graphics in an Essay
For our purposes, a graphic is just a map, chart, drawing, or other visual way to represent information. In this lesson you'll learn how to write an essay that links two texts or a text and a ...
Donald Trump Told Me Disabled Americans "Should Just Die"
W hen my uncle was elected President, I recognized what a highly privileged position I would be in.I would have some access to the White House. And as long as that was true, I wanted to make sure ...
True-Crime Literature True Crime Writing: A Dynamic Field
SOURCE: "True Crime Writing: A Dynamic Field," in The Writer, December, 1995, pp. 16-17, 41. [In the following essay, DePree comments on how to write a true-crime article, stressing that an ...
How to Cite a Website
Citing a website in MLA Style. An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL. The in-text citation usually just lists the author's name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to ...
Frequently Asked Questions about LSAT Argumentative Writing
LSAT Argumentative Writing's interface offers: Built-in, user-adjustable tools such as a feature to increase text size incrementally and a line-spacing function.; Highlighting and underlining tools, which can be used to mark key points in the prompt.; Digital "Scratch Paper," which enables test takers to type notes, instead of writing them on a physical piece of scratch paper.
Green Bay SDA Church Livestream CCLI Plus #21314240
Video. Home. Live
Kamala Harris' Family Defends Her After 'Childless Cat Ladies ...
Members of Kamala Harris' family are weighing in on Sen. JD Vance's previous comments about "childless cat ladies" running the U.S. government. On Thursday, film producer Kerstin Emhoff, the ...
What is a heat dome? A meteorologist explains the weather phenomenon
Write an article and join a growing community of more than 187,800 academics and researchers from 5,011 institutions. Register now. Editorial Policies; Community standards;
Hillary Clinton: How Kamala Harris Can Win and Make History
I've been called a witch, a "nasty woman" and much worse. Harris will face unique additional challenges. But we shouldn't be afraid.

Fiona Oates

Connecting ideas

What is cohesion?

How can I create cohesion?

Linking words

A note about presentation and style

Referring backwards

Looking forward

Connecting paragraphs

Example (from beginning of previous paragraph):

Checking for paragraph links in your own work

Strategies to improve cohesion

Looking for one-on-one advice?

Linking Words – Full List, Examples

What Are Linking Words?

List of Transition Words

Agreement/Addition/Similarity

Negative Ideas

Opposition/Limitation/Contradiction

Cause/Condition/Purpose

Examples/Support/Emphasis

Effect/Consequence/Result

Conclusion/Summary/Restatement

Time/Chronology/Sequence

Space/Location/Place

Common Mistakes With Transition Words

Starting a Sentence With So, And, and Also

Combination of Transition Words And/Or

Using As Well As as Alternative to And

Archaic Words

Linking Words Summary

Making links between paragraphs

Signposting

Share this:

Academic Advisory Board

How to structure paragraphs using the PEEL method

So, what exactly is PEEL ?

What does PEEL stand for?

PEEL in practice

About Studiosity

Recent Posts

ABN 41 114 279 668

Meet our specialists

Contact • FAQ • Privacy • Accessibility • Acceptable Use • Terms of Use AI-for-Learning Polic y • Academic Integrity Policy

Essay Guide

Paragraphs and links

Paragraphs – what should they look like?

Paragraphs – what should be in them?

Some things paragraphs can do

Paragraph links

Link words and phrases

Useful Linking Words and Phrases to Use in Your Essays

Useful Linking Words and Phrases

Giving a Result

Adding Information

Summarizing

Giving Examples

Emphasizing a Point

Sequencing Ideas

Comparing Ideas

Contrasting Ideas

Linking Words for Essays | Images

Related posts:

The Ultimate List of Linking Words for Your Essay

What are Linking Words?

Types and List of Linking Words to Use in Essays

The Ultimate List of Connecting Words: Download

Related posts

Our Writing Guides

Linking Words for Essay Writing: Useful Paragraph Phrases

What are Linking Words in Essay Writing?

Reasons for Using Linking Words in Essay Writing

1. Flow of Order and Sequence

2. Showcasing Comparison

3. Contrasting

4. Illustration of Examples

5. Including Additions

6. Introduction of Cause and Effects

7. For Conclusion Purposes

Dos of Using Linking Words