how long does phd take in germany

• Plan Your Studies
• Study Programs
• Universities
• Health Insurance for International Students
• Proof of Financial Resources
• Germany Student Visa
• Living in Germany
• Statistics & News

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs

Germany is an excellent destination for both young and experienced researchers. 

The European country is third behind the U.S. and China for research & development expenditure . Plus, it is home to some of the most prestigious (and affordable!) research universities in the world.

If you’re considering doing a PhD in Germany, you will need to follow these steps:

The main steps to doing a PhD in Germany:

• Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor
• Decide Between Individual and Structured PhD Programs
• Meet All Requirements & Prepare Your Application
• Apply for Doctoral Studies
• Secure Funding
• Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit
• Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

[Infographic Below]

Why Pursue a PhD in Germany?

If you’re not yet sure if you should choose Germany for your PhD studies, here are some compelling reasons why you should consider it:

Study at GISMA University of Applied Sciences

Be one step ahead with a globally recognised college in Germany!

• Top-tier universities. Four German universities are ranked in the top 100 global universities, and many more are in the top 200.
• Large international student community. Germany welcomes a diverse and thriving international student community. Over 458,210 international students are currently studying in the country.
• Quality research institutions. There are over a thousand publicly funded research institutions (universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutes, businesses, and government bodies) that you can choose from in Germany.
• High investment in research and development. Germany’s public expenditure in the research and development sector reached a record high of 112.6 billion euros in 2021.
• Strong economy. Germany is known for its strong and stable economy. After completing your PhD, there are plenty of employment opportunities in the academic, business, and research sectors.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany

From finding the perfect program for you to submitting your application and starting your PhD, here are all the steps you need to take:

1. Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor

After all the years of studying leading up to this step, you most likely have a few areas of interest you want to do your research in.

This is the first important step: define your research focus by considering your interests and academic background. If you need more help, you can consult online resources from research universities. Or, even better, you can discuss your decision to pursue a PhD with academic communities online or offline and seek advice from current PhD students in Germany who can tell you more about their individual experiences.

If you already know what your research direction is, you can begin searching for suitable programs right ahead. 

• The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) has an extensive list of current opportunities, which you can look up at the  DAAD PhD Database . 
• Another option is to research universities in Germany individually to find the newest opportunities and offerings at each institution.

You will also have to find a supervisor. The best way to do this is to go to university websites and find faculty directories with profiles of professors and their research fields/current projects. Contact professors whose work aligns with your interests via email to inquire about supervision opportunities.

> Search PhD programs from 31,000 research institutions listed on the GERiT database .

Types of PhD Programs in Germany

There are two different paths you can take when pursuing a PhD: individual PhD programs and structured PhD programs. Each comes with its own set of advantages and requirements.

2. Verify That You Meet All Requirements & Prepare the Application

Requirements and application documents to apply for a PhD in Germany are specific to the institution and research area you’re applying to. But, as a general guideline, you should prepare the following:

• Academic degree recognized in Germany. You need a master’s degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) in a field relevant to the PhD program to qualify.
• Copy of master’s thesis. Submit a copy of your master’s thesis. The work should demonstrate your research skills and the depth of your academic work.
• Research proposal. Craft a clear and detailed research proposal that includes your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and significance. 
• Statement of purpose. Write a statement of purpose why you want to do a PhD in your chosen field, your academic and career goals, and how this program aligns with them.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV). Prepare a detailed CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, relevant coursework, publications, and any other qualifications.
• Proof of language proficiency. Depending on the language of instruction, you may have to provide proof of language proficiency in English and/or German. You can do this with certificates like TestDaF and DSH for German or TOEFL and IELTS for English. Proof of previous studies in the language is also sufficient.
• Academic references. Provide contact information or recommendation letters from professors/ academic advisors who can attest to your academic abilities and potential.
• Predoctoral examination. Some programs ask that you pass a predoctoral examination as part of the application process.

3. Apply for Doctoral Studies

After finding a suitable PhD program and mentor, and making sure your academic qualifications are recognized, you can send in your application.

You can send in your application online or by post, depending on the hosting institution’s preferences. To make sure, check their guidelines and specifications. Admission committees are selective, so you may also have to attend an interview soon in the application process.

4. Secure Funding

You must demonstrate access to a minimum of €992 per month (€11,908 per year) to meet visa requirements and live comfortably while you’re in Germany. You can prove this through an admission agreement or relevant PhD contract, or you can open a blocked account with individual funds.

There are many ways to support yourself financially while pursuing a PhD in Germany:

• PhD scholarships. DAAD offers the highest number of doctoral scholarships. PhD students get an average monthly stipend of €1,139. 
• Paid PhD positions. Many universities and research institutions offer paid PhD positions in Germany. You will work on specific research projects on a contract and receive a salary.
• Research associate positions. You can also work as a research associate in a university, research institution, or company and receive a salary as compensation.
• Part-time jobs. Some PhD students/researchers work part-time jobs that are not related to their studies for extra income.

> Read more about the costs of studying in Germany.

> Discover PhD scholarships in Germany.

5. Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit

If the institution confirms your place in the PhD program, next in line is applying for a student visa or residence permit. The requirements for a German PhD visa or permit can vary depending on your nationality and circumstances: 

Visa Requirements

If you’re a citizen of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), or Switzerland, you don’t need a special permit or visa for a PhD in Germany. You can enter the country for research and work purposes with a valid passport or ID card.

Otherwise, you will need a visa and/or a residence permit to do your PhD in Germany. Nationals of some countries, including the United States, Australia, Israel, Japan, and Korea, don’t need a visa but must apply for a residence permit.

Depending on the circumstances, you need one of the following visas:

• Study visa. If you’re pursuing a full-time doctoral program.
• Research visa. If your focus is on research and you have a formal affiliation with a research institution in Germany.
• EU Blue Card. If your PhD contract pays a gross annual salary of at least €45,300 (or €41,041.80 in certain professions), you can apply for an EU Blue Card . This is a special residence title for international academics and other professionals.

Residence Permit Requirements

If you come to Germany on a visa, you will need to apply for a residence permit within three months of arrival. This also applies to nationals of countries outside the EU, EEA, and Switzerland who are exempt from the visa requirement.

You can apply for one of the following residence permits:

• Study permit. If you’re accepted into a PhD program at a German university, apply for a study-based residence permit. It lasts up to two years, extendable.
• Research permit. If you’re a researcher with the right qualifications for doctoral programs, apply for a research permit. This requires a contract with a research institution for your project.
• EU Blue Card. With a PhD offer that has a minimum salary of €45,300 per year, or €41,041.80 for some bottleneck professions , you may be eligible for the EU Blue Card. Apply for this permit if you meet the criteria.

> For more specific information tailored to your situation, we recommend contacting the German embassy or consulate in your home country. You can also use this visa navigator.

6. Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

The most exciting step of all is near—time to unpack your bags and begin your life as a PhD student or researcher in Germany. Once you’re settled in, there are some formalities you need to take care of.

The international office at the university or another representative can guide you best on this. However, here are some of the main things you need to do once you arrive in Germany:

Register Your Residence

Shortly after your arrival, you must register your residence at the local registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt). This is mandatory, and you typically have a window of two weeks to complete this process. 

Get Health Insurance

Everyone in Germany is required by law to have health insurance coverage. This includes international PhD students. Depending on the source of your funding, you are eligible for one of the following health insurance coverages: 

• Doctoral candidates with an employment contract are automatically insured with a state-regulated health insurance provider (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung-GKV) in most cases.
• Doctoral candidates without an employment contract (with a fellowship or private funding) can choose between:
• Voluntary health insurance coverage with a state-regulated provider.
• Coverage with a private health insurance company.

There are some exceptions in which you can use your insurance from your home country. These apply to students from a European Union (EU) country or other countries with social security agreements with Germany.

Open a Bank Account 

You should open a German bank account as soon as possible. Most financial transactions in Germany, including receiving your stipend or salary, are done through a German bank account.

Enroll at the University

If your PhD program is part of a university degree, you need to enroll as a student at the university. Follow your university’s instructions to submit the necessary documents to the enrollment office. These usually include your admission letter, passport, proof of health insurance, and semester fee.

After you complete this process, you will receive an Enrollment Certificate (Immatrikulationsbescheinigung). This is a very important document that you most likely need in the future.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany [Infographic]

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There’s a lot of planning involved if you’re considering doing a PhD, especially if it’s in a foreign country. We’re sure you’ve got more questions, and we’re here to help.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Germany?

A PhD in Germany usually takes between three to six years to complete. Just like in other countries, it can take longer or shorter than expected, depending on several factors. The type of PhD you choose (structured programs can be more rigid), your subject area, and individual progress can all make a difference in the time it takes to get a PhD in Germany.

Are PhD Programs in Germany Tuition-Free?

The majority of PhD programs in Germany are tuition-free, at least for the first six semesters. However, if need to enroll at a university for your PhD, there is a small semester fee you need to cover. The fee can be higher or lower depending on the university, but it usually falls within the range of €100 to €350.

Is German Mandatory to Pursue a PhD in Germany?

You don’t necessarily have to know German to do a PhD in Germany. In fact, most PhD programs in Germany are in English, especially in fields such as science, engineering, and humanities. In these programs, you can both write your thesis and communicate with your advisor and peers in English.

There is of course the chance that the program you’ve chosen is in German or requires knowledge of German (in most cases, in addition to English). In this case, you have to prove your proficiency through a recognized language certificate or proof of previous studies in German.

Even if German isn’t mandatory, we strongly encourage you to learn the basics. They will be super helpful in daily interactions and getting accustomed to life in Germany.

How Much Does a PhD Student Earn in Germany?

Most PhD candidates in Germany receive financial support in the form of a salary or grant. This includes candidates affiliated with universities, research institutes, or company collaborations.

The majority of doctoral positions are structured under either the Collective Agreement for Civil Service TVöD (Tarifvertrag für den öffentlichen Dienst or the Collective Agreement for the Civil Service of Individual Federal States TV-L (Tarifvertrag der Länder). Since universities are funded by their respective federal government, if your PhD is affiliated with one, your salary will be structured under the TV-L.

Doctoral positions fall within the TV-L 13 category, with a salary range spanning from €4,188 (Tier 1) to €6,037 (Tier 6). The difference between the tiers (Stufe) depends on prior experience in the field. If you don’t have any research experience, you will fall under Tier 1 and progress to the other tiers throughout your PhD.

Your salary will ultimately be determined based on a wage agreement that specifies the contract tier (Stufe) and working hours (percentage-based). Many entry-level PhD students start with tier 1 contracts that are not full-time. For example, if your contract places you in Pay Group E-13 Tier 1 of the TV-L and you work at 75% capacity, your monthly gross salary will be €3,141.

> Learn more about pay ranges for PhD students using this convenient calculator .

Can I Work While Pursuing a PhD in Germany?

Part-time work is an option in most cases unless it’s strictly stated otherwise in your contract. Whether or not you are allowed to work on the side as a PhD in Germany depends on the working hours stated in your PhD contract, supervisor, and other specific circumstances. 

However, since the PhD is considered a job in itself, it’s usually frowned upon to have a side hustle. Even if you have a 50% contract, a PhD is demanding and requires long hours of work and research. If you choose to work on the side, make sure to find the right balance between work and your PhD commitments. To be on the safe side, it’s best to talk to your supervisor and go over all the legal and contractual obligations related to your PhD.

What Is the Process for Defending a PhD Thesis in Germany?

Here are the main steps to defending your PhD thesis in Germany:

• Submit your thesis. The first step is submitting submit your thesis and supporting documents in adherence to all the formal requirements. A commission will be formed, and in some cases, you can suggest reviewers.
• Oral defense. The next step is preparing and undergoing an oral defense, which can take between 30 minutes to 2 hours. During this time, you will present your research and discuss it with the committee. The defense can be either public or private.
• Receive the title and publish your work. The outcome of the discussion determines your final grade, to be received after the defense. If everything goes well, you’re granted the Ph.D. title and have about two years to publish your dissertation.

What Are the Career Prospects Like After Doing a PhD in Germany?

Career prospects after a PhD in Germany are quite promising. 

The most common paths for PhD holders in Germany are either in academia as professors or post-doctorate researchers or in industry positions. 

Technology, healthcare, and finance, in particular, are some of the most in-demand industries in Germany. The country’s strong economy and research-oriented environment make it an attractive place to develop your career.

Join 262,114 students interested in studying in Germany

Download a free copy of our "Essential Guide to Studying in Germany for Free" , get regular emails sent to your inbox with helpful articles about studying in Germany, latest news, scholarships, study abroad opportunities and offers...

Download The Guide

Studying-in-Germany.org is the largest information portal about studying in Germany for international students.

We publish news about the latest German higher education system changes and education policy updates, as well as a vast amount of informational content, articles, and research about studying in Germany for international students.

Learn more about us

Quick Links

• 8 Steps to Study in Germany
• Education System
• Requirements to Study in Germany
• Universities in Germany
• International Programmes
• Student Visa
• Health Insurance
• Blocked Bank Account
• Funding Your Education
• Learn German Guide
• Cost of Living

Latest News and Statistics

International students in germany reach record highs in 2023/24 winter semester, must-know changes for students in germany in 2025, german universities receive €220 million to improve international mobility for students & staff, german universities registered 9% increase in guest students in winter semester 2023/24, bachelor students in germany more likely to drop out within first academic year.

© 2012 - 2024 - Studying in Germany - All Rights Reserved.

• Privacy Policy
• Cookie Policy

• Value Package
• Blocked Account
• Health Insurance
• Bank Account
• Indian Education Loans
• Studyfinder
• Study Eligibility Checker
• Accommodation
• Learn German

German Visa Solutions

• Studying in Germany
• German Universities
• Free Studies in Germany
• Financing your Studies in Germany
• Application Process to Study in Germany
• Study IT in Germany
• Study Medicine in Germany
• Study Nursing in Germany
• Study Engineering

Study in Germany

• Financing Your Studies
• Study Engineering in Germany
• Working in Germany
• German Business Culture
• Best Cities in Germany for Expats
• After your Bachelor's in Germany
• After your Master's in Germany
• Opportunity Card (Chancenkarte)

Work in Germany

• GET A BLOCKED ACCOUNT

PhD in Germany [Complete Guide]

Few achievements in life match the feeling of being awarded a PhD. Doctorates represent the pinnacle of academic achievement, and require years of diligent study.

The rewards, however, are great. Not only does a Ph.D. give you bragging rights at cocktail parties, but it also provides excellent job prospects and earning potential. But what if you want to study for a PhD outside of your home country?

Germany is an increasingly popular destination for international students, offering high-quality education and research facilities at a fraction of the cost of studying in the US or UK. Germany offers and takes research extremely seriously, and is one of the world's most popular places to study for a PhD or higher education.

But what kinds of PhDs are available, how much do they cost, and how do students apply? Let's find out.

General information

Germany is widely seen as one of the best places to apply for a PhD worldwide

The country offers excellent education and research facilities as well as competitive funding opportunities for doctoral students.

There are different types of Ph.D. programs in Germany. That's no surprise, as   Germany invented the elite academic qualification in the 19th century . German PhDs cover subjects as diverse as history, linguistics, and philosophy, or chemistry, molecular biology, earth sciences, and computer science. Most lower level degree subjects can be extended to PhD level if the student desires.

How can I get a PhD in Germany?

There are   two main ways   to complete a PhD in Germany. Most commonly,   students form a working relationship with a specific   Doktorvater   or   Doktormutter   (or "supervisor" in English). They then work on a tightly focused research task for the duration of their studies.   The fruits of their university research are then presented as a "Doctorate" ( Doktorarbeit ), which tends to resemble a medium-length book.

In some cases,   "Structured" PHDs are available . These resemble taught Masters degrees, but still have a strong research element. They may also focus on work placements.

How long does it take to get a PhD in Germany?

Generally speaking,   a standard research-oriented German doctorate can be obtained within 4-6 years . This depends on the speed of work and personal factors such as having children.   Structured doctorates can often be completed in just 3 years , but this varies from course to course.

International PhD Programs

Germany welcomes international students to study at PhD level

Many programs offer specialist assistance and course structures for overseas students.

DAAD   (the German Academic Exchange Service) brings together   grants for international students at leading German universities . It's the best place to start   hunting for scholarships to help fund your studies .

Is a PhD in Germany free?

PhDs at German universities are usually available free of charge for international students , but   living costs   aren't covered. However, scholarships can cover (most) living costs.   DAAD grants will average around €1,200 per month , and additional funding sources may be available.

A group of prominent universities has also created a funding scheme   called   StipendumPlus , which also distributes grants. Between them, finding financial help should be possible.

Do PhD students get paid in Germany?

It's not routine for international students to be paid for their work , but it is definitely possible to find paid research posts. Enquire with your supervisor, and you may find that paid jobs are available to supplement your income.

How to find your PhD Position

Finding the right PhD is essential

It's   a huge investment of both finances and time , and could change the course of your life. So here are some useful tips to remember.

Take time to find a   supervisor   you want to work with.   Balance their academic record with the resources of the university, and have a chat with them   if possible. You need to be able to work with them on a daily basis.

• Searching for doctorate programs has been made much easier by databases like   DAAD . Use them to assess every option.
• Consult   university rankings   to avoid poor-quality teaching.
• Check for services like career advice and travel grants. As a PhD researcher, you may need to travel worldwide, and this can be expensive.
• Ask about work opportunities as well. Research posts at your university are the best way to add some extra income, while gaining relevant experience.

Requirements and Application

Before you can commence doctorate studies in Germany, you'll need to complete an application process

If you want to study a traditional PhD,   applications must be carried out via your prospective supervisor .

When   you contact   the supervisor   and they   agree to work with you, they will forward your request to the relevant faculty . The department will then request:

• A statement from your supervisor
• Proof of your academic qualification 
• 1-2 academic references
• Proof of   language proficiency
• A valid   student visa   and   health insurance

Structured PhDs don't require students to go through a supervisor.   In those cases, applications are made via the faculty, and will usually be carried out via online portals.

To study a PhD, requirements generally demand a Masters degree   (8 semesters of university education), as well as English and German proficiency to a high level.

IELTS English certificates , and   TestDaf German courses   are advisable for all doctoral candidates, even if they have studied those languages in the past.

PhDs are a huge investment of both finances and time, so it's important to do your research before choosing a supervisor and program. Make sure to consult university rankings and databases like DAAD when making your decision. Once you've been accepted into a program, make sure to apply for scholarships and grants to help cover your living costs.

Finally, remember to ask about work opportunities as well – research posts are a great way to gain relevant experience and supplement your income.

Find Your Perfect Match 

Search by city, major, or field of study and find your dream study program in Germany.

Best German Universities for Medicine

Studying in Germany with a disability

The Ultimate Guide to Studying in Germany vs. the USA

This might also be of interest to you

Best English-taught Master Programs in Germany

Germany is renowned for its high-quality education, and many of its universities rank among the best in the world. Additionally, studying in Germany...

Pre-Studies & Studienkolleg in Germany

Germans are huge believers in preparation, and that's especially the case in the higher education sector. German universities welcome international...

MBBS in Germany [Complete guide]

If you want to obtain a "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" (MBBS) qualification, studying abroad is often the best route to choose. Germany...

Few achievements in life match the feeling of being awarded a PhD. Doctorates represent the pinnacle of academic achievement, and require years of...

Master's Degree in Germany [Guide]

Germans value skills above almost everything else, and the nation's universities offer a vast range of subjects, in M.A., M.Sc., and M.Eng. formats.

How to Draft a Perfect German Cover Letter [Format, Guide]

• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=0; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('main-nav-link-list')?.children[0]?.children[1]?.focus()) }"> Research landscape
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=1; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('main-nav-link-list')?.children[1]?.children[1]?.focus()) }"> Your goal
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=2; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('main-nav-link-list')?.children[2]?.children[1]?.focus()) }"> Plan your stay
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=3; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('main-nav-link-list')?.children[3]?.children[1]?.focus()) }"> Success stories
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=4; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('main-nav-link-list')?.children[4]?.children[1]?.focus()) }"> Our service
• R&D policy framework
• Research infrastructure
• Research funding system
• Universities
• Universities of applied sciences
• Technical universities
• Top universities
• Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
• Helmholtz Association
• Leibniz Association
• Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
• Academies of sciences and humanities
• Federal research institutions
• State research institutions
• What is R&D in German business?
• Why is collaboration important?
• Which sectors carry out R&D?
• Which are the leading companies?
• How do German businesses compare internationally?
• How is the start-up scene set up?
• How do I start a career?
• Good reasons

Two ways to get your PhD

• Find your PhD position
• How to apply for a PhD
• Funding programmes
• Funding organisations
• Funding databases
• Job portals
• Career options & dual careers
• Funding & awards
• Potential employers
• Research fields
• Entry and residence
• German money-saving tips
• Cost of living
• Social insurance and health
• Bringing your family
• Information for your partner
• Support for families
• Finding a place to live
• Funding opportunities
• Recognition of professional qualifications
• Counselling
• Latest Thinking
• First-hand experiences from international researchers
• "Meet Your Future You" - series
• On-site consultation
• Our publications
• Research news
• Online talks
• Topics in focus
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=0; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('mobile-nav-0')?.children[0]?.children[0]?.focus()) }"> Research landscape
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=1; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('mobile-nav-1')?.children[0]?.children[0]?.focus()) }"> Your goal
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=2; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('mobile-nav-2')?.children[0]?.children[0]?.focus()) }"> Plan your stay
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=3; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('mobile-nav-3')?.children[0]?.children[0]?.focus()) }"> Success stories
• { expandedNavigation=true; activeIndex=4; setTimeout(() => document.getElementById('mobile-nav-4')?.children[0]?.children[0]?.focus()) }"> Our service

Support making RiG more international!

Support making "Research in Germany" more international! Your expertise and commitment are the key to the further development of promoting the German research landscape. We invite you to take part in our online survey and share your valuable experiences and opinions. Duration: 7-10 min.

Please start the survey at the end of your visit.

A doctorate is the highest academic degree that a university can award. In Germany, studying for a doctorate primarily means  working intensely on a specific subject or research project  for a long period of time. It typically takes five to six years to obtain a doctorate, though the length of time can vary.

How to obtain a PhD in Germany

If you decide to do a doctorate, you can choose between different forms of study. Depending on your discipline, research area, personal circumstances and formal qualifications, there are two different paths:

• Individual doctorate The individual doctorate is based on independent research carried out alone under the supervision of one professor. This is the traditional path followed by over three quarters of all doctoral students in Germany.
• Structured PhD programmes These programmes offer a form of study similar to that found in English-speaking countries. You will be supervised by a team and will attend courses, lectures and seminars together with other doctoral students. Normally, such programmes are publicly advertised and often feature grants or paid doctoral positions.

Individual doctorate

DAAD/Jan Zappner

The "traditional" or "individual" path to a PhD remains the  most common in Germany. An individual doctorate involves a thesis or dissertation that is produced under the  supervision of one professor .

This form of PhD study offers a great deal of  flexibility , but also demands a  high degree of personal initiative and responsibility . A professor supervises a PhD student, who works on his or her subject in consultation with the professor, but  largely independently .

How long a traditional individual doctorate takes depends on your own time schedule – or on the duration of your work contract. On average, you can expect it to take five to six years . Although a university is normally responsible for the doctoral process, you can also carry out your research at other institutions.

Depending on your subject, research area and interests, you can choose whether to work on a research project and your PhD at a university or non-university research institute – or indeed in industry. However, no matter where you conduct your research, a professor will always supervise your PhD.

You can obtain a doctorate by pursuing research:

• at a university
• at a non-university research institute or
• in a German company

PhD at a university

The "typical" PhD student in Germany works – usually part-time – as a  research associate  at his or her university. Although research is generally part of the job description, most of the associate’s own doctoral research usually has to be carried out outside working hours. How closely teaching, research and/or administrative duties are actually tied into the doctoral student’s own research depends very much on the individual situation.

PhD at a non-university research institute

Non-university research establishments – such as the  Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ,  Helmholtz Association ,  Leibniz Association  and  Max Planck Society  – offer an excellent research environment in which to conduct your research. These institutions do not have the right to award doctorates themselves, but collaborate with universities for that purpose. They offer PhD students  scholarships and/or (usually fixed-term) contracts of employment  – or a combination of the two. However, support is also possible in the form of regular research posts, which are especially typical of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and the Max Planck Society.

PhD in industry

Graduates who decide to work in industry and study for a doctorate part-time – often with funding and support from their employer – also need a university professor to supervise their research. In some cases, the employer will already be collaborating with a university or research institute and can help the PhD student find the right supervisor.

People who have PhD research posts within a company usually have part-time temporary contracts and work on a research project that allows them to pursue their doctoral research under the supervision of a professor. When a university and an industrial company collaborate in specially established institutes, doctoral researchers usually work on their projects with their professor and a supervisor from the company.

More information:

Find your individual doctorate 

The traditional individual path to a doctorate remains the most common in Germany. In this case, the doctoral student works for the most part independently on their thesis, though in consultation with their supervising professor.

Structured PhD programmes

DAAD/Volker Lannert

Structured doctoral programmes often have a  strong international orientation  with English as the team language. Unlike the individual doctorate model that can be freely structured to suit the individual research project, here doctoral students and their research proposals have to fit in with an existing PhD programme.

The doctorate frequently entails a  clearly structured doctoral study   programme  with compulsory attendance at lectures or seminars and interim assessment (credit points). The programme frequently also covers  academic and scientific methods or soft skills , such as presentation techniques.

As a rule, PhD Students work steadily at realising their research project within the team and with intensive  support from a group of academic staff  (often referred to as the “thesis committee”).

The duration of your studies is generally   limited to three to five years, and there is usually a fixed curriculum within which you work toward your doctorate and write your thesis.

Find your structured PhD programme

Though no database containing all structured PhD programmes in Germany is available yet, we can point you in the direction of databases that will help you find what you are looking for nonetheless, where to obtain information about eligibility requirements and how to apply.

Check out our brochure:

Doing a phd in germany (2019, 40 pages).

This booklet for (prospective) international doctoral students presents the different options for doing a doctorate in Germany. It explains the formal requirements and gives some practical advice on finding the right supervisor or doctoral programme. It also outlines different sponsorship and funding options.

How long does it take to complete a PhD…

How long does it take to complete a phd in germany, what are the 2 types of visa for phd students in germany.

• Student Applicant Visa (Visum zur Studienbewerbung): This visa facilitates a three-month entry to Germany for completing admission procedures. Subsequently, you can transition to a full Student Visa upon acceptance into your PhD program.
• Student Visa (Visum zu Studienzwecken): After being admitted for your PhD study, this visa allows up to three months of entry to Germany. Post-arrival, you can apply for a residence permit to continue your academic journey.

What should your PhD application include?

Who does stipendiumplus seek to support.

• Avicenna Studienwerk: Nurturing Muslim doctoral candidates, this foundation fosters academic growth while honoring cultural identity.
• Cusanuswerk: A haven for Catholic doctoral candidates, offering financial backing and a platform where faith and academia intertwine.
• Evangelische Studienwerk Villigst: Supporting Evangelical scholars, it promotes spiritual values alongside intellectual endeavors.
• Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Uplifting socially committed doctoral candidates from diverse backgrounds, enriching academia with a mosaic of perspectives.
• Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom: Fostering Evangelical doctoral candidates, it champions academic exploration and the ideals of freedom.

What is the definition of structured PhD programs?

What are the phd admission requirements, can i receive financial assistance as a student with children in germany, why should you pursue your phd in germany, related posts.

How to apply in the DAAD Portal? Accessing the…

Is PhD free in Germany? Indeed, pursuing a PhD…

What GPA is required for a PhD in Germany?…

What is the University Entrance Qualification in Germany? The…

Cookie Consent

To improve the website, the DAAD and third parties set cookies and process usage data . In doing so, the DAAD and third parties transfer usage data to third countries in which there is no level of data protection comparable to that under EU law. By clicking the "Accept all" button, you consent to this processing. You can also find selection options and explanations of these cookies and processing at the end of this page under "Cookies". There you can withdraw consent at any time with effect for the future.

• Privacy Policy

Jump to content

Ways To Your PhD

 You have the choice of two routes to your doctoral title in Germany. Check out the differences.

Individual Doctoral Studies

Most doctoral candidates choose the individual study model. In this model, you need to find a university professor who will supervise your dissertation. You may elect to write your dissertation alone or collaborate with other researchers – it really depends on your subject.

As a doctoral candidate you have three options as to where you carry out your research:  at a university, at a research organisation or in the industrial sector.  You can decide which option best fits your goals.

How long it takes to complete an individual PhD is down to your schedule, or the period of your research grant, but the length of this form of PhD usually ranges from 3 to 5 years.

Structured PhD Programmes

An alternative route to your doctorate is via the structured PhD programme, similar to those in English-speaking countries. This model offers regular and intense supervision by a team of advisors.  The programmes include a curriculum of courses, usually with an interdisciplinary focus. These programmes will advance your skills not only in academic and scientific methods such as presentation techniques but also foster soft skills. This systematic approach allows you to complete your doctoral studies within 3 – 4 years.  

Find out more about the two ways to do your PhD: www.research-in-germany.org > two ways to get a PhD

Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst e.V. Kennedyallee 50 53175 Bonn

All addresses in the DAAD Network

DAAD Newsletters

Receive regular up-to-date information about our work and organisation.

Newsletter - DAAD

Useful Links

• Find Scholarships
• DAAD offices worldwide

Jump to top of page

by Leona Quigley

Updated on January 3, 2024

How to do a PhD in Germany 

Germany enjoys a distinguished international reputation for the quality of its higher-level education system . It’s for this reason that so many graduate students choose to pursue their doctoral studies in Germany, roughly 29,000 each year! That’s more than any other EU member state. Of the countries with the most PhD graduates in the world, Germany ranks third after the USA and China. It is also completely possible to do a PhD in Germany without speaking fluent German, though it does offer a great opportunity to learn ! 

Here’s a quick guide to what you need to know about pursuing your doctoral studies in Germany, including finding PhD programs and funding your studies.

Types of PhD programs in Germany

How long does it take to get a phd in germany, finding your phd in germany, funding your phd in germany, what are the language requirements for doing a phd in germany, learn languages at your pace.

As Germany is a part of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), its educational qualifications follow the three-cycle format common in the region. Nevertheless, it has a distinctive approach to doctoral education and offers two different paths towards a PhD:

Individual doctorate

This is the traditional path to a doctorate in Germany and remains the most popular with doctoral students. To achieve an individual doctorate, you will pursue your own individual research, working towards a dissertation under the guidance of a doctoral adviser ( Betreuer*in ). This pathway provides a high degree of flexibility but also requires you to be able to take initiative and remain motivated without the same level of support offered by a structured program. You can pursue your doctorate through a state university, a private university, a University of Applied Sciences ( Fachhochschule ), a non-university research institute, such as the prestigious Max Planck Institute, or through industry sponsorship.

Structured doctoral programs

A structured doctoral program is similar to the model of doctoral education typical in the United States, though this model of study is not common in Germany. The PhD candidate will attend lectures, courses and seminars, and will work under the guidance of a team of supervisors. These programs are structured to provide candidates with required courses on hard and soft research skills as they progress through a fixed curriculum. They write their theses on a relevant topic within a team setting. Structured doctorates tend to have an international orientation, with English as the main working language. 

An individual doctorate generally takes about 4 years, whereas it normally takes only 3 years to complete a structured doctoral program. The academic year comprises two semesters: Wintersemester , running from October to the end of March with holidays at Christmas and Easter; and Sommersemester , running from April to the beginning of Wintersemester , with a holiday from July to September. The exact dates will vary slightly by institution and year.

If you want to pursue an individual doctorate, the first step you need to take is to search for a university that offers a program in your chosen field and someone who is willing to supervise your work. A good place to start your search is the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst , the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), in order to find the right place. PhDGermany has a selection of programs specifically targeted at international students: and you can find funded doctoral programs at the German Research Foundation (DFG – Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). You can search the Higher Education Compass website to find out which university would be a good fit for your research proposal On this site, you’ll find links to faculties, potential research supervisors as well as other information. If you want to check the CHE university rankings it is best to search in your subject area.

There’s no central database of all the structured PhD programs in Germany but you can usually find them directly through universities, graduate schools or non-university research institutions. The DAAD database is also a good place to look. Here you will find many PhD programs that are specifically aimed at international doctoral students.

Most universities in Germany do not charge tuition fees for PhD students, even if they’re international. You will, however, need to pay a “semester contribution” ( Semesterbeitrag ), which ranges between €100 and €400 per semester which is a contribution towards administrative costs and student services ( Studentenwerk ).

In addition to this, you’ll have to consider living costs, which vary based on where you’re studying and the type of accommodation you choose. As many of Germany’s major universities are located at the heart of its major cities, rent prices alone can be a significant burden on doctoral students. 

A variety of funding options are available to international PhD students:

• Graduate assistantships (wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter*in) and fellowships from your university or government, 
• Programs funded by the German government for international students and 
• Programs funded by industry, business or independent research hubs such as the Max Planck Institute
• Scholarships from the university or institute that offers you a place – make sure to investigate
• Scholarships from the DAAD or industry or from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG – German Research Community)
• Scholarships from one of the 13 institutes that promote gifted students, including Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Heinrich-Böll-Foundation , Hans Böckler Foundation , Rosa Luxemburg Foundation , Friedrich Ebert Foundation or Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung .

The language requirements for your PhD program will vary depending on the institution. Most structured PhD programs in Germany are taught in English . If that isn’t your first language, you’ll be required to complete an English language proficiency test or submit other proof of adequate language ability. As an individual PhD student, however, you may be required to write your thesis in German, though this also depends on the institution. If German is required you will need to submit proof of your German language proficiency. Two main tests are available for this purpose: the Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH, meaning “German language examination for university entrance”) and the Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache, or TestDaF (Test German as a Foreign Language).

One step closer to your Diplom

You are now one step closer to finding the PhD program of your dreams in Germany. So get ready to adapt to the German culture and language. Doing your doctorate in Germany is a wonderful way to further your academic ambitions and discover the distinctive German lifestyle and the many beautiful and historical sights the country offers.

Leona Quigley

Leona has her roots in the South of Ireland, where she grew up on her family farm. She went on to study World Politics at Leiden University College, The Hague and then completed her MPhil in International History at Trinity College Dublin. Leona has now settled in Berlin, having fallen in love with the city. In her spare time she is working on perfecting her German in anticipation of her doctoral studies, during which she plans to study modern German social history. Her hobbies include bouldering, dancing and reading a healthy mix of history books and corny fantasy fiction. You can find more info about her on LinkedIn .

The ultimate guide to work culture in Switzerland

What languages are spoken in Luxembourg?

Lingoda’s career stories: Meet Andreas, our People Engagement Specialist

Crack the German code: Your guide to making friends in Germany

8 typical Swiss things, from Swiss knives to fondue

How to rent an apartment in Germany

Erntedank: Everything you need to know about German Thanksgiving

Plug sockets in Germany: What travel adapters do you need?

5 German love songs that will make your heart melt 

Level up your language skills with Lingoda. Take our placement test for free and get started.

PhD: Doctoral Studies in Germany

The idea of obtaining a doctorate is a very worthwhile investment in many countries around the world. If you also want to do a doctorate in Germany , there are many different ways to get there. Doctoral studies in Germany: How does it work?

In this article

For which professions is a doctorate usually particularly worthwhile?

A doctorate can be beneficial in many professional fields, as it provides a high degree of specialization and expertise in a particular field. Especially in the fields of natural sciences,  medicine  and technology , a doctorate is often a prerequisite for working in leading positions. In these industries, a doctorate can also help graduates earn higher salaries. The professions in which a doctorate is usually particularly worthwhile include, for example, researchers, professors, engineers and doctors.

In science and research, doctorates are common and almost a prerequisite for success. A Ph.D. researcher usually has a high level of knowledge in a particular field and can use it in his work to gain new insights. As a rule, postdoctoral scientists also have better chances of finding positions in leading positions, both in science and industry.

Doctorates can also be beneficial in business , especially in the fields of technology and engineering . Engineers who have PhDs can usually lead more complex projects and also work in higher positions. In many companies, doctoral graduates are also better remunerated and have better opportunities for advancement than their colleagues without a doctorate. Especially in industries such as aerospace engineering , the  automotive industry or information technology , a doctorate can help to deepen one’s own knowledge and skills and thus contribute to a successful career.

A doctorate in the medical field offers graduates the opportunity to deepen their knowledge and skills in a specific medical specialty and to be at the forefront of medical research. It is an important milestone for anyone working in medicine who wants to climb the career ladder.

A doctorate can also be an advantage in the medical field. Doctors with a Ph.D. often have a high reputation and enjoy a higher level of trust among patients. You may also hold leadership positions in hospitals and research institutes. In addition, a doctorate in the medical field offers the opportunity to gain new insights into research and thus contribute to the improvement of patient care.

PhD: Test your knowledge on pursuing a doctorate degree

Welcome to our quiz on the topic of pursuing a PhD! Discover how well you know the ins and outs of obtaining a doctorate degree and explore the various aspects of embarking on this academic journey. Are you ready to test your knowledge and learn something new about pursuing a PhD? Start now!

Doctoral studies in Germany: How does it work?

Would you like to do your doctorate in Germany? This is a great decision! Germany is a country with a long academic tradition and offers excellent opportunities for doctoral students. Doing a doctorate in Germany can be a great experience for both Germans and foreigners.

It offers the opportunity to learn, work and educate yourself in an academic environment. However, it is important to prepare well and be clear about the requirements, financing options and processes. If you are well prepared and ready to take on the challenges, doing a doctorate in Germany can be an unforgettable and rewarding experience.

Life-in-Germany.de is an independent online journal from Germany, informing about career opportunities since 2018. We provide tips on apprenticeships , dual studies , studies , jobs and applications . We help companies with recruitment advice and in connecting international partners for career placements in Germany. We are looking forward to your cooperation requests .

Getting Started

The first step in doctoral studies is the choice of topic and the doctoral project. You need to find a professor who is willing to supervise you as a doctoral student. This can be challenging, especially if you don’t already have connections to a university. However, it is important that the topic of your doctoral project fits well with the research priorities of your supervisor.

Once you have found a suitable supervisor, you must apply to the university.

For a doctorate at a university, it is usually necessary that the candidate has first completed a course of study and then writes a scientific paper, which is examined by the faculty and found to be good.

This is usually done via the university’s online application portal. For foreigners, there are usually special requirements, such as proof of sufficient knowledge of German. It is important to inform yourself about the requirements in good time and to submit all necessary documents in a timely manner.

Facts and figures

• According to the National Science Foundation, the number of PhD degrees awarded in the United States has been steadily increasing over the past decade.
• Approximately 1.8% of the U.S. population holds a doctoral degree.
• The average age of PhD recipients in the United States is 32.
• Women make up a significant percentage of PhD recipients, with the number steadily rising in recent years.
• The fields with the highest number of PhD recipients are engineering, life sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences.
• PhD holders have a higher median income compared to individuals with lower levels of education.

One of the biggest challenges when doing a doctorate is financing. Unfortunately, there are no state scholarships for doctoral students in Germany, as is the case in other countries. However, there are a few ways to cover the costs of the doctoral project:

• Scholarships from private foundations or companies
• Part-time job during the doctorate
• Doctoral scholarships from your own faculty or university
• Doctoral scholarships from funding programmes such as “ Deutschlandstipendium “

For working people, there is also the possibility of a so-called “part-time doctorate”. You will work part-time during your doctorate and finance your doctoral project out of your own pocket or through a combination of scholarships and your own funds.

When you have overcome all formal hurdles, you can start your actual work. The process of a doctorate varies depending on the faculty and university, but generally it consists of the following steps:

• Creation of the thesis: you must write a scientific paper that represents your doctoral project. This can be a monograph or a collection of essays.
• Exams: you must take one or more exams related to your doctoral project. These examinations can be written or oral.
• Defense: In the end, you have to defend your work before an exam committee. This is your chance to present your results and answer questions.
• Graduation: After successful defense and acceptance of your work by the examination committee, you will be ennobled as a doctor and receive your doctorate.

Pay attention to this too

A doctorate can be worthwhile for many professions, especially in the fields of natural sciences, technology, medicine and research. A doctorate can help to deepen one’s own knowledge, improve career opportunities and lead to higher salaries. However, one should keep in mind that a doctorate is also associated with a lot of work and time and should therefore be carefully weighed.

Another important aspect of doctoral studies in Germany is choosing the right university. There are a large number of universities in Germany that offer doctoral opportunities. It is important to find out about the different universities and faculties and choose the one that best suits your doctoral project and your personal goals.

If you would like to find out more about opportunities for doctoral studies in Germany as a foreigner, pay attention to the language . Although many universities offer courses in English, it is important to have a certain level of German language proficiency in order to successfully complete a doctorate. It is advisable to take German courses or prepare for a language test to ensure that you have the necessary knowledge.

Questions and answers ondoctoral studies in Germany

What are the requirements for pursuing a phd in germany.

The requirements for pursuing a PhD in Germany typically include a master’s degree or equivalent in a related field, proficiency in German or English (depending on the program), a research proposal, and a CV. Additionally, some universities may require interviews, letters of recommendation, and standardized test scores.

How long does it take to complete a PhD in Germany?

The duration of a PhD in Germany varies depending on the program and research area but typically takes 3 to 5 years. This period may extend if the research requires more time or if the student takes on teaching or other responsibilities.

Do I need to know German to pursue a PhD in Germany?

While many doctoral programs are offered in English, especially in STEM fields, it is recommended to have at least basic German language skills for daily life and communication. Some programs may require German language proficiency, so it’s essential to check the specific requirements for each program.

How do I find a PhD position in Germany?

There are several ways to find a PhD position in Germany, such as contacting potential supervisors directly, searching for advertised positions on university websites or job portals, or applying to structured doctoral programs like research training groups and graduate schools.

Are there tuition fees for PhD programs in Germany?

In most cases, there are no tuition fees for PhD programs at public universities in Germany. However, students may need to pay a nominal semester fee that covers administrative costs and student services.

Can I work while pursuing a PhD in Germany?

Yes, many PhD students in Germany work as research or teaching assistants at their university or participate in externally funded research projects. However, the workload and working hours may vary depending on the program and funding opportunities.

What types of scholarships and funding are available for PhD students in Germany?

There are several funding options for PhD students in Germany, including university-funded positions, research grants, scholarships from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), and support from external organizations or foundations.

How can I apply for a visa to pursue a PhD in Germany?

Non-EU/EEA citizens need to apply for a national visa for doctoral studies at the German embassy or consulate in their home country. The required documents usually include a valid passport, proof of financial resources, health insurance, university admission letter, and other program-specific documents.

What is the difference between a traditional and a structured PhD program in Germany?

A traditional PhD program in Germany involves working independently under the supervision of a professor, while a structured program typically offers a more structured curriculum, interdisciplinary training, and a cohort of fellow students. Structured programs often include research training groups, graduate schools, and international doctoral programs.

Can I stay in Germany to work after completing my PhD?

Yes, after finishing a PhD in Germany, non-EU/EEA citizens can apply for an 18-month job-seeking visa or residence permit, which allows them to search for a job related to their field of study. Once they secure a job, they can apply for a residence permit for employment or a Blue Card EU for Germany.

Outstanding doctoral studies in Germany

Alternatives to doctoral studies in germany.

• Research Assistant Positions: Many research institutes and universities in Germany offer research assistant positions for individuals who have completed a master’s degree. These positions allow you to engage in research projects without enrolling in a formal PhD program, and they can be a stepping stone to a PhD or a career in research.
• Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas: Postgraduate certificates and diplomas provide specialized training in a specific field or subject area, enabling you to deepen your knowledge and skills. These programs are shorter than a PhD and usually focus on coursework rather than research.
• Master of Research (MRes): The Master of Research degree is a research-based master’s program that focuses on advanced research skills and methodologies. It can serve as a pathway to a PhD or as a standalone qualification for a career in research or academia.
• Professional Doctorates: Professional doctorates, such as Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD), or Doctor of Engineering (EngD), combine professional practice with academic research. These degrees are designed for experienced professionals who wish to advance their careers and contribute to their fields through applied research.
• Advanced Professional Training and Certifications: Some fields offer advanced professional training and certifications that allow you to gain specialized skills and knowledge in your industry. These options can help you advance in your career without pursuing a PhD.
• Industry Research Positions: Some companies and organizations offer research positions to individuals with a master’s degree or equivalent. These positions can provide opportunities to engage in research and development within the industry, without the need for a PhD.
• Entrepreneurship and Startups: If you have an innovative idea or product, you can consider starting your own business or joining a startup . This option allows you to apply your skills and knowledge to develop new products, services, or solutions, without pursuing a formal PhD program.

Assess Your Aptitude for a PhD

Before embarking on a PhD journey, it is important to assess your suitability for this academic undertaking. Please answer the following questions to evaluate your personal aptitude for pursuing a doctorate degree.

Similiar articles

• How to get a blocked account for Germany
• Studying in Germany: Unlock Your Future with Guide & Tips
• Management Bachelor in Germany
• Study in Germany without German language
• AI Studies in Germany: Explore Top Programs and Research Institutes

Keyword search: PhD