how long does phd take in germany

• Study for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding & Opportunities
• International

When considering a  PhD in Germany , you’ll encounter a diverse and globally recognised academic environment rich in opportunities for research and academic growth. To apply, you’ll typically need a Master’s degree or equivalent , and language requirements vary by program. Germany offers internationally-oriented  structured PhD programs , which last three years and include compulsory units for ECTS credits. You’ll work closely with a PhD supervisor and research training group. As an international candidate, you’ll find various  scholarships and grants  to support your studies. With tuition fees waived at  public universities  and diverse PhD programs often taught in English, Germany provides an ideal destination to study abroad.

Key Takeaways

• Applying for a PhD in Germany requires a minimum of eight semesters of academic study, usually a Master’s degree or equivalent.
• Language prerequisites for PhD programs in Germany vary, but many are taught in English, especially structured programs.
• Financial support options include DAAD grants, stipendiums, and research positions at universities, which cover living expenses and provide income.
• Structured PhD programs in Germany last typically three years and involve compulsory units for ECTS credits.
• International students without a Master’s degree may be admitted with a Bachelor’s degree in exceptional cases.

Why Undertake a PhD in Germany?

Germany offers many compelling reasons to pursue a PhD:

• High-quality research and education : German universities and research institutions have an outstanding reputation globally, providing access to cutting-edge research facilities and expertise across various disciplines.
• No tuition fees : Most public universities in Germany do not charge tuition fees for PhD students, regardless of nationality, making it an affordable option for international students.
• Excellent funding opportunities : There are numerous scholarships and funding programs available for PhD students in Germany. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) alone supports over 4,000 international doctoral students annually.
• Strong industry connections : Germany has a robust research ecosystem with close ties between academia and industry. Many PhD programs offer collaborations with companies, providing valuable experience and potential career opportunities.
• International environment : German universities welcome international researchers, creating a diverse and multicultural academic community. PhD theses and dissertations can often be written in English.
• Career prospects : A German PhD is highly respected globally and can lead to excellent career opportunities in academia, international research institutions, or industry. Many PhD graduates find employment in Germany’s thriving industrial sector, making it a favourable place to work in Germany post-study.
• Work-life balance : PhD students in Germany typically receive employment contracts with benefits such as health insurance, pension contributions, and vacation days.
• Research freedom : Germany values academic freedom highly, with constitutional protection for research and scientific pursuits.
• European mobility : As a PhD student in Germany, you can easily travel to other European Union countries for research or study purposes.
• Cultural experience : Germany offers a rich cultural landscape, high quality of life, and relatively moderate living costs compared to other developed countries.

In short, Germany provides an ideal environment for pursuing a PhD, combining academic excellence, affordability, strong funding support, and promising career prospects in both academia and industry.

What is it like to study and live in Germany as a research student?

Academic environment.

The research culture in Germany places a strong emphasis on independent research and critical thinking, with high expectations for original contributions to your field. Students regularly participate in seminars and colloquia to present and discuss their ongoing research. Supervision tends to be less structured than in some other countries, with regular meetings with supervisors but an expectation that students will take significant initiative in their work. Being part of a research group often offers additional opportunities for collaboration.

German universities are well-equipped with extensive digital resources and state-of-the-art laboratories. Students also have numerous opportunities to attend and present at international conferences. While many PhD programs, especially in STEM fields, are conducted in English, learning German can greatly enhance your overall experience and career prospects.

Day-to-Day Life

Germany is known for valuing a healthy work-life balance. PhD students typically work 38-40 hours per week and enjoy generous vacation time, usually around 30 days per year. Most PhD students live in shared apartments (WGs) or student dormitories, with rent in major cities ranging from €300 to €800 per month. The country boasts excellent public transportation systems, and many students use bicycles for daily commuting. Often, a student ID includes a public transport ticket for the local area.

The social life for students in Germany is vibrant, with active student communities organising regular events and activities. There are numerous opportunities to join sports clubs, cultural groups, and student organisations, along with international student networks that offer support and socialising opportunities.

Financial Aspects

Many PhD positions in Germany are funded, providing a salary rather than requiring tuition payments. Typical monthly salaries range from €1,500 to €2,500 before taxes. Additional funding opportunities are available through scholarships and research grants. Average monthly expenses, including rent, range from €850 to €1,000, and health insurance, which is mandatory, costs around €80 to €100 per month. Students can also take advantage of various discounts for cultural activities and museums.

Support Services

German universities offer robust support services for abroad students. International offices assist with visa processes, accommodation, and integration, providing orientation programs and language courses. Career services offer guidance on job searching and career development, organising career fairs and networking events. Mental health support and counseling services are also available, ensuring access to quality healthcare through the German health insurance system.

Challenges and Opportunities

While navigating German bureaucracy can be challenging, patience and attention to detail can help manage administrative processes. Initial culture shock is common but typically subsides over time, offering the opportunity to experience German culture and traditions firsthand. Building an international network of researchers and professionals is a significant benefit, with potential collaborations with industry partners. The strong job market for PhD graduates, especially in STEM fields, is an added advantage, and the option to stay in Germany for job searching after graduation (with an 18-month visa extension) provides further opportunities.

The Two Paths to a PhD in Germany

In Germany, doctoral candidates can choose between Individual Doctorates and Structured PhD Programs. The Individual Doctorate remains the most common path, chosen by over 75% of doctoral students, while Structured PhD Programs are gaining popularity, especially among international students, with about 25% opting for this route.

Individual Doctorates: Flexibility and Independence

Supervision and Structure : Individual Doctorates are characterised by their flexibility and self-directed nature. Candidates are supervised by a single professor, known as the Doktorvater or Doktormutter, and the research process is highly flexible. This approach demands a high degree of personal initiative and responsibility, with no fixed curriculum or mandatory coursework.

Research Focus and Duration : In this model, candidates often propose their own research topics, enjoying greater freedom in choosing their research direction and methodology. The duration of an Individual Doctorate typically spans 5-6 years, though there’s no strict timeframe as it depends on individual progress and the specific research project.

Funding and Employment : Individual Doctorate candidates often work as part-time research associates at universities. However, they may need to secure their own funding or scholarships, which requires proactive effort on the part of the doctoral student.

Structured PhD Programs: Guidance and Collaborative Learning

Supervision and Structure : Structured PhD Programs offer a more defined approach to doctoral studies. Candidates are supervised by a team of advisors and follow a predefined curriculum. This model includes regular progress checks, guidance, and mandatory coursework, seminars, and colloquia.

Research Focus and Duration : Research topics in Structured PhD Programs often align with existing program themes or research groups, and candidates may be part of larger research projects or collaborations. These programs are usually completed in 3-4 years, following a more defined timeline due to their structured nature.

Funding and Additional Benefits : Structured PhD Programs often come with funding or stipends and may offer more opportunities for paid doctoral positions. They also provide training in academic and scientific methods, as well as opportunities to develop soft skills such as presentation techniques.

Comparing the Two Approaches

International Orientation : While Individual Doctorates can be conducted in German or other languages depending on the field and supervisor, Structured PhD Programs often have a strong international orientation and frequently use English as the primary language.

Networking and Collaboration : Structured PhD Programs offer extensive opportunities to broaden research networks and encourage collaboration with peers and interdisciplinary work. In contrast, networking in Individual Doctorates depends largely on individual initiative, with fewer built-in opportunities for peer collaboration.

Entry Requirements for undertaking a PhD in Germany

The entry requirements for undertaking a PhD in Germany are generally similar for both home and international students, with some additional steps for international applicants.

Here are the specific requirements:

General Requirements for All Applicants

• A master’s degree or equivalent (e.g., German Staatsexamen) in a relevant field
• Strong academic record, typically with a GPA of 3.0 or higher
• Research Proposal : A detailed outline of your intended research topic , objectives, methodology, and significance
• Curriculum Vitae (CV) : Highlighting academic achievements, research experience, publications, and relevant qualifications
• Statement of Purpose : Explaining your motivation for pursuing a PhD , academic goals, and how the program aligns with your objectives
• Academic References : Letters of recommendation or contact information for professors/advisors who can attest to your academic abilities
• Master’s Thesis : A copy of your master’s thesis or equivalent research work
• For German-taught programs: TestDaF or DSH certificates
• For English-taught programs: TOEFL or IELTS scores
• Interview : Many programs include an interview stage

Additional Requirements for International Students

• Qualification Recognition : Ensure your foreign degree is recognised in Germany. You may need to submit your credentials to uni-assist for evaluation
• Visa Application : Apply for a student visa at the German embassy in your home country
• Health Insurance : Obtain valid health insurance coverage for Germany
• Residence Permit : Apply for a residence permit for study upon arrival in Germany

Application process for applying to a PhD in Germany

The application process for a PhD degree in Germany can vary depending on whether you’re pursuing an individual doctorate or a structured PhD program, and whether you’re a home or international student.

Here are the key steps and requirements:

General Application Process

• Choose your path : Decide between an individual doctorate (traditional route) or a structured PhD program.
• A master’s degree or equivalent in a relevant field
• Strong academic record (typically a GPA of 3.0 or higher)
• Proficiency in English and/or German, depending on the program
• For individual doctorates, contact potential supervisors directly
• For structured programs, search for openings at universities or research institutions
• Curriculum vitae (CV)
• Copy of your master’s degree certificate
• Master’s thesis (or a copy)
• Research proposal
• Statement of purpose
• Academic references
• Language proficiency certificates (e.g., TestDaF, DSH for German; TOEFL, IELTS for English)
• Follow the specific guidelines of the university or program
• Applications may be submitted online or by post
• Many programs, especially structured ones, include an interview stage
• This may be in person or via video conference

Considerations for International Students

International students face some additional steps and requirements:

• Qualification recognition : Ensure your foreign degree is recognised in Germany. You may need to submit your credentials to uni-assist for evaluation.
• Provide proof of German proficiency (TestDaF or DSH) for German-taught programs
• For English-taught programs, submit TOEFL or IELTS scores
• Apply for a student visa at the German embassy in your home country
• You’ll need an admission letter from a German university
• Health insurance : Obtain valid health insurance coverage for Germany
• Residence permit : Apply for a residence permit for study purposes upon arrival in Germany. This typically lasts for two years and is extendable.

Application Process for Structured PhD Programs

Structured programs often have a more formalised application process:

• Check for specific application deadlines, which may occur once or twice a year
• Submit initial application materials online
• Visits to the institution
• Meetings with potential supervisors and current students
• A short presentation of your previous research
• A panel interview

Application Process for Individual Doctorates

For individual doctorates, the process is more flexible:

• Identify a potential supervisor whose research aligns with your interests
• Contact the professor directly with a brief inquiry
• If the professor expresses interest, submit a full application including your research proposal
• The professor may invite you for an interview or further discussion
• If accepted, you’ll need to formally enroll at the university

Remember that the specific requirements and processes can vary between universities and programs. Always check the official website of the institution you’re applying to for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

Typical Cost of a PhD in Germany

The costs of pursuing a PhD in Germany are generally similar for both home and international students, with a few key differences:

Tuition Fees

• Most public universities in Germany charge no tuition fees for PhD students, regardless of nationality
• There is a small semester contribution (administrative fee) of up to €300 per semester for all students, which typically covers student services and public transport

Living Costs

• The average annual living costs in Germany range from €10,200 to €12,000
• This includes rent, food, health insurance, and other daily expenses
• Costs can be higher in major cities like Munich or Berlin

Breakdown of Monthly Expenses (approximate)

• Rent: €280-€400 (shared flat or student residence)
• Health insurance: €80-€100
• Public transport: Often included in semester contribution
• Other expenses (phone, internet, leisure): €100-€200

Visa for International Students

• Non-EU students must prove they have access to about €11,208 per year (€934 per month) to cover living costs as part of their visa application.
• Visa application fee: approximately €75

Health Insurance

• Mandatory for all students, including PhD candidates
• Costs around €80-€100 per month
• EU students may be covered by their home country’s insurance through agreements

Additional Costs

• Research-related expenses (e.g., conference attendance, materials) are often covered by the research group or university
• Language courses (if needed): €200-€500 per course

In short, the main costs for PhD students in Germany are living expenses, as tuition is generally free. The overall experience is affordable compared to many other countries, especially considering the lack of tuition fees. International students should factor in additional costs for visa applications and potentially language courses. However, with many funded positions available, pursuing a PhD in Germany can be financially viable for both home and international students.

Funding Sources for PhD students in Germany

Many PhD positions in Germany are funded, offering a salary (of typically €1,500-€2,500 per month before taxes) rather than requiring payment of fees.

The main funding sources and opportunities for PhD students in Germany include:

• Doctoral Programmes in Germany: Supports international PhD students to complete their doctoral degree at a German university or research institution. Provides monthly payments of 1,300 euros, health insurance, travel allowance, and annual research allowance.
• One-Year Grants: For international doctoral candidates to carry out research as part of a doctoral project for up to one year.
• Bi-nationally Supervised Doctoral Degrees/Cotutelle: Supports doctoral degrees at the student’s home university with integrated research phases in Germany.
• Research Training Groups: Established by universities to promote early career researchers. Funded for up to 9 years, providing structured training and qualification programs.
• Collaborative Research Centres: Offer opportunities for PhD students to pursue research across disciplines and institutions.
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Max Planck Institutes
• International Max Planck Research Schools ( IMPRS ): Structured PhD programs at 68 locations
• Max Planck Schools: Joint graduate programs in specific interdisciplinary fields
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Leibniz Institutes
• Leibniz Graduate Schools and Leibniz ScienceCampi: Structured doctoral programs
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Fraunhofer Institutes: Opportunity to complete a doctorate while working on cutting-edge technology projects
• DLR-DAAD Research Fellowships: For PhD students in fields like space, aeronautics, energy, and transport
• PhD Fellowships: For early career researchers in basic biomedical research
• Travel Grants: For PhD students and postdoctoral researchers
• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Doctoral Networks: Structured doctoral training within European institution networks
• ERA Fellowships – Green Hydrogen: Funding for research projects in green hydrogen
• Green Talents: Competition winners can complete a research stay at a German institution
• Munich Aerospace PhD Scholarships: For research in aerospace-related fields
• Many PhD positions are offered directly by universities and research institutes, often tied to specific research projects or programs
• These typically provide a salary (often around 1,500-2,500 euros per month before taxes) rather than requiring payment of fees

Top Universities in Germany for PhD study

As of 2024, the top universities in Germany for PhD study in STEM subjects include:

Technical University of Munich (TUM)

• Ranked as the best university in Germany for engineering and technology
• Offers structured PhD programs through the TUM Graduate School
• Known for excellence in research and strong industry connections
• Provides interdisciplinary training and professional skills development for doctoral candidates

Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin)

• Ranked 2nd in Germany for engineering and technology
• Offers doctorates across various STEM fields through its Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
• Provides structured support for international doctoral candidates
• Known for interdisciplinary research and collaboration

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

• Ranked 3rd in Germany for engineering and technology
• Strong focus on energy, mobility, and information technologies
• Offers both individual and structured doctoral programs
• Emphasises international collaboration and industry partnerships

RWTH Aachen University

• Ranked 4th in Germany for engineering and technology
• Considers doctoral studies as the first part of professional practice, with an application-oriented focus
• Offers both individual doctorates and structured PhD programs
• Strong emphasis on industry partnerships and applied research

Technical University of Dresden

• Ranked 5th in Germany for engineering and technology
• Known for its research in microelectronics, materials science, and bioengineering
• Offers structured PhD programs and graduate schools
• Strong focus on interdisciplinary research and innovation

When choosing a university for PhD study, prospective students should consider factors such as:

• Specific research areas and expertise of potential supervisors
• Availability of funding or paid positions (many PhD students in Germany work as research assistants)
• Language requirements (some programs require German proficiency, while others are conducted in English)
• Opportunities for international collaboration and research stays abroad
• Post-graduation career prospects and industry connections

Prospective PhD candidates should thoroughly research potential supervisors and reach out to them directly to discuss research opportunities before applying to a program.

Your journey to  PhD study  in Germany awaits. With its exceptional research landscape, structured programs taught in English, and excellent  funding opportunities , Germany offers a unique experience for international students.

Enjoy the benefits of no tuition fees, low living costs, and a safe, culturally rich environment.

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• PhD Funding in Germany – A Guide for 2024

PhD Funding in Germany

Written by Mark Bennett

With no doctoral fees at all at public universities and a range of funding options for international students, Germany isn't just one of the most prestigious European destinations for PhD research: it's also among the most affordable.

German PhD funding takes various forms, reflecting the range of different ways you can complete a PhD in Germany . Doctoral students are often supported by traditional academic scholarships and fellowships, but German universities and research institutes also offer salaried assistantships for their PhD researchers.

This page helpfully introduces a wide range of options available to you and explains how to go about applying for PhD funding in Germany.

On this page

• How German PhD funding works
• The cost of a German PhD
• Government funding
• Funding from research institutes
• Funding from universities
• Industrial funding

German PhD funding – what you need to know first

All countries provide financial support PhD students in their own ways, but Germany takes doctoral research particularly seriously. After all, this is the country that invented the modern PhD and in which the possession of a doctorate is a mark of particular prestige for politicians and other senior figures.

Here are a few things to be aware before you start looking for doctoral funding in Germany:

• As well as universities, PhD training in Germany also takes place at independent research institutes . These are usually part of larger societies ( gesellschaft ) with their own funding available.
• Most German funding is for living costs , as university and research institutes don't normally charge fees for doctoral research.
• Financial support is usually equally available to all qualified students . Some awards are also exclusively for international students.
• Some doctoral students to receive their funding as a salary for paid assistantship work. You may have to pay tax on this income but, in return, you will benefit from social security and health insurance.
• On the other hand, German PhD scholarships and fellowships are usually tax-free, but you may need to pay for health insurance separately.
• Many funders accept direct applications to support students' project proposals. However, some German PhDs are advertised funded projects .

If you haven't already, it may be a good idea to take a look at our overall guide to PhD study in Germany .

The cost of a PhD in Germany

Before you can set about finding PhD funding, you'll need to know how expensive it is to complete a doctorate in Germany – and how much funding you'll need.

The good news is that doing a PhD in Germany costs less than you probably think.

Public universities in Germany don't charge any tuition fees for PhD study. This applies to everyone, including international students.

Most German research institutes provide PhDs in partnership with universities (who award the degree itself) and don't charge additional fees to host students.

Some private universities do charge PhD fees, but these may be covered by fellowship funding or other institutional support for suitably qualified students.

Living costs

The German Government expects international students to have at least €11,208 per year available to support themselves during a PhD (you'll need to demonstrate you have this much in funding, sponsorship or savings in order to get a German PhD visa ).

In practice, you should aim to have slightly more than this. €800-1,000 is a good benchmark.

You can read more about accommodation and living costs in our guide to living in Germany during a PhD .

Other expenses

Though most universities don't charge PhD fees, you will need to pay a small semester fee of between €100-350 to cover services provided by your student union. This can actually entitle you to discounts on food, travel and leisure facilities.

International students will also need to pay around €200 for a visa and residence permit to study a PhD abroad in Germany.

All students in Germany also need some form of health insurance . If your PhD is a paid position then you will normally receive the necessary cover in return for social security payments. Otherwise, you will need to purchase insurance. Students under 30 can receive discounted policies for around €110 a month.

German government PhD funding

Germany invests more money in research and development (in total) than any other country in Europe. Much of this is spent on support for doctoral students, with multiple sources of government funding for PhD research.

Here are the three most important:

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

The DFG is Germany's central funding body for research. When it comes to PhD funding, the DFG works similarly to UKRI in the UK: it funds ongoing doctoral training within dedicated centres at universities. These list funded opportunities for students to apply to.

There are currently two main DFG PhD funding schemes:

• Collaborative Research Centres ( Sonderforschungsbereiche) host multi-disciplinary research projects across the Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities. Funding is usually in the form of a work contract, or a PhD fellowship. View a list of current opportunities .
• Research Training Groups ( Graduiertenkolleg) host more focused projects in specific subject areas, usually within a structured PhD programme that offers additional training and development. Funding is usually in the form of a work contract, or a PhD fellowship of around €1,365 per month (with some money available for additional expenses). View a list of current opportunities .

PhD funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is usually open to all suitably qualified PhD students, regardless of nationality. As well as a strong proposal, you will need an appropriate Masters degree .

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

The Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst exists to promote international collaboration between Germany and other countries, including opportunties for international students.

Current DAAD PhD funding schemes include:

• Research grants for doctoral programmes in Germany are for international students to complete a PhD at a German institution. Scholarships last for up to four years and provide €1,300 per month, plus additional support for travel, health insurance and other expenses.
• Research grants for bi-nationally supervised doctoral degrees are for students to pursue a PhD in their home country with involvement from German universities and academics, including the opportunity to spend up to two years researching in Germany. Funding of up to €1,300 per month (plus additional support with expenses) is available during your German research placements.
• Short-term grants are for students to complete research placements of less than a year in Germany, with a grant of €850-1,200 per month during this period.

You should apply directly to the DAAD for funding. Eligibility is not restricted by nationality, but you will need to hold a relevant Masters degree and have started your PhD in the last three years.

International eligibility for German PhD funding

PhD funding in Germany isn't usually restricted by nationality. Some scholarships, such as those from the DAAD, are specifically for international students, but other opportunities are simply open to all suitably qualified applicants.

StipendiumPlus

StipendiumPlus is a network of organisations that exist to support students in Germany. They distribute funding provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMFBF) and typically support around 4,000 PhD students each year.

There are 13 different funding bodies in the StipendiumPlus network. Most seek to support students from specific socio-cultural and / or political backgrounds:

• The Avicenna Studienwerk supports Muslim doctoral candidates
• The Cusanuswerk supports Catholic doctoral candidates
• The Erns Ludwig Ehrlich Studienwerk supports Jewish doctoral candidates
• The Evangelische Studienwerk Villigst supports Evangelical doctoral candidates
• The Friedrich-Ebert-Siftung supports socially committed doctoral candidates from low-income or migrant backgrounds
• The Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom supports doctoral candidates with an interest in liberal politics and equal opportunities
• The Hans Böckler Foundation supports doctoral candidates nominated by the German Federation of Trade Unions
• The Hanns Seidel Foundation supports doctoral candidates with an interest in Christian social democracy
• The Heinrich Böll Foundation supports doctoral candidates with an interest in green politics and social policy
• The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung supports doctoral candidates with an interest in Christian democratic politics, working in fields such as Management, Politics, Media Science, Cultural Study and Social Policy
• The Rosa Luxembourg Foundation supports politically committed doctoral candidates working on areas such as social justice and political education
• The German Business Foundation supports doctoral candidates focussing on areas such as entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility
• The German National Academic Foundation supports exceptional doctoral candidates from all political and religious backgrounds

You should make your funding application to individual foundations. There's more information on each organisation's website, as well as helpful profiles of current and previous scholarship holders.

Funding from research institutes and associations

A large proportion of doctoral research in Germany actually takes place outside universities at specialist research institutes. Studying at one of these means that the bulk of your training will take place in the institute with access to highly specialised facilities and expertise. Your academic degree is normally awarded by a partner university

Individual institutes usually form part of larger networks or associations ( gesellschaft ) which have their own PhD funding available. Many of these are prominent research bodies, equal in prestige to Europe's top universities.

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft

The Fraunhofer Society is a network of more than 70 institutes focussing on applied research in Science, Engineering and Technology. They support students on individual doctoral projects, usually on a three year work contract.

Find out more , or search for an advertised Fraunhofer PhD Project to apply to.

Helmholtz Association

The Helmholtz Association is Germany's largest scientific association, with over 40,000 staff and 8,000 doctoral students across its 18 research centres. Most of these centres host Helmholtz Graduate Schools which support PhD projects funded through 3-4 year work contracts.

Find out more , or search for an advertised Helmholtz PhD Project to apply to.

Leibniz Association

The Leibniz Association is a network of over 90 non-university research centres. Many of them host Leibniz Graduate Schools or Leibniz ScienceCampi offering structured doctoral training programmes. Some Leibniz Institutes also host individual doctoral projects. Funding is in the form of a work contract, or a fellowship (usually valued at €1,200-1,400).

Find out more , or search for an advertised Leibniz PhD Project to apply to.

Max Planck Society

The Max Planck Society is one of Germany's most renowned networks of independent research institutes, with a big focus on PhD training. There are over 80 individual Max Planck Institutes, most of which provide funding for individual doctoral projects in Biological and Natural Sciences, as well as the Humanities. In addition, there are several International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) set up in partnership with universities to operate structured PhD programmes in partnership with universities outside Germany. Max Planck funding usually provides a work contract.

In addition, there are three Max Planck Schools that are collaborations between universities and research institutes. These focus on Cognition , Matter to Life and Photonics .

Find out more , or search for an advertised Max Planck PhD Research Programme to apply to.

Union of Academies of Sciences and Humanities

The majority of German research institutes focus extensively (though not exclusively) on STEM subjects. However, there are many other independent academies that focus on Humanities and Social Sciences. The Union of Academies of Sciences and Humanities brings together some of these and helps manage a selection of PhD scholarships as well as awards for doctoral students and junior researchers.

Find out more .

German PhD work contracts

Some German PhDs are supported through work contracts rather than direct fellowships or scholarships. This is common at research institutes, but happens at universities too.

The value of a PhD work contract in Germany is based on the scale for public sector works and is typically between €3,000-4,000 a month (though most student contracts are part-time, pro-rata). Tax and social security are deducted from this salary, but you will receive access to benefits in return.

University fellowships and assistantships

As well as awarding government scholarships and partnering with research institutes, German university also provide their own funding. This can take different forms:

• Research associate (wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) positions provide doctoral students with a salary in return for completing additional research responsibilities alongside their PhD. These can include duties such as maintaining lab equipment and consumables, monitoring ongoing experiments and assisting with analysis of large datasets.
• Academic assistant (wissenschaftlicher Hilfskraft) are similar to Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTAs) in other countries. Your salary will be paid in return for completing additional teaching and demonstrating responsibilities, as well as supervise student's projects and / or mark assessments.

Fellowships are funding awarded directly for PhD research in the same way as a standard PhD scholarship or studentship. Your funding will usually be paid as a grant or stipend for living costs and you won't have to do anything specific in return for the money (other than work on your PhD).

The best way to find the funding above is to explore PhD opportunities in Germany and either apply for funded positions or investigate funding options at universities which interest you.

Business and industry

It's relatively common for German PhDs to be directly funded – or even hosted – by commercial organisations with an interest in science and research. In fact, private business and industry funds more than two thirds of research and development spending in Germany, including support for thousands of scholarships each year.

Finding funding from business and industry is a little more complicated than applying to universities and research institutes, as awards tend to come and go and may not be widely advertised.

Universities and prospective supervisors may be able to guide you towards potential industrial partners.

Find out more

Elsewhere on FindAPhD you can learn about:

• How PhD study in Germany works
• The top-ranked universities for PhD study in Germany
• Life as a PhD student in Germany

Search for a PhD in Germany

You can use our website to browse current German PhD opportunities , or sign up for free updates and advice .

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

This guide tells you all about everything you need to apply for a PhD programme in Germany.

Want to study a PhD in Ireland? This guide gives a detailed introduction to the kind of visa you need to study in Ireland and how to apply for it.

Everything you need to know about part-time and full-time work in Germany as a student or recent graduate in Germany.

What's it like to live in Germany during a PhD? Our guide covers accommodation, student living costs, working and other key information.

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Applying and Enrolling for Doctoral Studies

If you are interested in enrolling in doctoral studies, you must first submit proof that your declaration of intent to pursue a doctorate has been accepted by the relevant faculty at Technische Universität Berlin. This means you must first submit the declaration of intent to the faculty service center of the relevant faculty. The faculty board will then inform you whether you have been admitted as a doctoral candidate and of any conditions of your admission. The TU Berlin Doctoral Regulations require all doctoral candidates not employed at TU Berlin to enroll as doctoral students.

When enrolling, please be sure to state the degree program offered by TU Berlin which most closely matches with your field of work.

How to enroll

To enroll you must have received the faculty board decision confirming the faculty’s acceptance of your declaration of intent to pursue a doctorate and stating whether you will be completing your doctorate in English or German.

You must register your declaration of intent to pursue a doctorate at the relevant faculty service center (see contact details below).

You can apply and enroll at any time. However, the first step in the enrolment process, registration in our portal, is only possible for the relevant semester in the following periods: for the summer semester from 15 January to 31 August and for the winter semester from 15 July to 28 February.

As a doctoral student, you are required to pay a semester fee each semester like all enrolled students. You will not be charged any late fees when enrolling. However, please note a late fee will be charged if you re-register after the required deadline.

You can find general information about doctoral studies on the Center for Junior Scholars (CJS) website.

Enrollment steps for doctoral candidates whose declaration of intent has been approved:

• You need to first complete the online registration . This is also necessary if you are already an employee at the TU Berlin.
• You will then receive an email with login details for your personal TU Berlin portal (tuPORT).
• You will be able to see the app“Enrollment and re-registration requirements”, after initially passing the app "First steps". Click here to see which documents you are required to upload.
• Refer to the following web page  to get an idea of which documents these are.
• After you finish enrolling, you will receive an email with further information.
• After enrolment, please have your student account linked to your staff account. Please contact the personnel team responsible for you.

Re-registration to the next semester for PhD student

Information regarding your re-registration to the following semester as a PhD student will be send by e-mail to your e-mail account of TU Berlin.

General information about re-registration is available here .

Termination of enrollment (exmatriculation)

PhD students are not exmatriculated ex officio due to their successful final examination or a final failed examination. If you have successfully completed your degree, please apply for Exmatriculation upon request via your TUB account ( tuPORT ).

Access to the registration portal

Registration is possible for the relevant semester in the following periods: for the summer semester from 15.01. - 31.08. for the winter semester from 15.07. - 28.02.

• Faculty I declaration of intent (pdf, 277 kB)
• Faculty II declaration of intent (pdf, 2.56 MB)
• Faculty III declaration of intent (pdf, 169 kB)
• Faculty IV declaration of intent (pdf, 1.31 MB)
• Faculty V declaration of intent (pdf, 304 kB)
• Faculty VI declaration of intent (pdf, 2.15 MB)
• Faculty VII declaration of intent (pdf, 675 kB)

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PhD in Germany [Complete Guide]

Few achievements in life match the feeling of being awarded a PhD. Doctorates represent the pinnacle of academic achievement, and require years of diligent study.

The rewards, however, are great. Not only does a Ph.D. give you bragging rights at cocktail parties, but it also provides excellent job prospects and earning potential. But what if you want to study for a PhD outside of your home country?

Germany is an increasingly popular destination for international students, offering high-quality education and research facilities at a fraction of the cost of studying in the US or UK. Germany offers and takes research extremely seriously, and is one of the world's most popular places to study for a PhD or higher education.

But what kinds of PhDs are available, how much do they cost, and how do students apply? Let's find out.

General information

Germany is widely seen as one of the best places to apply for a PhD worldwide

The country offers excellent education and research facilities as well as competitive funding opportunities for doctoral students.

There are different types of Ph.D. programs in Germany. That's no surprise, as   Germany invented the elite academic qualification in the 19th century . German PhDs cover subjects as diverse as history, linguistics, and philosophy, or chemistry, molecular biology, earth sciences, and computer science. Most lower level degree subjects can be extended to PhD level if the student desires.

How can I get a PhD in Germany?

There are   two main ways   to complete a PhD in Germany. Most commonly,   students form a working relationship with a specific   Doktorvater   or   Doktormutter   (or "supervisor" in English). They then work on a tightly focused research task for the duration of their studies.   The fruits of their university research are then presented as a "Doctorate" ( Doktorarbeit ), which tends to resemble a medium-length book.

In some cases,   "Structured" PHDs are available . These resemble taught Masters degrees, but still have a strong research element. They may also focus on work placements.

How long does it take to get a PhD in Germany?

Generally speaking,   a standard research-oriented German doctorate can be obtained within 4-6 years . This depends on the speed of work and personal factors such as having children.   Structured doctorates can often be completed in just 3 years , but this varies from course to course.

International PhD Programs

Germany welcomes international students to study at PhD level

Many programs offer specialist assistance and course structures for overseas students.

DAAD   (the German Academic Exchange Service) brings together   grants for international students at leading German universities . It's the best place to start   hunting for scholarships to help fund your studies .

Is a PhD in Germany free?

PhDs at German universities are usually available free of charge for international students , but   living costs   aren't covered. However, scholarships can cover (most) living costs.   DAAD grants will average around €1,200 per month , and additional funding sources may be available.

A group of prominent universities has also created a funding scheme   called   StipendumPlus , which also distributes grants. Between them, finding financial help should be possible.

Do PhD students get paid in Germany?

It's not routine for international students to be paid for their work , but it is definitely possible to find paid research posts. Enquire with your supervisor, and you may find that paid jobs are available to supplement your income.

How to find your PhD Position

Finding the right PhD is essential

It's   a huge investment of both finances and time , and could change the course of your life. So here are some useful tips to remember.

Take time to find a   supervisor   you want to work with.   Balance their academic record with the resources of the university, and have a chat with them   if possible. You need to be able to work with them on a daily basis.

• Searching for doctorate programs has been made much easier by databases like   DAAD . Use them to assess every option.
• Consult   university rankings   to avoid poor-quality teaching.
• Check for services like career advice and travel grants. As a PhD researcher, you may need to travel worldwide, and this can be expensive.
• Ask about work opportunities as well. Research posts at your university are the best way to add some extra income, while gaining relevant experience.

Requirements and Application

Before you can commence doctorate studies in Germany, you'll need to complete an application process

If you want to study a traditional PhD,   applications must be carried out via your prospective supervisor .

When   you contact   the supervisor   and they   agree to work with you, they will forward your request to the relevant faculty . The department will then request:

• A statement from your supervisor
• Proof of your academic qualification 
• 1-2 academic references
• Proof of   language proficiency
• A valid   student visa   and   health insurance

Structured PhDs don't require students to go through a supervisor.   In those cases, applications are made via the faculty, and will usually be carried out via online portals.

To study a PhD, requirements generally demand a Masters degree   (8 semesters of university education), as well as English and German proficiency to a high level.

IELTS English certificates , and   TestDaf German courses   are advisable for all doctoral candidates, even if they have studied those languages in the past.

PhDs are a huge investment of both finances and time, so it's important to do your research before choosing a supervisor and program. Make sure to consult university rankings and databases like DAAD when making your decision. Once you've been accepted into a program, make sure to apply for scholarships and grants to help cover your living costs.

Finally, remember to ask about work opportunities as well – research posts are a great way to gain relevant experience and supplement your income.

Find Your Perfect Match 

Search by city, major, or field of study and find your dream study program in Germany.

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First steps to your PhD

Before starting your doctoral studies in Germany, there are some important steps you have to follow:

• Have your post-graduate degree recognised
• Apply for a residence permit
• Find a doctoral position
• Finance your research stay

To find some practical advice on preparing your research stay - visit: www.research-in-germany.org > phd

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PhD in Germany: Fees 2024, Top Colleges, Placements & Salaries

Candidates possessing a Diploma, Magister, or Master’s degree with above-average aggregate at a recognized university are considered eligible to apply for a PhD in Germany. Academically proficient individuals with a 4-year Bachelor’s Hons. degree may also apply for the program. The programs are offered in mainly English but some also require German proficiency such as DSH-2, or the Goethe certificate C2 – Great German Language Diploma.

The top universities in Germany  for PhD in Germany offer the program without tuition fees and others levy minimal semester ticket fees of around 300 EUR (26,700 INR). However, individuals must still find a way to bear the cost of living in Germany. After completing a PhD in Germany, candidates may expect to earn an annual payout of EUR 42,720 to 52,320, equivalent to INR 37.5 to 45.9 Lakhs.

PhD in Germany: Highlights

Best PhD Universities in Germany

Some of the  top universities for PhD in Germany  and their corresponding application deadlines and semester fees are given in the following table:-

Why Study PhD in Germany?

Germany is considered among the  top study abroad destinations  based on the quality and variety of education it offers. The following are some of the reasons why one should look forward to pursuing a PhD in Germany:

• The doctorate program is fully funded by the government of Germany. Therefore, it is free to study PhD in Germany.
• Candidates may also apply for doctoral studies in Germany without a Master’s degree by just possessing a Bachelor’s degree in a relevant stream with an excellent academic record.
• PhD in Germany caters to comprehensive funding options for bearing the cost of living, study supplies, etc. The  DAAD scholarship  plays a significant role in supporting international doctoral students in Germany, offering scholarships to more than 4,000 students each year.
• Over 28,000 graduate students earn a doctorate in Germany each year, which is more than any other European Union member state.
• German universities award around 5,800 doctoral degrees to international scholars annually.
• Germany is known for its high-quality education system, and its universities are well-regarded globally. German universities have a long tradition of producing excellent research, and many Nobel laureates have come from German universities.

PhD in Germany: Subjects and Specialization

PhD in Germany can be pursued across a plethora of streams and specialisations. Some of the popular specialisations of PhD courses in Germany have been listed as follows:-

• Agricultural Science
• Business Administration
• Social Sciences

PhD in Germany: Admissions

The entry requirements for PhD programs in Germany for international students vary with the university as well as specialisation. However, after analysing the top universities for PhD in Germany, we have concluded that the following points can be considered as the eligibility criteria:-

• Diploma, Magister or Master’s degree with above-average aggregate from a recognized university
• At least 2.5 GPA in German grading system or B+ overall grade
• IELTS: 7.0 (with 6.5 in each band)
• TOEFL-IBT : 80 - 100
• German Proficiency proof: TestDaf: Level 4
• GRE Score: 160 overall score or above
• Germany Student Visa

PhD in Germany Requirements

Here are the required qualifications, language requirements, and essential documents for applying to PhD in Germany:

PhD in Germany: Document Checklist

• Official transcripts or certified copies of them
• Successful submission of application form
• Proof of English/German proficiency
• Updated Resume
• 2 Letters of recommendation
• 1 Letter of Motivation
• Proof of relevant experience
• Copy of identification document

PhD in Germany: Cost of Study

As the doctorate program is fully funded by the government in Germany, the following table shows the semester fees and their equivalent amount required to be submitted by PhD in Germany candidates:-

Cost of Living in Germany

As compared to other European countries, Germany is not an expensive nation. However, the  cost of living in Germany  is still higher than that of India. The following table illustrates the regular/monthly expenses of a student in Germany:

PhD in Germany with Scholarships

Although the doctoral programs in Germany are fully funded, candidates are still required to make the ends meet and bear the living costs. Therefore, such candidates may look forward to the following  scholarships in Germany :-

PhD in Germany Salary

The following table demonstrates the average annual payout, as well as their corresponding equivalent salary, received by PhD graduates in various cities of Germany:-

PhD in Germanyv/s PhD in USA

The following table draws a comparison between the PhD programs in Germany for international students and the USA on the basis of various academic factors:-

PhD in Germany is a highly popular program that offers expertise in writing research papers, conducting deep-rooted research, thesis writing, etc. Furthermore, it also opens the door to new opportunities that allow you to bag an average salary ranging from EUR 42,720 to 52,320 (INR 37.5 to 45.9 Lakhs).

Ques. Is it free to do PhD in Germany?

Ans . Studying PhD in Germany is highly inexpensive and almost affordable to all as the universities of Germany do not charge tuition fees for the doctoral program. However, aspirants are still required to pay a minimal semester fee.

Ques. What is the eligibility for PhD in Germany?

Ans . The entry requirements for PhD programs in Germany for international students vary with the university as well as specialisation. However, after analysing the top universities for PhD in Germany, we have concluded that the following points can be considered as the eligibility criteria:-

• TOEFL-IBT: 80 - 100

Ques. Do PhD students get paid in Germany?

Ans . Many universities provide stipends and grants for PhD students. They are also provided associated jobs while pursuing their research to support their work.

Ques. Is a PhD in Germany taught in German?

Ans . PhD in Germany is taught in both the languages, German and English. Based on the proficiency of language, candidates can choose the university and specialisation.

Ques. How many years is a PhD in Germany?

Ans . Though typically most PhD programs are listed for a period of 5 years, it can extend to more years based on the time taken for completing the project and studies. Thus, the total number of years can vary according to students, universities as well as the supervisor guiding the students.

Ques. Which city in Germany pays the highest salary to Doctoral candidates?

Ans . After completing PhD in Germany, candidates may try to get a job in Berlin as it is the highest salary payer to such candidates with an average annual payroll of EUR 52,320 or INR 45.92 Lakhs.

Ques. Can I pursue PhD in Germany without a Master’s degree?

Ans . PhD in Germany can be pursued by exceptionally performing Bachelor’s degree graduates. Moreover, candidates possessing an international Graduate Diploma with 2.5 or more GPA may also apply.

Ques. Can I work while studying for a PhD in Germany?

Ans . Candidates pursuing a PhD in Germany can opt to work on a research project for an establishment or a company and carry-on their studies. This will allow them to gather both theoretical and practical knowledge of their field.

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PhD: Doctoral Studies in Germany

The idea of obtaining a doctorate is a very worthwhile investment in many countries around the world. If you also want to do a doctorate in Germany , there are many different ways to get there. Doctoral studies in Germany: How does it work?

In this article

For which professions is a doctorate usually particularly worthwhile?

A doctorate can be beneficial in many professional fields, as it provides a high degree of specialization and expertise in a particular field. Especially in the fields of natural sciences,  medicine  and technology , a doctorate is often a prerequisite for working in leading positions. In these industries, a doctorate can also help graduates earn higher salaries. The professions in which a doctorate is usually particularly worthwhile include, for example, researchers, professors, engineers and doctors.

In science and research, doctorates are common and almost a prerequisite for success. A Ph.D. researcher usually has a high level of knowledge in a particular field and can use it in his work to gain new insights. As a rule, postdoctoral scientists also have better chances of finding positions in leading positions, both in science and industry.

Doctorates can also be beneficial in business , especially in the fields of technology and engineering . Engineers who have PhDs can usually lead more complex projects and also work in higher positions. In many companies, doctoral graduates are also better remunerated and have better opportunities for advancement than their colleagues without a doctorate. Especially in industries such as aerospace engineering , the  automotive industry or information technology , a doctorate can help to deepen one’s own knowledge and skills and thus contribute to a successful career.

A doctorate in the medical field offers graduates the opportunity to deepen their knowledge and skills in a specific medical specialty and to be at the forefront of medical research. It is an important milestone for anyone working in medicine who wants to climb the career ladder.

A doctorate can also be an advantage in the medical field. Doctors with a Ph.D. often have a high reputation and enjoy a higher level of trust among patients. You may also hold leadership positions in hospitals and research institutes. In addition, a doctorate in the medical field offers the opportunity to gain new insights into research and thus contribute to the improvement of patient care.

PhD: Test your knowledge on pursuing a doctorate degree

Welcome to our quiz on the topic of pursuing a PhD! Discover how well you know the ins and outs of obtaining a doctorate degree and explore the various aspects of embarking on this academic journey. Are you ready to test your knowledge and learn something new about pursuing a PhD? Start now!

Doctoral studies in Germany: How does it work?

Would you like to do your doctorate in Germany? This is a great decision! Germany is a country with a long academic tradition and offers excellent opportunities for doctoral students. Doing a doctorate in Germany can be a great experience for both Germans and foreigners.

It offers the opportunity to learn, work and educate yourself in an academic environment. However, it is important to prepare well and be clear about the requirements, financing options and processes. If you are well prepared and ready to take on the challenges, doing a doctorate in Germany can be an unforgettable and rewarding experience.

Life-in-Germany.de is an independent online journal from Germany, informing about career opportunities since 2018. We provide tips on apprenticeships , dual studies , studies , jobs and applications . We help in connecting international partners for career placements in Germany. We are looking forward to your cooperation requests .

Getting Started

The first step in doctoral studies is the choice of topic and the doctoral project. You need to find a professor who is willing to supervise you as a doctoral student. This can be challenging, especially if you don’t already have connections to a university. However, it is important that the topic of your doctoral project fits well with the research priorities of your supervisor.

Once you have found a suitable supervisor, you must apply to the university.

For a doctorate at a university, it is usually necessary that the candidate has first completed a course of study and then writes a scientific paper, which is examined by the faculty and found to be good.

This is usually done via the university’s online application portal. For foreigners, there are usually special requirements, such as proof of sufficient knowledge of German. It is important to inform yourself about the requirements in good time and to submit all necessary documents in a timely manner.

Facts and figures

• According to the National Science Foundation, the number of PhD degrees awarded in the United States has been steadily increasing over the past decade.
• Approximately 1.8% of the U.S. population holds a doctoral degree.
• The average age of PhD recipients in the United States is 32.
• Women make up a significant percentage of PhD recipients, with the number steadily rising in recent years.
• The fields with the highest number of PhD recipients are engineering, life sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences.
• PhD holders have a higher median income compared to individuals with lower levels of education.

One of the biggest challenges when doing a doctorate is financing. Unfortunately, there are no state scholarships for doctoral students in Germany, as is the case in other countries. However, there are a few ways to cover the costs of the doctoral project:

• Scholarships from private foundations or companies
• Part-time job during the doctorate
• Doctoral scholarships from your own faculty or university
• Doctoral scholarships from funding programmes such as “Deutschlandstipendium”

For working people, there is also the possibility of a so-called “part-time doctorate”. You will work part-time during your doctorate and finance your doctoral project out of your own pocket or through a combination of scholarships and your own funds.

When you have overcome all formal hurdles, you can start your actual work. The process of a doctorate varies depending on the faculty and university, but generally it consists of the following steps:

• Creation of the thesis: you must write a scientific paper that represents your doctoral project. This can be a monograph or a collection of essays.
• Exams: you must take one or more exams related to your doctoral project. These examinations can be written or oral.
• Defense: In the end, you have to defend your work before an exam committee. This is your chance to present your results and answer questions.
• Graduation: After successful defense and acceptance of your work by the examination committee, you will be ennobled as a doctor and receive your doctorate.

Pay attention to this too

A doctorate can be worthwhile for many professions, especially in the fields of natural sciences, technology, medicine and research. A doctorate can help to deepen one’s own knowledge, improve career opportunities and lead to higher salaries. However, one should keep in mind that a doctorate is also associated with a lot of work and time and should therefore be carefully weighed.

Another important aspect of doctoral studies in Germany is choosing the right university. There are a large number of universities in Germany that offer doctoral opportunities. It is important to find out about the different universities and faculties and choose the one that best suits your doctoral project and your personal goals.

If you would like to find out more about opportunities for doctoral studies in Germany as a foreigner, pay attention to the language . Although many universities offer courses in English, it is important to have a certain level of German language proficiency in order to successfully complete a doctorate. It is advisable to take German courses or prepare for a language test to ensure that you have the necessary knowledge.

Questions and answers ondoctoral studies in Germany

What are the requirements for pursuing a phd in germany.

The requirements for pursuing a PhD in Germany typically include a master’s degree or equivalent in a related field, proficiency in German or English (depending on the program), a research proposal, and a CV. Additionally, some universities may require interviews, letters of recommendation, and standardized test scores.

How long does it take to complete a PhD in Germany?

The duration of a PhD in Germany varies depending on the program and research area but typically takes 3 to 5 years. This period may extend if the research requires more time or if the student takes on teaching or other responsibilities.

Do I need to know German to pursue a PhD in Germany?

While many doctoral programs are offered in English, especially in STEM fields, it is recommended to have at least basic German language skills for daily life and communication. Some programs may require German language proficiency, so it’s essential to check the specific requirements for each program.

How do I find a PhD position in Germany?

There are several ways to find a PhD position in Germany, such as contacting potential supervisors directly, searching for advertised positions on university websites or job portals, or applying to structured doctoral programs like research training groups and graduate schools.

Are there tuition fees for PhD programs in Germany?

In most cases, there are no tuition fees for PhD programs at public universities in Germany. However, students may need to pay a nominal semester fee that covers administrative costs and student services.

Can I work while pursuing a PhD in Germany?

Yes, many PhD students in Germany work as research or teaching assistants at their university or participate in externally funded research projects. However, the workload and working hours may vary depending on the program and funding opportunities.

What types of scholarships and funding are available for PhD students in Germany?

There are several funding options for PhD students in Germany, including university-funded positions, research grants, scholarships from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), and support from external organizations or foundations.

How can I apply for a visa to pursue a PhD in Germany?

Non-EU/EEA citizens need to apply for a national visa for doctoral studies at the German embassy or consulate in their home country. The required documents usually include a valid passport, proof of financial resources, health insurance, university admission letter, and other program-specific documents.

What is the difference between a traditional and a structured PhD program in Germany?

A traditional PhD program in Germany involves working independently under the supervision of a professor, while a structured program typically offers a more structured curriculum, interdisciplinary training, and a cohort of fellow students. Structured programs often include research training groups, graduate schools, and international doctoral programs.

Can I stay in Germany to work after completing my PhD?

Yes, after finishing a PhD in Germany, non-EU/EEA citizens can apply for an 18-month job-seeking visa or residence permit, which allows them to search for a job related to their field of study. Once they secure a job, they can apply for a residence permit for employment or a Blue Card EU for Germany.

Outstanding doctoral studies in Germany

Alternatives to doctoral studies in Germany

• Research Assistant Positions: Many research institutes and universities in Germany offer research assistant positions for individuals who have completed a master’s degree. These positions allow you to engage in research projects without enrolling in a formal PhD program, and they can be a stepping stone to a PhD or a career in research.
• Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas: Postgraduate certificates and diplomas provide specialized training in a specific field or subject area, enabling you to deepen your knowledge and skills. These programs are shorter than a PhD and usually focus on coursework rather than research.
• Master of Research (MRes): The Master of Research degree is a research-based master’s program that focuses on advanced research skills and methodologies. It can serve as a pathway to a PhD or as a standalone qualification for a career in research or academia.
• Professional Doctorates: Professional doctorates, such as Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD), or Doctor of Engineering (EngD), combine professional practice with academic research. These degrees are designed for experienced professionals who wish to advance their careers and contribute to their fields through applied research.
• Advanced Professional Training and Certifications: Some fields offer advanced professional training and certifications that allow you to gain specialized skills and knowledge in your industry. These options can help you advance in your career without pursuing a PhD.
• Industry Research Positions: Some companies and organizations offer research positions to individuals with a master’s degree or equivalent. These positions can provide opportunities to engage in research and development within the industry, without the need for a PhD.
• Entrepreneurship and Startups: If you have an innovative idea or product, you can consider starting your own business or joining a startup . This option allows you to apply your skills and knowledge to develop new products, services, or solutions, without pursuing a formal PhD program.

Assess Your Aptitude for a PhD

Before embarking on a PhD journey, it is important to assess your suitability for this academic undertaking. Please answer the following questions to evaluate your personal aptitude for pursuing a doctorate degree.

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Study PhD in Germany, Procedure & Requirements

If you want to study PhD in Germany, you need to equip yourself with complete details of its eligibility and procedure. A Doctor of Philosophy is the highest university degree. After completing your master’s study many looks for PhD offered across the world. For a PhD, you need to do extensive study and research. Germany has attracted students in bulk for PhD studies. If you want to be one of those students go through this article. [adinserter block=”1″]

Structured PhD

Academic degrees, find phd in germany, good living conditions, phd in germany.

Germany is an excellent country to study PhD. Germany offers two types of PhD and diverse disciplines to select from. There is a very high chance of your finding a PhD program of your interest in Germany. In addition, it equips you with guaranteed success in your profession after completion of your studies.

Types of PhD

There are two types of PhD offered in Germany. These are:

Individual/traditional doctorate

An individual doctorate is independent and flexible. It allows you to choose your own supervisor, to conduct a research project of your choice and arrange your study activities on your accord. You identify a research project and pursue it independently.

• The candidate selects the institution where they would prefer to carry out their research either at a university or non-university organization or within a German company.
• There is no compulsory attendance, deadlines or curriculum.
• You will focus on completing your research and writing a thesis.
• The supervisor will have little input into the content of your project and you will be expected to largely work independently towards your own thesis.
• Students will have to submit a thesis and complete an oral presentation and examination of their work in front of at least two professors in related fields.
• The oral examinations test your wider knowledge in the field.
• In some cases, the oral examinations are replaced with a defence of your thesis. The thesis defence focuses more on the research you have conducted and why you did it.

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Structured PhD is internationally-oriented. You will work individually and collaboratively on wider research projects with the students and team of academics within the programs. You have to complete additional training alongside your thesis. It also includes collaborations and placements with external research institutes.

• It involves completing compulsory lectures, seminars and interim assessments on research related topics.
• You will attend transferable skills training in academic/scientific methods and soft skills.
• Students are tutored by supervisors under the strict program curriculum.
• There is actually a team of supervisors who look after all the PhD students within a doctoral program. So there is more support and training from supervisors and other members of your programs.
• You have to complete several compulsory units in order to attain the 180-240 ECTS credits that are typically required for doctoral students.
• You will be assessed on your knowledge of course content delivered in lectures and seminars. And you will have to submit a thesis, and complete the oral examinations.

Admission requirements for PhD in Germany

To study PhD in Germany you need the following documents:

CV ( Curriculum Vita)

You need to have a good CV. It must contain detailed working experience, educational background, publications, experiences etc. Your CV is preferred if it is in Europass format .

A doctoral thesis outline

When applying to the university you need to make sure to properly present the outline of what your doctoral thesis research will be about. It must contain your intention of doing this study, how it will benefit in future and its need.

Qualification equivalent

Your qualification should be equivalent to German masters qualification to make you eligible for the doctorate. In case you have not studied Master at a German university, you need to make sure if your educational qualification is eligible for doctoral studies. For this, you can check your education equivalence to German education grades in the official database of Anabin . You can also check it on DAAD .

German language proficiency

[adinserter block=”1″] Mostly for PhD German language proficiency is not required. As most PhDs are offered in English. However, international students can proof proficiency in the German language by DSH and the TestDaF.

English proficiency test

If you are not a native speaker then you need to prove your English proficiency. You can give IELTS and TOEFL to prove this.

GRE or GMAT

Some universities also require GRE or GMAT with specific scores to get admission to Doctoral studies.

Motivational letter

You need a detailed motivational letter . Your letter should reflect your character, goals, and ambitions. The motivational letter serves as a purpose to define you and your goals to study a doctorate in Germany.

Recommendation letter

You need at least two academic recommendation letters from your university. In case of experience of job/internship, you need an additional recommendation letter from your employer.

Your Academic Degrees (matriculation, intermediate, bachelors, masters) their copies and certified translation (only in case of requirement). Your Academic Transcripts copies if required you should provide the grading scale used in your University and the certified translation.

Steps before applying

Get your earlier education recognized.

• Firstly consult the online database of “Anabin”. It gives you a quick country-specific search according to your qualification recognition in Germany.
• There is another method to check your earlier education equivalence. An alternative way is DAAD’s online database.

Get your documents certified

Your documents have to be certified/notarized in order to apply for a PhD in Germany.

• You have to get your degrees attested by HEC and by Consulate.
• Get the copies of your documents (Matriculation result, Intermediate result, Bachelors/masters Transcript & Degree, IELTS/TOEFL) notarized by a lawyer if required.

Since there are two types of PhD you have to select the type you want to study. In case of selection, you specifically search your interest by following resources:

• To study individual doctorate you need to find an appropriate university. You can look for a supervisor and appropriate program through the database like DAAD, PhdGermany.de, Hochschulkompass.de., the research explores.
• To study structured doctorate you can look on DAAD, DFG, Helmholtz association, max plank society.

Applying in PhD

The method of applying can vary depending upon your search and choice of PhD. The basic procedure is as follow: [adinserter block=”1″]

• Find the appropriate PhD program and also a supervisor in case of individual doctorate.
• Collect all the required documents as specified by the applied program.
• Complete the application form with accurate data.
• Then you either have to upload scanned copies of these document or you have to send your documents through DHL.
• You may also have to write an appropriate email to your supervisor.
• After you have applied wait for a response. In case you are accepted, you will be contacted for an interview.
• The interview is conducted through Skype calls (more than one in some cases). In case you pass all through interviews you are sent admission letter.
• Then you have to obtain a student visa to go to Germany.

Duration of PhD in Germany

The length of PhDs is not standard. It varies from 3–6 years. And it also greatly depends upon your research.

Advantages of doing PhD in Germany

Recognized institutes.

Germany has many globally-ranked institutions compared to other countries. Doing a PhD from Germany will equip you with a world-recognized degree. Germany is a pioneer of PhD studies. So it has a highly developed institution. That develops you professionally.

Wide variety of research disciplines

Germany offers a wide variety of research and study fields for PhD. Whatever research or study you want to pursue for your PhD, you may be able to do it in Germany. Germany offers PhD in wide-ranged programs that can support your connection with previous studies.

Most German institutes charge no tuition fees for PhD students, regardless of nationality. Mostly students only have to pay semester contribution fee that is usually up to 250 Euros per semester.

Scholarships available

There are many funding opportunities available for students who cannot afford to move to Germany. You can find many organizations and programs that support individuals and groups for doctoral studies and the research activity. The most popular are German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) . There is also an Erasmus Mundus scholarship in which you can study in Germany for a year.

During your doctoral studies, there are high chances of getting a good job. There are great opportunities, for doctoral candidates to get employment in university, as research associates. In addition, there are different programs and funding organizations, which provide employment contracts for doctoral students. You can also get a job outside your university or research institute.

Germany in regards to the lifestyle standards and quality stands among the top countries. Its economy is estimated to be among the largest economies worldwide. The labour market in Germany is highly developed and offers various opportunities, so qualified doctoral graduates can work in different relevant industries. Germany has developed a health care system, a greatly developed industry and education system. The country is also politically and economically stable which makes it a perfect place to live, study and work. [adinserter block=”1″]

Frequently asked questions

Is phd in germany for free.

Yes, Doctoral programs are tuition-free in Germany. You only have to pay a semester contribution fee that is usually up to 250 Euros per semester. But you will have to cover the cost of living. That includes your accommodation, food, health insurance etc. This can cost you about 800-1000 Euros per month. For this, you have to fund your living yourself or you could find some finding organization.

How long does it take to get a PhD in Germany?

It can usually take from 3-6 years to complete your PhD. But it depends upon your research area. PhD in nature and sciences are usually 4 and 5 years long. In arts and humanities, a PhD can be completed in 4 to 6 years.

Do PhD students get paid in Germany?

Some institutes offer a paid PhD. For this, you have to apply specifically for paid PhD. In this case, either your supervisor or the institute pays you for PhD. You can also find different funding organizations to fund you like DAAD.

Is GRE required for PhD in Germany?

GRE is not compulsory for PhD in Germany. Most PhD only requires IELTS/TOEFL for English proficiency. However, if an institute requires GRE for admission. It will be particularly mentioned on their website. [adinserter block=”1″]

Is IELTS required for PhD in Germany?

In case you are a native English speaker (from EU state) you do not require IELTS. But if you are from the non-EU state, in order to prove the English proficiency you need to give IELTS/TOEFL.

Is there age limit to do PhD in Germany?

Mostly age is not a factor when it comes to studying in Germany. In Germany your ability and interest count. But it is advised to do your PhD before age of 50 in Germany.

Can spouse of PhD student work in Germany?

If your duration of stay is longer than one year in Germany and you have a residence permit, than family reunification is possible. However, you have to be able to support your family financially in order for them to join you. Spouses accompanying foreign students may under specific conditions, be permitted to work. To be able to work your spouse must have a residence permit or EU Blue Card.

How to find a supervisor for PhD in Germany?

In order to pursue the individual doctoral program at a university, you have to primarily find the supervisor who will mentor your research thesis and your study progress. In this case, if you find PhD program you have to email the supervisor. If they agree to be your mentor for PhD. You have to enrol at university to study your PhD.

Can you stay in Germany after PhD to look for job?

This is not a problem if you are from EU-state. However, if you are a non-EU graduate, there is a possibility for you to extend your residence permit. You can stay for up to one year under job-seeking purpose.

We hope this article helps you get admission to study PhD in Germany.

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How to get a visa for my doctorate studies in Germany?

Getting to know why there is a clear indication of ever-increasing number of foreign doctoral candidates in Germany, specifying that one in seven doctoral candidates in there is an international student, we surely rely on the welcoming quality and standard of the doctoral education system, research programs and research infrastructure, as talked about in our article series “ Why should I choose Germany for my abroad Ph.D. Studies ?”

Regardless of this, being a foreign candidate for doctoral (Ph.D.) studies you must undeniably be aware that German entrance and residence policies involve visa and residence restrictions for nationals seeking to legitimately enter and reside in Germany to pursue their doctoral education. German embassies or consulates are the sole legitimized authorities for issuing visa – an official authorization for a lawful entrance, a reserved right for non-German nationals, guaranteed under German law, the Residence Act, section 71, paragraph 2.

Who do and who do not need a German visa

As regards of visa-restrictions, entrance policies and regulations of the German state, you must be aware that they differ depending on the country of origin of the German visa – seeker. In this regards, there are three main categories of foreigners seeking to enter Germany, categorized based on their entrance policy applied.

Nationals from the European Economic Area (members of the European Union, Liechtenstein and Norway, Iceland)

In lieu with this category of foreigners, as freedom of movement applies, there is no need for such nationals to get a visa for entering Germany, solely an identification card at the moment of traveling to Germany. This category is simply required to register at the Resident Registration Office (or Citizen Service) “ Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt ”, if planning to stay longer than three months.

When registering, as an national of this category you should provide the following documents: duly completed application form in German language the so-called “ Anmeldeformular ”, identification card or passport, if applied marriage status certificate in German.

Upon the registration, you will become a holder of a registration certificate “ Anmeldebestätigung ”, serving for your daily activities as well as for opening your German bank account and for your enrollment in doctoral studies.

Important Tip: To Maximize Your Chances of Getting Your German Student Visa You Should Use a Blocked Account as Proof of Financial Resources.

A blocked account is a special type of bank account , to prove you have enough funds to live in Germany for one year.

As of 2024, as a foreigner in Germany you need a minimum of €934 euros per month for living expenses. So, you are required to have a total of €11,208 in your bank account before you apply for a German internship visa.

Click here to learn more about the German Blocked Account

Nationals from Australia, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, Republic of South Korea, United States of America

Being a national of this category, you are not required to have German visa for entering Germany. Though, if scheduling to reside longer than three months, you are obliged to register at local authorities the Resident Registration Office or Citizen Service “ Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt ” within a week of your arrival.

What is more, upon the registration – as you take your registration certificate, you shall immediately apply for the proper residence permit concerning to the purpose of your stay inside the Germany, at Foreigners Authority (or Foreigners Registration Office) the so-called “ Ausländerbehörde ”.

Nationals from the third world

If you come from other countries than the aforementioned – the so-called third-world countries, you are a subject to get the appropriate visa for entering the territories of the German state, linked to the purpose of your travel/residence in Germany. Hence, your visa application must clearly indicate the reason for requiring visa – coupled with supporting documents, at the home German Embassy or Consulate. The German visa application form is available online and you can download it free-of-charge in the website of German Embassy or Consulate of your home country or in  Germany VISA website .

Once you arrive in Germany, you have to register at the Resident Registration Office within a week from your accommodation. After you get the registration certificate, you must apply for the proper residence permit at Foreigners Authority. The residence permit will be the basic document for legitimizing your enrollment in university or research institution.

A few things to consider before visa application

Consider you have not yet applied for a visa, despite that you are not thus-far touching the needed confidence and surety that your travel to Germany will ever about to happen, conversely, still there are things to consider and arrange earlier. Let us see which are the important matters defining your prosperous visa-application, stay and enrollment.

Be careful on applying for the appropriate visa

The applicable German visa for foreign doctoral candidates is the so-called “Student Visa”- intended for foreign doctoral and other higher education students seeking to get higher education in Germany.

Leave behind the idea of entering Germany through Tourist Visa, as once in Germany, this type of visa cannot be altered into scientific or any other kind of German visa. Consequently, you will be required to depart Germany, if exceeding Tourist visa allowed period of stay.

Be early enough on your visa-application

We are not sure if you knew this, but visa application sometimes might take long time processing, up to a month or months. Make sure you apply immediately after receiving your notification of admission as a doctoral candidate – the acceptance of your doctoral mentor. Do not forget that you cannot move in Germany without a visa, so try to be punctual on your visa-application in case you do not want to be late for your enrollment.

Be punctual for your enrollment

As aforementioned, enrollment is amongst most important processes for your doctoral studies – the time when you will formally will be entitled as a doctoral candidate who is ready to get involved in the doctoral studies program. Make sure you arrange entering Germany on time, so you get the time for accommodation, registration, getting the residence permit, opening the bank account and adapting yourself with the neighboring location. Your tranquility is needed for your future engagement as a doctoral candidate, so take things under control by scheduling properly actions before.

Be sure your passport validity does not expire soon

Well, as understood by the title, when the volume of requirements and tasks-lists pressures you out, it is so common forgetting something that is pretty important, such as the validity of your passport. Hence, you make sure that before applying for a visa, you get your passport validity extended at least up to the period of your planned stay in Germany. We regret to say it, but if not doing so – you will be obliged to travel back in your country for extending it for returning to Germany. Remember this, make sure you do not spend money and study time unnecessarily.

Meeting Visa requirements

We all agree that visa application is a very delicate and infuriating process, though when planned properly, success is fail-safe. In this spirit, we want to present you specifics – as regards of requirements, which can make your application efficacious supporting you in getting the German visa.

German student visa for non-national researchers

As an admitted doctoral candidate in Germany, you will be required to apply for the German “Student Visa” type.

Applying for such a visa, you will need to provide at the German Embassy or Consulate in your country the following documents:

• Duly completed student visa application form,
• Valid passport (recommended with a validity up to the period of studies or more),
• Recent Photos,
• Proof of mentors acceptance to supervise your doctoral thesis work– as a proof for your right of entry doctoral studies in Germany,
• Proof of health insurance ,
• Proof of sufficient financial coverage for the given period of doctoral studies – typically a blocked German bank account ,
• Certificates of education (all formal and informal education),
• Proof of sufficient German and/or English language skills (depending on the language of the doctoral program).

*Note: You make sure being punctual for the visa interview and talk with you all the required documents. In addition, keep in mind that visa is issued before entering Germany, and in any circumstances, you are not allowed to act differently, as regards of entering in German territories.

Requiring a German residence permit

Let us consider that you have entered Germany, found the accommodation and within a week, you applied to register at the local Residence Registration Office. Once you have received the registration certificate, you shall immediately apply for the residence permit – a formal document issued to legitimize your long-term residency in Germany. Foreigners Authority is the address where you should apply for your residence permit, requiring the legitimate residency for pursuing your doctoral studies.

The documents required to provide during your application for residence permit are:

• Duly completed residence permit application form,
• Certificate of mentor’s acceptance to supervise your doctoral thesis work,
• Proof of possessing the adequate and sufficient health insurance – needed also for the enrollment in a university / research institution,
• Certificates of earlier education,
• Proof of language skills – not at all times,
• Proof of sufficient funding resources.

German residence permit for doctoral candidates

In accordance with the Act on the Residence, Economic Activity and Integration of Foreigners in the Federal Territory, Chapter II, Part 3, Section 16, as an foreign doctoral candidate who has entered Germany through Student Visa you will become a subject to require Residence Permit for Educational Purposes – as a form to legitimize your stay, study and economic activity in Germany.

This kind of residence permit allows you, as a legitimized doctoral candidate to:

• Reside in Germany for pursuing doctoral studies – equal rights to German citizens,
• Involve in economic activity through an employment – max. 120 full-days or 240 half-days /per year, which should not be interruptive with study schedule,
• The opportunity to extend your residence validity up to 18 months, after a successful completion of your doctoral studies under job-seeking purposes,
• Residence permit re-extend, if you find a firm-job related to your qualification – the extend goes up to the work contract period.

Benefits of being a German residence-permit holder

In the face of benefits that you take from your specific residence permit for education purposes, there are, likewise, general benefits that all residence holders (largely) receive, such as:

• Safe livelihood inside territories of Germany,
• German foreign identity, guaranteeing you to remain inside the territories of Germany for a specific period,
• Securing document which proves you have applied for the right German visa and you are not jeopardizing German rules and regulations of residency and involvement in education and economic activity,
• Right to use highly developed health services,
• Right to take part in cultural and social activities.

References and useful information:

• German student visas and permits
• 6 Top Reasons that Could Get Your German Student Visa Rejected
• Student Visa Interview Questions, Answers and Tips

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Perseid meteor shower put on quite a show when it peaked overnight

By Aliza Chasan

Updated on: August 12, 2024 / 6:33 AM EDT / CBS News

The Perseid meteor shower peaked overnight Sunday into Monday, giving astronomy fans one of the best shows of 2024 as they look to the skies. 

The shower started in July and will continue through most of August, but just peaked, NASA said. The Perseids are considered the " best meteor shower of the year" by NASA, with about 50 to 100 meteors seen per hour under ideal conditions. 

What time did the Perseid meteor shower peak?

The best time to catch the Perseids was in the pre-dawn hours, according to NASA, but it was possible to view its meteors as early as 10 p.m. 

NASA noted that the moon was to set just as the Perseids started to peak. The Old Farmer's Almanac details specific moonset times  for different ZIP codes across the United States. 

Where was the Perseid meteor shower visible?

The best view of the Perseids meteor shower was from the Northern Hemisphere. NASA urged astronomy fans who wanted to check out the shower to get away from the bright lights of cities. 

" Try to get to the darkest location you can," NASA wrote . "The darker it is where you are, the more meteors you will see streaking across the sky."

Around 50 to 75 meteors an hour could be seen in darker locations. 

Where was it best to look to see the meteor shower?

NASA had a simple suggestion: Look up! NASA suggested lying on your back, enabling your eyes to adjust to the dark — and staying off your phone. There was no need to look in any particular direction as the meteors could generally be seen all over the sky.

The space agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory suggested facing roughly northeast as you lay down, but to try to take in as much of the sky as possible because meteors can appear all over.

When will the next meteor shower be?

Two other meteor showers are actually active right now. The Southern Delta Aquariid meteor shower began last month and will run through Aug. 21. It peaked in late July. The alpha Capricornids, a small meteor shower, also started last month. It will continue through Aug. 11, according to the American Meteor Society.

The next major meteor shower, the Orionids , won't be active until late September, with a peak in October, according to the American Meteor Society. NASA describes the Orionids as one of the most beautiful showers of the year. The Orionids are known for their brightness and speed.

What are meteor showers?

Meteors — space rocks that enter Earth's atmosphere — streak through the sky every night, but meteor showers happen less frequently. During a meteor shower, many meteors hit Earth's atmosphere over a short period of time. When they pass through the atmosphere, the meteors leave behind streaks of light caused by glowing, hot air. 

While most meteors burn up as they fall, some survive the trip and reach Earth. Those surviving space rocks are considered meteorites.

Look up — what else can you see in the sky this summer?

There are two more full moons this summer. August's full moon, known as the Sturgeon Moon, reaches peak illumination on Monday, Aug. 19. September's full moon will reach peak illumination on Tuesday, Sept. 17, just days before the start of fall. 

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Aliza Chasan is a Digital Content Producer for "60 Minutes" and CBSNews.com. She has previously written for outlets including PIX11 News, The New York Daily News, Inside Edition and DNAinfo. Aliza covers trending news, often focusing on crime and politics.

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Structured PhD programmes

DAAD/Volker Lannert

Structured doctoral programmes differ from traditional doctoral research. In Germany, structured doctoral programmes are  very similar to the PhD programmes in English-speaking countries , in which a team of supervisors look after a group of doctoral students.

Structured doctoral programmes often have a  strong international orientation  with English as the team language. Unlike the individual doctorate model that can be freely structured to suit the individual research project, here doctoral students and their research proposals have to fit in with an existing PhD programme.

The doctorate frequently entails a  clearly structured doctoral study   programme  with compulsory attendance at lectures or seminars and interim assessment (credit points). The programme frequently also covers  academic and scientific methods or soft skills , such as presentation techniques.

As a rule, PhD Students work steadily at realising their research project within the team and with intensive  support from a group of academic staff  (often referred to as the “thesis committee”).

The duration of your studies is generally   limited to three to five years, and there is usually a fixed curriculum within which you work toward your doctorate and write your thesis.

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Reporting from Kyiv, Ukraine

After months of losing ground to Russia in brutal, grinding battles in Ukraine, Kyiv shifted tactics with a surprise attack into Russian territory this week that caught Moscow off guard and opened a new front in the 30-month war.

Ukrainian forces have punched through Russian border defenses and seized several settlements in fighting that was still raging on Thursday, according to Russian officials, a Ukrainian soldier and analysts. The attack triggered a state of emergency in one region in the west of Russia. Ukrainian armored columns were filmed moving along roads as far as six miles inside Russia.

But the attack left some military analysts wondering why Ukraine would throw scarce resources into a risky assault in a new area at a time when it is fighting pitched battles to hold on to positions in its own territory.

It was unclear whether Ukraine would seek to hold the area. Whatever the next step by Ukrainian forces, the attack appeared to push the limits on attacking inside Russia with American-provided equipment and put the Russians in disarray. American-made armored vehicles were also filmed being blown up in a Russian counterattack.

The goal was to shift the fighting — and Russian soldiers and weaponry — onto Russian territory and ease the pressure of Moscow’s offensive in eastern Ukraine, a senior Ukrainian official said. He asked not to be cited by name, as Ukraine has not acknowledged its soldiers are fighting in Russia.

“We are at war,” he said of striking inside enemy territory. “Why Russia can and we cannot?”

So far the assault has played out “much more successfully” than previous cross-border raids, the senior Ukrainian official said.

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Billie Eilish, H.E.R., Red Hot Chili Peppers and Snoop Dogg to perform in the LA28 handover celebration at the Closing Ceremony of Olympic Games Paris 2024

Picture by 2024 Getty Images

LA28 has revealed the all-star musical lineup for the LA28 handover that will take place at the finale of the Paris 2024 Closing Ceremony on Sunday, 11 August.

Artists including the Grammy and Academy Award-winning Billie Eilish , Grammy-winning Red Hot Chili Peppers and Snoop Dogg , Southern California music icon, will perform in the celebration. Grammy, Academy and Emmy Award-winning artist H.E.R. will perform the U.S. national anthem live in Paris.

"This is the biggest moment in LA28 history to date, as the Olympic flag passes from Paris to LA,” said LA28 Chairperson Casey Wasserman. “We are thrilled to feature the very best of LA with local artists and are grateful to Billie, H.E.R., the Chili Peppers and Snoop for their collaboration on what will be an incredible show to a global audience that will give fans a taste of what’s to come in 2028.”

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Jagger Eaton, Kate Courtney, Michael Johnson to join the program

The blockbuster lineup of California-based music artists headlines the LA28 Handover celebration, in which LA28 will introduce itself to the world, bringing together LA’s culture of entertainment, diversity and creativity, with sport at the core.

Team USA Olympians will join the program, including 2x Olympic medalist skateboarder Jagger Eaton , mountain biker Kate Courtney and track and field gold medalist Michael Johnson . Eaton, Courtney and Johnson have journeyed with LA28 through the Games, each with a custom-designed LA28 emblem released in July .

“The LA28 Handover promises to showcase the heartbeat of LA — which like the Olympics — is where people come from all over the world to pursue their dreams,” said executive producer and creator Ben Winston.

“We hope to showcase a collection of Los Angeles stories – featuring the city’s people, creativity, music and of course sport, all wrapped up with a little Hollywood magic – to invite the world into the LA28 Games.”

The Closing Ceremony of the Olympic Games Paris 2024 will take place at the Stade de France on Sunday, 11 August.

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